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FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By William H. Meyers Howard Cowden Professor of Agricultural and Applied Economics FAPRI at MU UN DESA Expert Group Meeting on the World Economy 21 October 2013 New York, NY

FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

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Page 1: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook

ByWilliam H. Meyers

Howard Cowden Professor of Agricultural and Applied EconomicsFAPRI at MU 

UN DESA Expert Group Meeting on the World Economy21 October 2013New York, NY

Page 2: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

World Bank food, energy, metals price indices, 1/00 to 7/13, 2005=100

Page 3: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

With such volatility, what are US midwest farmer expectations?

Source: Farmer meeting in the midwest

August, 2013

$275/tonne

Page 4: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

AgendaSome perspectiveOn the near termOn the longer term

Market outlook as of August 2013Possible impacts of policy developments

Page 5: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Drop in US corn yield, bu/ac ‐‐three years in a row!

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

Bush

els p

er acre

U.S. corn yieldTrend

Source: FAPRI calculations based on NASS data, October 2012

Page 6: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

U.S. corn yields and prices

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Bush

els p

er acre

U.S. corn yield

Source: USDA WASDE, August 2013

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 09/10  10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14

Dollars per bus

hel

U.S. corn farm price

Page 7: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Global grain supply, use and stocks

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

2350

2400

2450

09/10 10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14

Million metric tons

World grain production

Production Use

Source: USDA WASDE, August 2013

390400410420430440450460470480490500

09/10 10/11  11/12  12/13  13/14

Million metric tons

World grain ending stocks

Ending stocks

Page 8: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Last years BIG decline (USDA WASDE Sept 12, 2013)Production  (mil mt) 2011/12 2012/13 changeCoarse Grains 1154.0 1128.5 ‐25.5USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7FSU‐12 78.7 69.0 ‐9.7EU‐27 150.0 145.1 ‐4.9

Wheat 697.2 655.3 ‐41.9FSU‐12 115.0 77.2 ‐37.8EU‐27 and Aus. 168.0 155.1 ‐12.9USA 54.4 61.8 7.4

Page 9: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

This years BIGGER increase (USDA WASDE Sept 12, 2013)Production  (mil mt) 2012/13 2013/14 e changeCoarse Grains 1128.5 1245.5 117.0USA 286.0 367.8 81.8FSU‐12 69.0 85.2 16.2EU‐27 145.1 156.2 11.1

Wheat 655.3 708.9 53.6FSU‐12 77.2 108.0 30.8EU‐27 and Aus. 155.1 168.4 13.3USA 61.8 57.5 ‐4.3

Page 10: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Recent corn price movements

FAPRI baseline 13/14 $4.64

Page 11: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Things happen, recent soybeans…..

FAPRI baseline 13/14 $11.33

Page 12: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Success in growth, food consumption/security, rural incomes

Rising constraints raise issue on how sustainable growth isLand, water, labor are in tight supplyReal exchange rates are risingIncreasing government support

How much will demand grow?? Slowing population growth, but rapid urbanizationHigh income growth continuesConsumption base – room to grow but nearing saturation?

12

China: The setting for the next decade (FAO view)

Page 13: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

China grain and oilseed imports

02468101214161820

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Million metric tons

Grain imports

Coarse grains Wheat Rice

Source: OECD/FAO outlook, June 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Million metric tons

Oilseed sector imports

Oilseeds Meals Oils

Page 14: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Global crop use per capita

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

Kilo

gram

s per cap

ita

MaizeWheatRiceSoybeans

2010‐12 average

Kg/yr

Annualgrowth rateKg/yr

Percent growth rate

Maize 123  1.6  1.3%

Wheat 96 ‐0.2 ‐0.2%

Milledrice

65 0.0 0.0%

Soybeans 37 0.8 2.3%

Source: author calculations from PSD Online data. Trend is simple linear trend fit over 1990-2012.

Increases in per-capita feed use account for about 39% of the increase in per-capita use since 1990. Ethanol and other uses account for the rest.

Increased use of soymeal in livestock rations and soyoil in both food and industrial uses contributed to the growth in per-capita use.

Page 15: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

World grain and oilseed production and use per capita 

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

4001980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Kilo

gram

s per cap

ita

ProductionUse

Sources: Westhoff calculations based on USDA PSD Online, June 2013 and U.S. Census Bureau estimates of world population.

Page 16: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

World grain and oilseed production and use per capita minus US ethanol

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

4001980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Kilo

gram

s per cap

ita

ProductionUseMinus US ethanolSources: Westhoff calculations based on USDA PSD Online, June 2013 and U.S. Census Bureau estimates of world population.

Page 17: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

World less China grain and oilseed production and use per capita 

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

4101980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Kilo

gram

s per cap

ita

Production

Use

Minus US ethanol

Sources: Westhoff calculations based on USDA PSD Online, June 2013 and U.S. Census Bureau estimates of world population.

Page 18: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

U.S. maize ethanol & coproductuse 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Million metric tons

FAPRI‐MU Jan.USDA Jul.

Sources: FAPRI-MU baseline, January 2013 and USDA WASDE, July 2013.

Increase from 2005/06 to 2010/11: 87 mil. mt

Increase from 2010/11 to 2022/23: 14 mil. mt

Page 19: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

China real GDP per capita 

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

2013 dollars per cap

ita

GDP/cap.

Source: IHS Global Insight, Jan. 2013

Doubled from 2004-2012 (10%/yr.)

Doubles again from 2012-2022 (7%/yr.)

Page 20: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

20

China: Per capita meat + fish consumption rises to OECD levels

0102030405060708090100

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Kg/pe

rson

/yea

r

China meat OECD meat China meat + fish OECD meat + fish

Source: Holger Matthey, FAO, based on the OECD/FAO Agricultural Outlook, June 2013

Page 21: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

AgendaSome perspectiveOn the near termOn the longer term

Market outlook as of August 2013

Page 22: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Real GDP growth rates

Source: IHS Global Insight, July 2013

Page 23: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Oil and Natural Gas prices

Source: IHS Global Insight, July 2013

Page 24: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

U.S. corn pricesFarm and futures prices

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

 06/07  08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dollars per bus

hel

FAPRI farm priceDec. futures price

Sources: FAPRI-MU baseline, Aug. 2013; CME Dec. contracts, Oct. 17, 2013

Page 25: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

U.S. soybean pricesFarm and futures prices

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

 06/07  08/09  10/11  12/13  14/15  16/17  18/19

Dollars per bus

hel

FAPRI farm priceNov. futures price

Sources: FAPRI-MU baseline, Aug. 2013; CME Nov. contracts, Oct. 17, 2013

Page 26: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Sharp Price Drop Expected After 3 Years of Low Yield 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Corn, #2 yellow, U.S. Gulf

Barley, Alberta

Sorghum, #2 yellow, U.S. Gulf

Feed grains prices, $/mt

Page 27: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Farmer expectations and FAPRI’s

Source: Farmer meeting in the midwest

August, 2013

FAPRI Outlook

$180/tonne $275/tonne

Page 28: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Improved Supplies After 2012 Ease Wheat Price 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Hard Red WinterSoft Red Winter

Wheat price, U.S. Gulf, $/mt

Page 29: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Oilseed Prices Stay Strong But Not at Record Levels

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Soybeans, #2 yellow, Central Illinois

Rapeseed, cif Hamburg

Oilseed prices, $/mt

Page 30: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Doing stochastic simulationsNeed to select a set of exogenous variables and get joint distributions

US crop yieldsEnergy and input pricesDemand equation errorsStock equation errorsExport equation errors which combine all foreign origin shocks such as supply, demand and exchange rate shocks

500 Random draws from these to generate 500 scenarios(Meyer et al paper in JIATD)

Page 31: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

U.S. corn yields and pricesAverage and 3 of the 500 stochastic outcomes

100110120130140150160170180190200

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Bush

els p

er acre

U.S. corn yield

Actual/avg. Outcome #26Outcome #250 Outcome #375

Source: FAPRI-MU stochastic baseline, Jan. 2013

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017Dollars per bus

hel

U.S. corn prices

Actual/avg. Outcome #26Outcome #250 Outcome #375

Page 32: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Some alternative US corn price outcomes

Source: Rough calculations based on FAPRI‐MU projections August 2013 and January 2013 stochastic baseline

Page 33: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

U.S. farm level corn price

Source: Rough calculations based on FAPRI‐MU projections August 2013 and January 2013 stochastic baseline

Page 34: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

AgendaSome perspectiveOn the near termOn the longer term

Market outlook as of August 2013Possible impacts of policy developments

Page 35: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Congressional farm bill proposalsBoth would eliminate many existing farm programs

Direct payments, countercyclical payments, ACREDairy price supports and MILC payments

Allocation of “savings”Reduce federal deficitCreate new programs that pay farmers when prices or revenues fall below a triggerHouse and Senate have different proposals for these new  programs

Major difference on SNAP (food stamps)Senate makes relatively small cuts (<1%) House makes about $39 billion in cuts over 10 years (10x Senate cuts)

Page 36: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Renewable Fuel StandardEnergy Independence and Security Act

Establishes annual Renewable Fuel StandardMandates for biodiesel, cellulosic biofuels, all advanced biofuels and a totalNo specific “corn ethanol mandate”

EPA can waive portions of mandateHave done so for cellulosic, but without changing other mandatesFor 2014, expected to change other mandates, tooPerhaps (for first time) including share that can be met with corn ethanol

Page 37: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Renewable fuel standard, ethanol use and the blend wall 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Billion gallons

Total RFSGap for corn ethanol10% of fuel use

Source: FAPRI-MU baseline, Aug. 2013., based on provisions of the EISA and projected levels of motor gasoline use

Page 38: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Possible impacts of policiesUS farm bill changes unlikely to have much market impact but RFS mightEU policy changes may reduce production but also small impactLittle chance for Doha Round changesLarger impacts from energy prices, weather, and macro developments

Page 39: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Alternative views on oil prices 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Dollars per barrel

IHS Global Insight*OECD/FAO**June futures, 5/8***BFAP assumption

*U.S. refiner’s acquisition price, Jan. 2013 estimate

**Brent crude as reported in OECD/FAO outlook publication

***Brent crude futures, June contracts, 5 August 2013.

Page 40: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Recent FAPRI analysesAugust baseline update:

http://www.fapri.missouri.edu/outreach/publications/2012/FAPRI_MU_Report_06_12.pdf

Senate and House Ag. Committee farm bill:http://www.fapri.missouri.edu/outreach/publications/2012/FAPRI_MU_Report_05_12_Rev.pdf

RFS waiver options:http://www.fapri.missouri.edu/outreach/publications/2012/FAPRI_MU_Report_11_12.pdf

Or just visit www.fapri.missouri.edu to see what’s new

Page 41: FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook - United Nations · 2013-10-24 · FAPRI agricultural commodity outlook By ... USA 323.7 286.0 ‐37.7 ... 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

Thank you!