KEY

EOQ 2 Review PreAP Biology Your EOS exam is 70 MC questions. This review, coupled with your EOQ 1 review you received in October should lead you back through the important concepts for success on the EOS. The topics on the EOS include:

DNA, RNA, & Genetics ( pictures from Web Cat)

1. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA stands for ribonucleic acid

2. 3 Differences between DNA & RNANucleic Acid 5-C Sugar Shape Base-pairing

DNA Deoxyribose Double helix A-T, G-CRNA Ribose Single stranded A-U, G-C

3. DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of 3 parts: 5-C sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base Draw and label one.

4. Fill in the chart regarding RNA types.Type of RNA Name of RNA

TypeLocation Function

mRNA messenger cytoplasm Carries the DNA message out of the nucleus to the ribosome;

divided into codonstRNA transfer cytoplasm Brings amino acid to the mRNA-

ribosome complex; has anticodonrRNA ribosomal cytoplasm One of the components of the

ribosome

5. Three nucleotides of mRNA is called a codon and codes for one amino acid

6. Proteins (polypeptides) are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids and are held together by peptide bonds.

7. 2 processes involved in protein synthesis: 1.transcription and 2. translation

8. Why is DNA important in protein synthesis (the making of proteins)?the sequence of the nucleotides in the DNA is the original instructions for the sequence of amino acids that are in the protein

9. Transcription (DNA mRNA) Transcription occurs in the nucleus. The DNA unwinds/unzips and serves as a

template/pattern to make mRNA. The mRNA leaves through the nuclear pore and goes to the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell. The DNA closes and winds back up.

10. Translation (mRNA amino acid sequence = protein) Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome. Describe translation.

mRNA is at the ribosomes (made of rRNA). The codons code for certain amino acids. The tRNA delivers the amino acids coded for by the mRNA. The anticodons (on tRNA) match up with the codons (on mRNA) and the amino acids link by peptide bonds to form a protein.

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But I can’t FIND my first quarter EOQ review! Please go to the website: www.kroymbhs.pbworks.com Click on PreAP Biology, then Units. Click on End of Semester and on this page you will find the EOQ 1 Review and Key as well as this review and Key (at some point). You can download and print.

(Questions 11-13 are adapted from ESC Region 10 Web Cat) 11. a. The linear molecule labeled 1 represents mRNA.

b. The molecule labeled 2 represents tRNA.c. The molecule labeled 3 represents amino acid.

12. Where in the cell did molecule 2 get molecule 3?In the cytoplasm

13. What molecule is being made when a chain of #3s are linked?Protein (polypeptide)

14. Given: DNA template strand: T A C C A T G A G Complementary DNA strand: A T G G T A C T CUse the DNA template strand to determine the mRNA.

mRNA Strand (codons): A U G G U A C U CtRNA Strand (anticodons):U A C C A U G A Gamino acid Sequence: met, val, leu

15. Describe the difference between deletion, insertion, and substitution mutations that can occur in DNA and explain the potential effects on the protein that is needed to be produced.

Deletion – loss of at least one nucleotideInsertion – addition of at least one nucleotideSubstitution – the exchange of one nucleotide for another

If only one nucleotide is involved, this is referred to as a point mutation. A substitution may or may not change the amino acid coded for due to redundancy in the genetic code (see mRNA table above). Deletions and insertions, however, typically result in a frame shift mutation in which every amino acid from that point on is changed. This can result in a nonfunctional protein or no protein formed at all (in the case of a premature stop codon)

Meiosis & Karyotypes

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mRNA Codon Chart

What is the relationship between a triplet in a DNA molecule, a codon in an mRNA molecule, an anticodon in a tRNA molecule, and the number of amino acids in a protein product? The triplets dictate the codons which dictate the anticodons, which dictate the amino acids; the number of triplets is equal to the number of codons; however, there is one less anticodon and one less amino acid because the STOP codon does not code

1. Use this chart above to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Circle the correct terms in the paragraph that follows

In mitosis, one diploid cell produces two identical cells. There is (are) one replications of the DNA followed by one divisions of the nucleus producing diploid cells. The result is growth or repair for the organism.

In meiosis, one diploid cell produces four unique cells. There is (are) one replications of the DNA followed by two divisions of the nucleus producing haploid cells. The result is gamete production for the organism.

2. The genetic variation that produces unique individuals results from:- crossing over during prophase I of meiosis I,

- independent assortment during anaphase , and - random fertilization.

3. Mitosis can be a form of asexual reproduction.

4. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell in humans? 46 in the daughter cells while there were 46 in the parent cells

5. What type of cells does mitosis produce? diploid somatic cells

6. The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced by this plant? 25

7. Distinguish among these terms by completing the following: Cells that contain 46 chromosomes in humans are called somatic cells. They are diploid(2n). Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 (22 pairs) are autosomes and 2 (1 pair) are sex chromosomes. Cells that contain 23 chromosomes in humans are called gametes. They are haploid (n). Of these 23 chromosomes, 22 are autosomes and 1 is a sex chromosome. There are two types of gametes, eggs produced in the ovaries in females, and sperm produced in the testes in males.

8. A rabbit has 44 chromosomes (or 22 pair). Answer the following questions based on this information.A. What is the diploid number of chromosomes? 44B. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? 44C. How many autosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? 42D. How many sex chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? 2E. What is the haploid number of chromosomes? 22F. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? 22G. How many autosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? 21H. How many sex chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? 1I. Mathematically show how the egg and sperm would form a zygote after fertilization takes place. 22+22=44

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9. Analyze the karyotype.Total # Chromosomes = 46# autosomes = 44#sex chromosomes = 2

Is this person male or female? male

What disorder (if any) do they have? This is a normal person based on the karyotype

How can you tell? There are no monosomies or trisomies (this is not an aneuploidy)

10. Analyze the karyotype.Total # Chromosomes = 47# autosomes = 45#sex chromosomes = 2

Is this person male or female? female

What disorder (if any) do they have? Down syndrome

How can you tell? They are an aneuploidy; they have a trisomy at chromosome #21 resulting from nondisjunction

11. Explain how the karyotype would different if the person had:A. Klinefelter’s— they would have a Y chromosome in addition to the two X’sB. Turner’s— they would only have one X chromosome instead of 2C. Patau— they would have 3 chromosome #13 and only 2 chromosome #21D. Edward’s— they would have 3 chromosome #18 and only 2 chromosome #21

12. Chromosomal trisomy and monosomy disorders occur because of the process called nondisjunction which is when the chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase I or II of meiosis.

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For the next 4 questions, use your knowledge of chromosomal mutations, the original chromosome below, and the word bank to help you answer the questions.

Word Bank: deletion duplication inversion translocation

13. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

inversion

Define this type of mutation. The genes are cut out and reinserted in reverse order

14. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

deletion

Define this type of mutation. A section of a chromosome (gene) is cut out and lost

15. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

duplication

Define this type of mutation. A section of a chromosome (gene) is repeated (copied and inserted)

16. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

(reciprocal) translocation

Define this type of mutation. Pieces of nonhomologous chromosomes break off and are swapped

Mendelian Genetics

Matching.1. autosomes I2. chromosome F3. gene D 4. pedigrees C5. sex chromosomes J6. karyotype G7. trisomy B8. monosomy K9. deletion A10. duplication E11. substitutionL12. insertion H

A. nucleotide or DNA segment is lostB. one extra chromosomeC. phenotypic history of a familyD. section of a chromosome that controls traitsE. chromosome contains an extra copy of a geneF. rod-shaped structure that contains a cell’s genetic

informationG. a photograph of an organism’s chromosomesH. addition of one or more nucleotides to a geneI. non-sex chromosomes; in normal cells there are 22

pairsJ. the X and the Y chromosome (pair 23)K. only one copy of the chromosome instead of two

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L. one nucleotide is replaced with another

13. Define the following and give an example illustrating this type of inheritance.a. Incomplete dominance inheritance— when a heterozygote exhibits/expresses a phenotype between that of its parents; ex. pink snapdragons (red x white); grey Andalusian fowl (white x black)b. Codominance inheritance— heterozygote expresses both phenotypes of its

parents; ex. roan horse, type AB bloodc. Sex-linked inheritance— trait is only on the sex chromosome; we only studied

those on the X; appear more often in males (Y-chromosome disorders do exist but are not studied in genetics because there is no variation in their inheritance – they go from fathers to sons and that’s it)

d. Multiple allele inheritance— when there are more than 2 forms of a gene, such as with the ABO blood-typing system and with rabbit coat color

Review of Meiosis & Mendelian Inheritance: Should This Kitten Be Called Stripes?Imagine this microscopic drama. A sperm cell from a male cat fuses with an egg cell from a

female cat. Each cat’s gamete carries 16 chromosomes. The zygote that results from the fusion of the gametes contains 32 chromosomes- one set of 16 chromosomes from each parent. One pair of the zygote’s (kitten’s) chromosomes are shown below.

Each chromosome of the homologous pair contains alleles for the same traits. But one chromosome may have a dominant allele and the other a recessive allele. Use the drawings and the table to answer the questions.

Trait Dominant Gene Recessive GeneHair Length Short (H) Long (h)Eye Color Gold (G) Green (g)Tail length Long (L) Bob (l)

Coat pattern Striped (A) Solid (a) 1. Will the new kitten have a striped coat? yes Explain. The kitten is heterozygous (Aa) and will therefore display the dominant trait of striped coat

2. Does the female cat have a striped coat? yes Explain. The maternal chromosome has the A so the mom would have shown the dominant phenotype of striped coat

3. Does the male cat have a striped coat? unknown Explain. The paternal chromosome has an a so it is possible that he had another a and was solid and also possible he had an A on the other chromosome and was striped

4. What will the length of the kitten’s coat? short Explain. The kitten is homozygous (HH) for the trait of coat length which means it will have the dominant phenotype, short hair

H g lA

H G La

Chromosome from the Female Cat

Chromosome from the Male Cat

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5. Will the eye color of the kitten resemble that of either of its parents? yes Explain. The kitten is Gg which means it will have gold eyes, the dominant phenotype. The G allele came from the father so the kitten’s eyes will resemble its father’s

6. Will the kitten have a long tail or a bob tail? long 7. Does the female cat have a long tail? no 8. a. Define the term heterozygous. Heterozygous means that the zygote (individual organism) has 2 different alleles for a trait

b. For which traits is the kitten heterozygous? Eye color, tail length, and coat pattern

9. a. Define the term homozygous. Homozygous means that the zygote (individual organism) has 2 of the same alleles for a trait

b. For which traits is the kitten homozygous? Hair length

10. Explain why you cannot completely describe the kitten’s parents even though you can accurately describe the kitten. Without seeing both of the chromosomes (alleles) for each trait, it is not possible to know the parent phenotype for any trait they gave the kitten a recessive allele

11. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the egg and sperm of cats? 16

12. In one cat, do all the cells contain the exact same chromosomes? yes Explain. Every cell in an organism has the entire genome of that organism which means every cell has every chromosome

13. Do all the cells contain the same genes? Yes, because all the chromosomes are present, all the genes are present; however, only certain genes are expressed in each cell which is what leads to different types of cells

Questions 14-15. Show all work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Traits and alleles: Y= Yellow seed, y=green seed R=round, r= wrinkled

14. Cross two plants heterozygous for seed color.

Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1

15. Cross two heterozygous plants that have yellow, round seeds. (only give phenotypic ratios for #15)

Phenotypic Ratio: 9:3:3:1

17. Multiple Alleles/Codominance: Blood Typing.a. Fill in the genotypes for the blood type phenotypes below.

Type A = IAIA or IAi (AA or AO)

Type B = IBIB or IBi (BB or BO)

YY Yy

Yy yy YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr

YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr

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THINK:What is always the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes?

A heterozygote and a homozygous recessive individual?

A homozygous dominant with a homozygous recessive?

Y

y

Y y

YR

Yr

yR

yr

YR Yr yR yr

Type AB =IAIB (AB) Type O = ii (OO)

b. If a woman who is homozygous B marries a man who is type AB, what is the percent chance of them having a child with type A blood? Show your work with a Punnett square.

c. If a woman who is heterozygous for A marries a man who is heterozygous for B, what are the possible blood types of

their future offspring? Show your work with a Punnett square.

18. Sex-Linked Inheritance. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Use N for normal vision and n for colorblindness. Don’t forget your XX and XY! Show all work with a Punnett square.

a. If a woman who is colorblind marries a man who has normal vision, what are their chances of having a child who is colorblind?

b. If a woman who is homozygous for normal vision marries a man who is colorblind, what percent chance do they have of having a son who is colorblind?

19. In a pedigree, draw or describe how each of the following are represented.Female— circleMale— squareaffected female – shaded circleaffected male— shaded squareCarrier— half shaded circle or square

Marriage— horizontal line betweenChildren— vertical line from marriageGenerations— Roman numerals at left end; each row is one generation

20. Use the pedigree for Trait A to determine the genetic basis of this trait. LABEL THE PEDIGREE WITH THE GENOTYPES OF ALL INDIVIDUALS.

a. Does a dominant or recessive allele produce the trait? Explain.Recessive since it is not seen in each generation and a child can exhibit trait even if neither parent doesb. The pedigree is for an autosomal trait. Explain how you can tell from the pedigree that this is not a sex-linked inheritance pattern. If it were sex-linked II4 would exhibit the traitc. What is the genotype of individual IV-2?

Aa because they inherited an “a” from III-1 and an “A” from III-2d. What is the genotype of individual IV-6? _______ Explain.

IAIB IBIB

IAIB IBIB

XNXn XNY

XNXn XNY

XNXn XnY

XNXn XnY

IAIB IBi

IAi ii

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IA IB

XN

XN

Y

y 0% chance of having a son who is colorblind.

Xn Y

0% chance of having a child with type A blood. Can only have children with AB or B.

IB

IB

Xn

Xn

XN Y50% chance of having a child who is colorblind. (if they have a son he will be colorblind)

IB

i

IA i

Have the possibility of having a child with any of the 4 blood types: A, B, AB, or O.

Aa in order for child V 1 to have the trait, he must have gotten an “a” from both mom (IV 5) and dad (IV 6)

e. What is the genotype of individual I-1? ________ Explain. A? (AA or Aa) cannot tell since no children have the trait and can’t see his parents.

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aa

aaaa

aa

aaaa aa aa

AaAa

Aa

Aa Aa Aa

Aa

Aa

A?

Aa Aa Aa

A? A?A?A?

Cells & Cell ProcessesReview of Cell Parts

Structure/Function Cell Part

1. Stores material within the cell Vacuole

2. Closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants only) Thylakoids

3. The sites of protein synthesis Ribosome

4. Transports materials within the cell Vesicle

5. The region inside the cell except for the nucleus Cytoplasm

6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell Nucleus

7. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color Chloroplast

8. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria Lysosomes

9. Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome

10. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products Vacuole

11. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protists Cell wall

12. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell Mitochondria

13. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell Golgi

14. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus Organelles

15. Site where ribosomes are made Nucleolus

16. The membrane surrounding the cellPlasma/cell

membrane (lipid bilayer)

17. Provides support for the cell, has three “subparts” Cytoskeleton

18. Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Genome; chromatin

19. Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell Cytoskeleton

20. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things Cilia

21. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer Plasma/cell membrane

22. Longer whip-like structures used for movement Flagella

Put a check in the appropriate column(s) to indicate whether the following organelles are found in plant cells, animal cells or both.

Cell Processes

1. Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. Draw an arrow indicating which way water will move. Key: = water (H2O), = sugar

___Hypertonic___ Hypotonic__ ___Isotonic_

2. Describe the different types of proteins located in the cell membrane and what their functions are.

Marker protein—“cell’s name tag”; identifies the cell, such as on red blood cells Receptor protein—“messenger/receiver”; allows information to be sent into the cell by the

binding of molecules outside the cell such as insulin Transport /carrier/channel protein—“gate/passageway”; allows polar sugars, ions, etc. to

pass through membrane; includes aquaporins

1. Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. Use the words shrink, swell, lyse, as well as any others necessary. Describe the mass change (increase, decrease, stay the same) in each and water movement. Use arrows to show the movement of water.A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic(Tap Water) (Glucose Solution) (Grape Juice)

Swell; gain mass; could lyse shrink; lose mass; no change in mass plasmolyze in plants;

crenate in animals

2. What are the differences and similarities between each of the following processes? (Do not just write the definition. Use comparative terms. You may also draw pictures to illustrate the differences)

XX XXX XX XX XX XX X

XX XX XX XX XXX XX* X*

*Plants have large central vacuole; animals have small ones

a. osmosis & diffusion Both are types of passive transport involving movement of molecules from high

concentration to low concentration, with the concentration gradient, involving no energy

Osmosis is the diffusion of WATER molecules; Diffusion is a general term for any molecules moving in this way

b. active & passive transport Both are types of transport where molecules move into or out of the cell Active transport involves movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration,

against the concentration gradient, and REQUIRES ENERGY Passive transport involves movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration,

with the concentration gradient, but does NOT require energyc. exocytosis & endocytosis

Both are types of active transport involving vesicles Exocytosis—molecules (such as wastes, hormones, etc.) are sent OUT OF the cell Endocytosis—molecules (such as nutrients) are brought INTO the cell

5. Draw and label lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Describe its function.What does the cell membrane consist of? __phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. What is the FUNCTION of the cell/plasma membrane? To maintain homeostasis by controlling what enters and leaves the cell.

BiotechnologyReview the following terms by matching them with the correct description

A Gel electrophoresisD DNA fingerprint

C PCRB Restriction enzyme

A. Separates molecules based on characteristics such as molecular size, weight or charge; used to create a DNA fingerprint

B. Protein used to cut DNA at specific sites; many applications, including gel electrophoresisC. Method used to rapidly duplicate DNA segments by mimicking DNA replication; important

for use by scientists when there is little DNA availableD. The result of the process of gel electrophoresis; gel with bands of DNA reflecting the

unique sites at which a person’s DNA can be cut by a specific restriction enzyme

Look at the DNA fingerprint to the left. Based on this evidence, which suspect is probably guilty? 2

How do you know? Because the banding pattern matches the DNA taken from the crime scene

Hydrophobic (nonpolar ) tails of phos

Hydrophilic (polar) heads of phospholip

protein

Here is a second DNA fingerprint. Do DNA fingerprints actually prove guilt?no

What if you were told the crime scene was a house and the DNA of Suspect 2 is from the home owner? Does that make him guilty of robbing his own house?no

What does it mean when a “suspect’s” DNA matches that taken from a crime scene? It means the person or something of the person’s was at the crime scene at some point in time

Review the diagram above that illustrates how DNA fingerprinting can be used to help establish paternity. Then, look at the DNA fingerprint of Mary and her child. Who is the father of Mary’s child? Larry

How do you know? because the banding pattern matches Larry’s, not Bob’s

(Why is this weird? It’s a weird one because the restriction enzyme used didn’t cut mom’s DNA – she lacked the specific restriction site that was used to cut up the DNA. That’s why she only has one band.)

1. What is a clone? Cell or organism that is genetically identical to the parent it was made from

2. Which cell division process, which is also a form of asexual reproduction is involved in cloning? ( mitosis / meiosis ) circle one.

A short overview of some key points from semester 1:

We are genetically programmed to store fat. This tendency saved our ancestors from starvation during the winter or other times of famine. Compare the fat molecule below left to the carbohydrate molecule on the right. Which 2 atoms (elements) are there significantly more of in the fat molecule? Carbon & hydrogen How does that relate to the amount of energy stored in each molecule? The energy is stored in the bonds; the more bonds, the more energy

You have learned that cancer results from a loss of control of the cell cycle. What are some things that can lead to the mutations that ultimately cause the loss of control? Viral infections, chemicals, radiation

In this DNA fingerprint, a couple from a blended family has gone to court over an inheritance issue. Only the biological children of the dad can inherit.

Which children are the biological children of both mom and dad? D1 and S1

Which children are from the mom’s first marriage? D2

Which child was adopted? S2

In the lab this quarter you viewed the results of varying solution concentrations on the mass of cells due to the loss or gain of water. Use the data below to calculate the percent change in mass. Then, graph & ans ques.

Contents in beaker

Initial Mass

Final Mass

Mass Difference

Percent Change in

Mass*

Class Average percent change in mass

0.0 M distilled water

3.3 g 4.1 g 24.3 %

0.2 M sucrose 3.6 g 3.8 g 4.81%0.4 M sucrose 3.3 g 2.9 g -12.7%0.6 M sucrose 3.4 g 2.4 g -25.6%0.8 M sucrose 3.3 g 2.2 g -30.3%1.0 M sucrose 3.5 g 2.3 g -38.1%

*Percent change in mass = (final mass – initial mass) X 100 initial mass

What is the independent variable? Solution concentration Which axis does this data go on? X-axisWhat is the dependent variable? % change in mass Which axis does this data go on? Y-axis

1. What is the percent change in mass when the solution is isotonic to the cell? 0% Why? If the solutions are isotonic there is no net change in mass (water moves in and out at equal rates)2. When the solution is hypertonic to the cell, is mass lost or gained? lost Why? In a hypertonic solution, cells lose water as it goes from high water to low water concentration (low solute to high solute)3. When the solution is hypotonic to the cell, is mass lost or gained? gained Why? When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell gains water as it moves from where there is a higher water concentration to where there is a lower water concentration_

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