Familiarization of DX Line Equipment

FAMILIARIZATION OF FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

LINE EQUIPMENTLINE EQUIPMENT

ENGR. ROMEO F. CEDIENGR. ROMEO F. CEDIÑÑO, JR.O, JR.

Manager ForManager For

Technical Services DepartmentTechnical Services Department

SORECO II SORECO II

GENERAL DEFINITION:GENERAL DEFINITION:

TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE THAT TRANSFERS ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER IS A DEVICE THAT TRANSFERS ELECTRICAL

ENERGY FROM ONE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER ENERGY FROM ONE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER

WITHOUT A CHANGE IN FREQUENCY, DOES SO BY THEWITHOUT A CHANGE IN FREQUENCY, DOES SO BY THE

PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND HASPRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND HAS

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THAT ARE LINKED BY A COMMONELECTRIC CIRCUITS THAT ARE LINKED BY A COMMON

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT.MAGNETIC CIRCUIT.

POWER TRANSFORMERPOWER TRANSFORMER

••

BY TYPE (SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER):BY TYPE (SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER):

––

STEP UPSTEP UP

––

STEP DOWNSTEP DOWN

* THE POWER TRANSFORMER IS * THE POWER TRANSFORMER IS CONSIDERED AS THE CONSIDERED AS THE ““HEARTHEART””

OF THE OF THE

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSYSTEM

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERSPOWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERPOWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

DEFINITION:

AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE CAPABLE OF:

1. CARRYING NORMAL LOAD CURRENT TO WHICH IT IS DESIGNED

2. MAKING AND BREAKING NORMAL LOAD CURRENT

(CAPABLE OF MULTIPLE INTERRUPTION OF NORMAL LOAD CURRENT)

3. INTERRUPTING RATED FAULT CURRENT TO WHICH IT IS DESIGNED

(CAPABLE OF MULTIPLE INTERRUPTION OF RATED FAULT CURRENT)

4. WITHSTANDING MOMENTARY FAULT CURRENT

MAIN FUNCTIONS/PURPOSES OF POWER MAIN FUNCTIONS/PURPOSES OF POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERSCIRCUIT BREAKERS

1. INTERRUPT FAULT CURRENT AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE

2. ISOLATE AFFECTED CIRCUITS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE TO OTHER EQUIPMENT

3. ENSURES CONTINUITY OF SERVICE

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERTYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ARC QUENCHING MEDIUM

1. OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (OCB)

2. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER (ACB)

3. GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER (GCB)

4. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB)

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERTYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO OPERATING MECHANISM

1. MAGNETIC OR MAGNEBLAST

2. PNEUMATIC

3. SPRING OPERATED

4. HYDRAULIC

METHODS OF ARC DISTINGUISHINGMETHODS OF ARC DISTINGUISHING1. OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

A. COOLING THE ARC BY PUMPING OIL INSIDE THE INTERRUPTERB. ABSORBS HEAT BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE ARCC. GOOD INSULATING MEDIUM WHICH PREVENTS RESTRIKING

OF INTERRUPTED CURRENT

2. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERA. BLOWING OF AIR TO THE ARC TOWARDS THE ARC CHUTES

3. GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

A. PUFFING SF6 GAS TO THE INTERRUPTER AND ABSORBING HEAT BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE ARC.

B. HIGH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SULFUR HEXAFLOURIDE (SF6)PREVENTS RESTRIKING OF INTERRUPTED CURRENT.

4. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

A. AIR WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO ARC PRODUCTION IS ABSENT, THUS NO ARC IS PRODUCED DURING CURRENT INTERRUPTION.

SAMPLE OF A TYPICAL WITHDRAWABLE TYPESAMPLE OF A TYPICAL WITHDRAWABLE TYPEAIR CIRCUIT BREAKERAIR CIRCUIT BREAKER

TYPICAL TYPICAL COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

OF AN OIL OF AN OIL CIRCUIT CIRCUIT BREAKERBREAKER

SAMPLE OUTLINE OF A PNEUMATIC GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER SAMPLE OUTLINE OF A PNEUMATIC GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (WITHDRAWABLE TYPE) VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (WITHDRAWABLE TYPE)

CUTAWAY CUTAWAY VIEW OF A VIEW OF A VACUUM VACUUM CIRCUIT CIRCUIT BREAKERBREAKER

SWITCHGEARSSWITCHGEARS

CONVENTIONAL SUBSTATIONCONVENTIONAL SUBSTATION

GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR CROSS SECTIONAL VIEWGAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERSDISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

Typical Distribution TransformerTypical Distribution Transformer

Company Number

Primary H1 Bushing

KVA Rating

Nameplate(Hidden)

Secondary(X1, X2, X3)Bushings

Primary H2 Bushing

(At the Back)

Tap Changer(External/Internal)

Symbols Used in Transformer Voltage RatingsSymbols Used in Transformer Voltage Ratings

NAME SYMBOL APPLICATION EXAMPLES

Cross X

To designate separate voltages which can be obtained by reconnecting the coils of a winding in series or multiple combinations

13200 GRDY / 7620 V -120/240 X 139/277 V

7620 V - 240/120 V

13200 GRDY / 7620 V -120/240 V

Slant or Slash

To separate the voltage rating or ratings of separate windings.

Dash -To separate voltage to be applied or to be obtained from the same winding.

/

Primary Voltage Rating

Secondary Voltage Rating

KVA Rating

VoltageRatingper tapposition

Schematic Diagrams

Polarity(Additive)

DT Nameplate SampleDT Nameplate Sample

A Transformer Rated 13200 Grd.Y/7620 VA Transformer Rated 13200 Grd.Y/7620 V

Operation1. De-energize the DT2. Loosen lock screw3. Rotate switch to

desired position4. Tighten lock screw5. Energize the DT

External TapExternal Tap--ChangersChangers

Lock Screw

Other Types of External TapOther Types of External Tap--ChangersChangers

Internal View of a DT With an Internal View of a DT With an External TapExternal Tap--ChangerChanger

TapTap-- ChangerChanger

Internal TapInternal Tap--ChangersChangers

Rotary TapRotary Tap--ChangersChangers

Internal Tap changer

Dual Voltage Taps

Samples of DTs With Dual Voltage TapSamples of DTs With Dual Voltage Tap

Always refer to nameplate for actual ratings.

Tap changer Dual Voltage Taps

Changing the DUAL VOLTAGE TAP is done by transferring the connection of the primary lead


Dual Voltage

Taps

Changing the DUAL VOLTAGE TAP is done by transferring the connection of the outer end of the curved copper strip


SECTIONALIZINGSECTIONALIZING EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

SECTIONALIZINGSECTIONALIZINGSectionalizing is the proper application of isolating and overcurrent protective devices to:

1. Facilitate manual and automatic line switching

2. Limit power interruption to the smallest practical segment of the line

RATIONALERATIONALEThe primary objective of sectionalizing is to minimize the extent and effect of power interruption in a circuit through the proper application of isolating and protective line equipment.

EQUIPMENT USED FOR EQUIPMENT USED FOR SECTIONALIZINGSECTIONALIZING

• Switch• Fuse• Recloser• Sectionalizer• Fault Indicator

SWITCHSWITCH• A device for making, breaking

or changing the connection in an electric circuit

• It should be able to carry the normal load current continuously

• It should also be able to handle abnormal or short circuit currents for short periods

TYPES OF SWITCHESTYPES OF SWITCHES

• Disconnect Switch (DS)• Air Break Switch (ABS)• Load Break Switch (LBS)• Remote-Controlled Line

Switch (RCLS)

TYPES OF DISCONNECT SWITCHES TYPES OF DISCONNECT SWITCHES

1. HORIZONTAL MOUNTING1. HORIZONTAL MOUNTING

2. VERTICAL MOUNTING2. VERTICAL MOUNTING

3. UNIVERSAL MOUNTING3. UNIVERSAL MOUNTING

4. CENTER BREAK4. CENTER BREAK

Disconnect SwitchDisconnect Switch

• Plain knife-blade switch

• Has no interrupter and is intended to be operated only when the circuit has been de-energized by some other means

• Applications: primary line switch (PLS), disconnect switch

Air Break SwitchAir Break Switch

• A disconnecting switch equipped with an arcing horn

• Can be operated with the circuit energized but carrying only charging or magnetizing current

• The arcing horn helps extinguish the opening arc by extending it as the switch contacts open

Load Break SwitchLoad Break Switch

• A disconnecting switch equipped with an interrupter

• Can be operated when the circuit is energized and carrying normal load current

• Can also be closed against a fault

RemoteRemote--Controlled Line SwitchControlled Line Switch

• An LBS that can be operated remotely through SCADA

• It has the capability to measure voltage, current and other circuit parameters

• If provided with the more advanced type of electronic control, an RCLS can function like a sectionalizer

FUSEFUSE• An overcurrent

protective device which is placed in series in a circuit and has an element that melts during the passage of an overcurrent through it and thus interrupts the circuit

• A fuse must be replaced after its operation

TYPES OF FUSESTYPES OF FUSES• Fuselinks• Power Fuses

– Type SMD-5– Type SMD-20– Type SMD-50– Type SMD-100

• Current Limiting Fuses (CLF)

Fuse LinkFuse Link• Used in protecting

distribution transformers, line capacitor banks, and lateral taps

• Can be applied for fault currents up to 5,000 amperes and load below 4 MVA

• Easily opened and closed using a telescopic hot stick

Power FusePower Fuse• Used in protecting transformer vaults

and primary-metered services in high fault areas

• Can be applied for fault currents up to 28,000 amperes and loads up to 12 MVA

Type SMType SM--5 Power Fuse5 Power Fuse


• Uses a porcelain fuse holder

• Can be opened with a telescopic hot stick but must be closed using a hook stick from a basket truck

Type SMDType SMD--20 Power Fuse20 Power Fuse


• Uses a fiber fuse holder

• Can be opened and closed using a telescopic hot stick

Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)

• Used in conjunction with a fuse link to protect distribution transformers in high fault areas as well as station service transformers

• Has no time-current characteristic (TCC) and operates only at high fault current magnitudes

• Has no external moving parts that could indicate its operation

An Automatic Circuit Recloser is a self- contained device with the necessary intelligence to sense an overcurrent condition, interrupt the current flow, and then after a predetermined time delay, recloses automatically to re- energize the line. If the fault is permanent, it locks open after a pre-set number of operations thus isolating the faulted portion from the main part of the system.

DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION

RECLOSERRECLOSER• A self-contained device with the

necessary intelligence to sense an overcurrent condition, interrupt the current flow, & then after a predetermined time delay, recloses automatically to re- energize the line.

• If the fault is permanent, it locks open after a pre-set number of operations thus isolating the faulted portion from the main part of the system.

RECLOSER CLASSIFICATIONSRECLOSER CLASSIFICATIONS

1. PhaseSingle-phase or three-phase

2. ControlHydraulic or electronic

3. InterruptersOil or Vacuum

4. InsulationOil , Air or Epoxy

SINGLESINGLE--PHASE RECLOSERS PHASE RECLOSERS

• Used to protect single-phase lines such as single-phase laterals

• Can also be used on three- phase circuits where the load is predominantly single-phase

• Examples are the Type D (15.5 kV) and DV (38 kV) Kyle Reclosers from Cooper Power Systems

THREETHREE--PHASE RECLOSERSPHASE RECLOSERS

1. Triple-Single tripping(Ex. NOVA Type TS reclosers)

2. Three-phase tripping(Ex. Type KFME, WE, WVE, VWVE reclosers)

TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF CONTROL1. Hydraulic Control• Built as an integral part of the recloser• Overcurrent is sensed by a trip coil that is

connected in series with the line. When the overcurrent flows through the coil, a plunger is drawn into the coil to trip open the recloser contacts.

• Timing and sequencing are accomplished by pumping oil through separate hydraulic chambers or ducts.

TYPES OF CONTROLTYPES OF CONTROL2. Electronic Control• More flexible, more easily

customized and programmed, and many have advanced protection, metering, and automation functionality.

• Line current is sensed by special sensing current transformers in the recloser

• The electronic control is housed in a cabinet separate from the recloser and conveniently permits changes to operational settings.

TYPES OF INTERRUPTING MEDIUMTYPES OF INTERRUPTING MEDIUM

1. Oil Interrupters• Reclosers using

oil for current interruption use the same oil for basic insulation.

• Some reclosers with hydraulic control also use the same oil for timing and counting functions.

TYPES OF INTERRUPTING MEDIUMTYPES OF INTERRUPTING MEDIUM

2. Vacuum Interrupters• Vacuum interrupters provide

fast, low-energy arc interruption with long contact and interrupter life, low mechanical stress, and maximum operating safety.

• With arc interruption taking place in a vacuum, contact and interrupter life far exceeds other interrupting media.

OPERATING LEVERS & INDICATORSOPERATING LEVERS & INDICATORS1. Manual Operating Handle• A yellow lever that is used to

manually trip the recloser• For the Type DV recloser, this

is also used to close the recloser.

• For the Type KFME, WE, WVE & VWVE reclosers, this is used for manual tripping & to override the controls to keep the recloser open. This cannot be used to manually close the recloser but must be in the closed position (up) before the recloser contacts can be closed.

• A red flag that is also linked to the interrupter mechanism but independent of the yellow handle

• It drops down from under the sleethood when the interrupter contacts are open.

2. Contact Position Indicator

OPERATING LEVERS & INDICATORSOPERATING LEVERS & INDICATORS

4. Non-reclosing Lever• Found on Type DV

reclosers, this sets the unit to one shot to lockout after fault interruption

OPERATING LEVERS & INDICATORSOPERATING LEVERS & INDICATORS

3. Operations Counter• Cumulatively records

each time the recloser opens.

THE KYLE TYPE DV THE KYLE TYPE DV HYDRAULICALLYHYDRAULICALLY--

CONTROLLED CONTROLLED RECLOSERRECLOSER

Nominal System Voltage (kV) 24.9 - 34.5

Maximum Rated Voltage (kV) 38

BIL (kV) 150

Max Continuou Current 560

Max Interrupting Rating (Sym.) 8000

Interrupting Medium Oil

Control Type Hydraulic

Specifications Summary

Construction features, operating levers, and indicators for the Type DV Recloser

THE KYLE TYPE DV RECLOSERTHE KYLE TYPE DV RECLOSER

Operating Levers and Indicators

The DV Reclosers’ sleet hood, showing the manual operating handle, non- reclosing lever and contact position indicator. Also found under the sleet hood is the operations counter.


Major ComponentsMajor Components

1. Arc interrupting assembly1. Arc interrupting assembly2. Closing solenoid2. Closing solenoid3. Closing solenoid contactor3. Closing solenoid contactor4. Hydraulic integrator assembly4. Hydraulic integrator assembly5. Series trip solenoid5. Series trip solenoid6. Time6. Time--delay unitdelay unit7. Head mechanism7. Head mechanism


Manual Closing Manual Closing of a of a DeDe--energizedenergized Type DV Type DV RecloserRecloser


THE KYLE TYPE KFMETHE KYLE TYPE KFMEELECTRONICALLYELECTRONICALLY--

CONTROLLEDCONTROLLEDRECLOSERRECLOSER

Phase 3

Nominal System Voltage (kV) 2.4 - 14.4

Maximum Rated Voltage (kV) 15.5

BIL (kV) 110

Max Continuou Current 400

Max Interrupting Rating (Sym.) 6000

Interrupting Medium Vacuum

Control Type Electronic

OperationOperation•• Tripping & closing are initiated by signals from Tripping & closing are initiated by signals from

the electronic controlthe electronic control

•• When currents in excess of the programmed When currents in excess of the programmed minimumminimum--trip value are detected in one or more trip value are detected in one or more phases, a signal from the control actuates a phases, a signal from the control actuates a solenoid in the operating mechanism to trip the solenoid in the operating mechanism to trip the opening springs & open the interrupter contactsopening springs & open the interrupter contacts

THE KYLE TYPE KFME RECLOSERTHE KYLE TYPE KFME RECLOSER

Form 4C ControlForm 3A Control

OperationOperation

• Closing energy and the force to charge the opening springs is supplied by a closing solenoid energized from the source side of the recloser


• Arc interruption takes place within the 3 sealed vacuum interrupters.

• Oil is used for electrical insulation, but is not involved in arc interruption.

OperationOperationTHE KYLE TYPE KFME RECLOSERTHE KYLE TYPE KFME RECLOSER

Operating Levers and Indicators

Manual operating handle (yellow)

Non-reclosinglever

Contact position indicator

Operationscounter


Electronic Control

• All operating parameters, like phase- and ground- fault minimum trip levels, TCC selection & sequence of recloser operation are done via the electronic control

• The Form 3A control is a solid-state electronic type while the Form 4C is a microprocessor- based control type

Form 4C Control


Form 3A Control

Typical Pole InstallationsTypical Pole Installations


THE TYPE WE, WVE & VWVE RECLOSERSTHE TYPE WE, WVE & VWVE RECLOSERSOperationOperation

• Closing energy & the force to required to charge the opening springs is supplied by a closing solenoid

• Oil interrupters are used in WE & WVE. Vacuum interrupters are used in VWVE.

• All are oil-insulated.

WE Recloser VWVE Recloser

THE TYPE WE, WVE & VWVE RECLOSERSTHE TYPE WE, WVE & VWVE RECLOSERS

Untanked view of Type WE recloser. Construction of WVE is similar.

Untanked Type VWVE vacuum recloser


THE TYPE WE, WVE & VWVE RECLOSERSTHE TYPE WE, WVE & VWVE RECLOSERSManual Operating Lever & Indicator

Yellow manual operating(trip-and-reset) handle• Used to manually trip

the recloser & override the control to keep the recloser open

Contact position Indicator• A red flag labeled OPEN independent of the yellow handle• Drops down from under the sleethood when the

interrupter contacts open

Form 4C Control Form 5 Control

Electronic Control Electronic Control • As with the Type KFME recloser, all operating

parameters for the Type WE, WVE & VWVE reclosers are provided by the electronic control

• The controls used by MERALCO are the Form 3A solid-state electronic control & the Form 4C & Form 5 microprocessor-based controls


Form 3A Control

Type WE & WVE Reclosers in

service

A device that indicates fault current flow

Senses the magnetic field caused by the current flowing through the conductor

Classified either as manual reset or automatic reset

FAULT INDICATORFAULT INDICATOR

SECTIONALIZERSSECTIONALIZERS

A SECTIONALIZER is a self-contained electrical device that interrupts its load side after sensing the passage of a predetermined number of successive fault currents and the corresponding trippings of the backup device at its source side.

DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION

SECTIONALIZERSECTIONALIZER• A self-contained electrical

device that interrupts its load side after sensing the passage of a predetermined number of successive fault currents & the corresponding trippings of the back-up device at its source side

• It opens during the open interval of the backup device

OPERATIONOPERATION• It opens during the open interval of

the backup device

• It does not interrupt fault current but can be closed into a faulted line

• It can be used to interrupt normal load current

• Once open, the sectionalizer will remain open until manually closed

The Type GW The Type GW SectionalizerSectionalizer

Nominal Voltage 34.5 kVRated Maximum Voltage 38 kVBIL 150 kVContinuous Current Rating 400 ARated Symmetrical Interrupting Current 880 A rmsRated Making Current, Asymmetrical 15000 AMomentary Maximum, Asymmetrical 15000 A

BASIC SECTIONALIZER RATINGS

Phase-Minimum-Actuating Current (Amps)

16, 24, 40, 56, 80, 112, 160, 224, 256, 296, 320, 448, 640,

768, 896Ground-Minimum-Actuating Current (Amps)

3.5, 7, 16, 20, 28, 40, 56, 80, 112,

160, 224, 320, 384, 448, BLOCK

Number of Counts to Open 1, 2, 3Count Resest (Seconds) 15, 30, 60, 120, 180Phase Actuating Level Multiplier (Inrush Restraint)

X1, X2, X4, X6, X8, BLOCK

Phase Inrush Reset (Cycles)

5, 10, 15, 20

Ground Inrush Reset (Seconds)

0.3, 0.7, 1.5, 3, 5

OPERATING DATA

A PoleA Pole--mounted Type GW mounted Type GW SectionalizerSectionalizer

A PoleA Pole--mounted Type GW mounted Type GW SectionalizerSectionalizer

This sectionalizer is installed on an open- wye primary lateral

External Features of Kyle Electronically External Features of Kyle Electronically Controlled Controlled SectionalizerSectionalizer

Internal Details of the Type GW Internal Details of the Type GW SectionalizerSectionalizer

Operating Mechanism and Electronic ControlOperating Mechanism and Electronic Control

MANUAL OPERATING CONTROLSMANUAL OPERATING CONTROLS

The sectionalizer’s manual operating controls are located on the underside of the operator mechanism housing placed on one side of the sectionalizer’s tank.

AUTOMATICAUTOMATICVOLTAGEVOLTAGE

REGULATORSREGULATORS

• A tap-changing autotransformer with the ability to continuously monitor its output voltage and automatically adjust itself by changing taps until the desired voltage is obtained.

• It regulates line voltage from 10% raise (boost) to 10% lower (buck) in 32, approximately 5/8 steps.

Automatic Voltage Automatic Voltage RegulatorRegulator

• To improve system voltage

• To improve quality of service

• To meet regulatory standards

Reasons for Installing Reasons for Installing AVRsAVRs

• Undervoltage• Overvoltage• Unbalanced voltage

Effects of Effects of AVRsAVRs on Voltage Problemson Voltage Problems

Problems Solved by AVRs

• Voltage sags• Voltage swells• Voltage flickers/fluctuations

Problems Not Solved by AVRs

Sample AVR InstallationSample AVR Installation(Pole Mounted) (Pole Mounted)

Sample AVR InstallationsSample AVR Installations(Platform Mounted)(Platform Mounted)

MAJOR COMPONENTS MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AVROF AN AVR

1. S (Source) Bushing

2. L (Load) Bushing

3. SL (Neutral) Bushing

4. Series Arrester

5. Position Indicator

6. Electronic Control

1 324

5

6

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AVRMAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AVR

Position Indicator

• Has a pointer mechanically connected to the tap- changing switch

• Indicates the actual position of the tap-changer through the yellow pointer

• Indicates the maximum & minimum positions attained during raise & lower operations through its drag hands.

• Allows load bonus setting of the regulator

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AVRMAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AVR

Series Arrester

• A bypass arrester connected across the series winding between the S & L bushings.

• Limits the voltage developed across the series winding during lightning strikes, switching surges & line faults.

Typical Features of an Electronic Typical Features of an Electronic ControlControl

1. Voltage Level Selector

2. Bandwidth Selector

3. Time Delay Selector

4. Band-edge Indicator

5. Line Drop Compensation Selectors

6. Neutral Indicating Light

7. Drag hand Reset/Neutral Light Test Button

8. Internal/External Power Switch

Typical Features of an Electronic Typical Features of an Electronic ControlControl

9. Control Switch

10. External Power Terminals

11. Voltmeter Terminal

12. Motor & Panel Fuses

13. Operations Counter

14. Data Port

15. LCD Display

16. Keypads

The Cooper/McGraw Edison VRThe Cooper/McGraw Edison VR--32 32 StepStep--Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator

1. CL-2 / CL-2A

2. CL-4C

3. CL-5A

CONTROL TYPES

Cooper AVR with a CLCooper AVR with a CL--2A Control2A Control

1 LCD Display 2 Keypad 3 Data Port 4 Power Switch 5 Voltmeter Terminals 6 External Power

Terminals 7 Panel Fuse 8 Differential Voltage

Fuse 9 Motor Fuse 10 Manual RAISE-

LOWER Switch 11 AUTO/REMOTE- OFF-

MANUAL Switch 12 Neutral Lamp Test-

Drag Hand Reset Switch

13 Neutral Indicating Light

Cooper AVR with a CLCooper AVR with a CL--4C Control4C Control

Input Voltage:Input Voltage:

80 80 --

170 V170 V

45 45 --

65 Hz65 Hz

Cooper AVR with a CLCooper AVR with a CL--5A Control5A Control

Input Voltage:Input Voltage:

80 80 --

137 V137 V

45 45 --

65 Hz65 Hz

Cooper AVR Bank with a CLCooper AVR Bank with a CL--5E Control5E Control

Nameplate of a Cooper VRNameplate of a Cooper VR--32 AVR32 AVR

The GE Type VRThe GE Type VR--1 Step1 Step--Voltage Voltage RegulatorRegulator

CONTROL TYPES

1. VR-1

2. SM-3

The Siemens Type JFR The Siemens Type JFR StepStep--Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator

A 250 kVA, 7.62 kV Type JFR AVR with an MJ-3A control

The Siemens Type JFR The Siemens Type JFR StepStep--Voltage RegulatorVoltage Regulator

A 400 kVA, 19.92 kV Type JFR AVR with an MJ-XL control

Nameplate of a Siemens Type JFR AVRNameplate of a Siemens Type JFR AVR

Line CapacitorsLine Capacitors

CAPACITORCAPACITOR•• A device for introducing a capacitive A device for introducing a capacitive

reactance in a circuit to counteract the reactance in a circuit to counteract the effects of inductive reactanceeffects of inductive reactance

•• It reduces the impedance of a circuit with It reduces the impedance of a circuit with a consequent reduction in the voltage a consequent reduction in the voltage drop and an improvement in the PFdrop and an improvement in the PF

•• By reducing the current required to supply By reducing the current required to supply a load, it decreases losses in a circuita load, it decreases losses in a circuit

SAMPLE 200 KVAR, 13200 V, CAPACITOR UNITSAMPLE 200 KVAR, 13200 V, CAPACITOR UNIT

CAPACITOR BANKSCAPACITOR BANKS

FACTORYFACTORY--ASSEMBLED BLOCK WITH HORIZINTALLY ASSEMBLED BLOCK WITH HORIZINTALLY MOUNTED CAPACITOR UNITSMOUNTED CAPACITOR UNITS

ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A CAPACITOR ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLATIONBANK INSTALLATION

1. RAISE AND LOWER VOLTAGE WHEN NEEDED

2. RAISE VOLTAGE ON SOURCE SIDE

3. REDUCES LOSSES IN THE SYSTEM

4. REDUCES THERMAL LOADING

5. RAISES SYSTEM LOADING CAPABILITY

TYPES OF CAPACITOR BANKSTYPES OF CAPACITOR BANKS

Series Capacitor BankSeries Capacitor Bank•• Connected in series with the lineConnected in series with the line•• Used to compensate for the reactive Used to compensate for the reactive

voltage drop in the circuitvoltage drop in the circuit•• Typically used in lowTypically used in low--voltage, heavyvoltage, heavy--

current applications such as furnaces & current applications such as furnaces & welders, to compensate for the voltage welders, to compensate for the voltage drop in the conductorsdrop in the conductors

Shunt Capacitor BankShunt Capacitor Bank•• Connected in parallel with the loadConnected in parallel with the load•• Used to correct the component of current Used to correct the component of current

caused by inductive loads caused by inductive loads •• Typically used for PF correctionTypically used for PF correction

BENEFITS DERIVED FROM SHUNT BENEFITS DERIVED FROM SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKSCAPACITOR BANKS

1. Released Capacity- due to PF improvement

2. Voltage Rise- due to reduction in line impedance

3. Loss Reduction- due to reduction in line impedance

kVAR2

CkVAR

kVAR1

kW

kVA2

kVA1

TYPES OF CAPACITOR CONTROLTYPES OF CAPACITOR CONTROL

1. Fixed

2. Time

3. Voltage

4. Current

5. Power Factor

6. KVAR

7. Temperature

GUIDELINES IN HANDLING GUIDELINES IN HANDLING CAPACITOR BANKSCAPACITOR BANKS

1.1. Before placing a capacitor bank in service, Before placing a capacitor bank in service, inspect individual units for bulged or cracked inspect individual units for bulged or cracked tanks. Proper care should be exercised in tanks. Proper care should be exercised in handling capacitor units to prevent damage handling capacitor units to prevent damage to or denting of capacitor case.to or denting of capacitor case.

2.2. Before working upon capacitor units, the Before working upon capacitor units, the capacitor bank must be allowed to stand at capacitor bank must be allowed to stand at least five (5) minutes after disconnecting least five (5) minutes after disconnecting from source of power, after which it shall be from source of power, after which it shall be shortshort--circuited and grounded before work is circuited and grounded before work is started.started.

Always use the capacitor oil switch when energizing Always use the capacitor oil switch when energizing & de& de--energizing a capacitor bank. When the oil energizing a capacitor bank. When the oil switch is inoperable, the following shall be switch is inoperable, the following shall be observed:observed:

ENERGIZING & DEENERGIZING & DE--ENERGIZING ENERGIZING LINE CAPACITOR BANKSLINE CAPACITOR BANKS

1.1. Closing of Closing of FCOsFCOs shall be done only while the shall be done only while the line is deline is de--energizedenergized

2.2. For line capacitor banks installed on 13.8kV For line capacitor banks installed on 13.8kV circuits & below, opening of circuits & below, opening of FCOsFCOs shall be done shall be done with the use of load busterwith the use of load buster

3.3. For line capacitors installed on 34.5kV circuits, For line capacitors installed on 34.5kV circuits, opening of opening of FCOsFCOs shall be done only when the shall be done only when the line is deline is de--energizedenergized

CooperCooper’’s Type TSC Threes Type TSC Three--Phase Oil SwitchPhase Oil Switch

Nominal System Voltage 34.5 kVRated Maximum Voltage 38 kV

Rated Momentary Current 12000 ARated Making Current 12000 A

Capacitive Continuous Current 135 A

Type TSC Oil Switch OperationType TSC Oil Switch Operation

1. The oil switch is manually operated by means of the red handle under the sleet hood. Pulling down the handle will either open or close the switch depending upon its previous position.

2. A disc-type contact-position indicator shows the switch position.

Type TSC Oil Switch OperationType TSC Oil Switch Operation

4. When the operating handle is released, it automatically returns to its up position under the sleet hood.

5. The manual reset lever, however, must be returned to its up position before the motor circuit is armed & the switch is returned to remote electrical control.

3. When the operating handle is pulled down, the manual reset lever is also pulled down.

CooperCooper’’s Type NR Singles Type NR Single--Phase Oil SwitchPhase Oil Switch

Nominal System Voltage 14.4 kVRated Maximum Voltage 15 kVRated Momentary Current 9000 ARated Making Current 9000 ACapacitive Continuous Current 200 A

Manual Operation of the Type NR Oil SwitchManual Operation of the Type NR Oil Switch

The oil is manually opened & closed by operating the yellow handle under the sleet hood.

End of PresentationEnd of Presentation

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Documents

Familiarization of DX Line Equipment