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Family and Kinship. Isaiah Magpali-Isaac Tatiana Hughes Tanisha Tatum. Video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WimixexiiPE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-MeRDfMvK0. Introduction. Altruism has always been a puzzle for Evolution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Family and Kinship
Isaiah Magpali-Isaac
Tatiana Hughes
Tanisha Tatum
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WimixexiiPE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-MeRDfMvK0
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Introduction
Altruism has always been a puzzle for Evolution
This article hypothesizes that we have heuristics for decisions that involve altruism.
As we know natural selection favors those who are prone to help others with the same genes.– The closer the person is related to you, the more
likely you are to help them.
Introduction cont.
Inclusive Fitness- by helping genetic kin to survive and reproduce, your shared genes can spread.
In regards to altruism, a Heuristic evolved to help us figure out who to help, according to how closely related they are to us.
The article examines this heuristic by measuring how we perceive our relatedness to different relatives, vs. how close they are actually related to us.
Background/Objectives
Background– People can discriminate between close relatives and
moderately close relatives (mother vs. aunt)– Weber’s law: Differences between close kin appear
greater than differences between distant kin. Objectives
– Determine the relationship between perceived and actual kinship
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Subjects/Procedures/Methods Subjects
– 26 undergraduates from University of Michigan Procedures
– Subjects asked to indicate how closely related the felt to kin (close to distant to fictive)
Fictive = stepparents, acquaintances– 19 Question Questionnaire
1 for genetically identical (twins; r=1.00) 4 for very close (mother, father, sister, etc.; r=0.50) 6 for moderately close (aunt, uncle, grandmother, etc.; r=0.25) 3 for distant relatives (cousin, great-grandmother, etc.; r=0.125) 4 for fictive kin (stepparent, acquaintance; r=0.00)
– Use of ANOVA and Dunne’s test to analyze data
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Results
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Results (cont.)
ANOVA indicated a significant decline in perceived relatedness with actual relatedness.
Dunne’s test demonstrates drop in perceived relatedness between each pair of adjacent points was reliable– Most precipitous declines occurred between
Very close and moderately close kin And between distant kin and acquaintances
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Results (cont.)
What does mean for helping behaviors?– If our decision to help someone is based off of
perceived relatedness, kinship should have greatest impact when one person is very close or unrelated.
– We have heuristic thinking when it comes to inclusive fitness that says: “ Help those most closely related to you who have the greatest reproductive value”
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Study Strengths
Use well defined hierarchy of kin closeness. Accurately measured the perceptions vs. the
actual level’s of kinship.
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Study Weaknesses
Some people may not have any connection for distant relatives.– How close they feel towards them could be
effected.
Questionnaire does not have an equal number of questions for each level of kin.
Limited number of subjects (26)
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Quiz
Multiple Choice– What is the r value for distant relatives as defined by the study?
A) .125 B) .50 C) .00
– How many levels of actual kinship were studied? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
– Who are you more inclined to help in dangerous situations? A) Your Aunt B) Your cousin C) Your grandfather B) Your second cousin
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Quiz (cont.)
True or False– The study set out to determine the relationship
between perceived and actual kinship. T/F– The least abrupt declines occurred between very
close kin and moderately close kin and between distant kin and acquaintances. T/F
– In terms of the results, you are more likely to save your sister than you are to save your than 2 of your cousins. T/F
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Reference
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.
Burnstein, E., Crandall, C., & Kitayama, S. (1994) Some Neo-Darwinian Decision Rules
for Altruism: Weighing Cues for Inclusive Fitness as a Function of the Biological Importance of the Decision. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 779.