Fall Final exam Review 2018-2019

1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example

of a human structure with its corresponding function.

2. List, in order from least to most complex, the levels of structural organization, discuss the

relationship between the levels, and name an example at each level.

5. Define the term homeostasis, and explain how a homeostatic mechanism is regulated (i.e.

negative feedback).

6. Identify the various anatomical surface anatomy:

1. Abdominal / Celiac

2. Acromial

3. Antebrachial

4. Brachial

5. Buccal

6. Carpal

7. Cephalic

8. Cervical

9. Costal

10. Digital

11. Dorsal

12. Femoral

13. Frontal

14. Genital

15. Gluteal

16. Inguinal

17. Lumbar

18. Mammary

19. Nasal

20. Occipital

21. Oral

22. Orbital

23. Otic

24. Palmar

25. Pectoral

26. Pedal

27. Pelvic/ Coxal

28. Plantar

29. Popliteal

30. Sacral

31. Sternal

32. Umbilical

33. Vertebral

Label the surface anatomy on the figure below:

7. Name the three major body sections (planes, cuts), and describe how each would be

accomplished.

8. Designate the five major human body cavities and name the organs within each on a human

diagram.

9. Describe the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity, and the four quadrants of the

abdominopelvic cavity and list the major organs found within each.

10. Label the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the major organs found within

each.

11. Distinguish between visceral and parietal serous membranes, and differentiate between

pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal varieties.

12. Name the function of serous fluid.

SYSTEM NAME

ORGANS IN SYSTEM

FUNCTION(S)

CHAPTER 3: CELLS

1. Label the cell membrane

Cell organelles

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Identify & Label the cell organelles

CHAPTER 3: CELLS

2. Define the terms diffusion, osmosis, filtration and facilitated diffusion, and give an example of

each.

TRANSPORT

PROCESS

GENERAL

DESCRIP-TION

IS

ENERGY

NEEDED?

CONCEN-

TRATION

GRADIENT

EXAMPLE

IN

HUMANS

SIMPLE

DIFFUSION

OSMOSIS

FACILI-

TATED

DIFFUSION

FILTRATION

ACTIVE

TRANSPORT

ENDOCY-

TOSIS

EXOCYTOSIS

3. Describe how gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) enter and leave human cells.

4. Distinguish between a hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solution and compare the

consequences of a human cell being placed in each.

5. Describe how glucose enters and leaves most human cells.

6. Distinguish between pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

pinocytosis phagocytosis

7. Distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes.

8. Name the human organ that is rich in peroxisomes.

9. Name the organelle where cellular respiration occurs.

10. Distinguish between microvilli, cilia, and flagella.

11. Name the human cell type(s) that possess a flagellum or cilia.

12. List a function(s) for each cellular organelle.

CELL COMPONENT

DESCRIPTION/

STRUCTURE

FUNCTION(S)

CELL MEMBRANE

CYTOPLASM

NUCLEUS

NUCLEOLUS

RIBOSOMES

ROUGH ER

SMOOTH ER

GOLGI

LYSOSOMES

PEROXISOMES

MITOCHONDRIA

CYTOSKELETON

FLAGELLA

CILIA

MICROVILLI

CENTRIOLES

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CHAPTER 5: TISSUES

1. Define the term tissue.

2. Name the four primary adult tissue types, and give a brief description of each.

3. Describe the functions and types of extracellular fluid (ECF).

4. Identify the types of cell junctions and their functions.

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Identify the 12 types of tissues below : -epithelium - Muscle -connective - nervous

3

4

6. Explain how epithelia are nourished.

7. How are epithelial cells named?

Label the types of epithelial

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8. For each of the following epithelial tissues (ET), give a structural description (including

any special features such as cilia, goblet cells, etc.), denote a key body location, and identify its

function(s):

NAME OF

ET DESCRIPTION

STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION TYPICAL

SKETCH

SIMPLE

SQUAMOUS

SIMPLE

CUBOIDAL

SIMPLE

COLUMNAR

PSEUDO-

STRATIFIED

COLUMNAR

STRATIFIED

SQUAMOUS

TRANSI-

TIONAL

GLANDULAR

9. Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine exocrine glands and give an example of each.

10. Define the term carcinoma.

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11. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissues (CT) and discuss the major structural differences

from ET's.

NAME OF CT DESCRIPTION LOCATION FUNCTION SKETCH

MESENCHYME

AREOLAR

ADIPOSE

RETICULAR

DENSE

REGULAR

DENSE

IRREGULAR

ELASTIC

HYALINE

CARTILAGE

FIBRO-

CARTILAGE

ELASTIC

CARTILAGE

BONE

BLOOD

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13. Explain why a CT may be either liquid (blood), semi-solid (fat), or very rigid (bone).

14. Explain why muscle cells are called fibers and define contractility.

15. Complete the chart on the types of muscles, the location, function, and sketch:

NAME OF

MUSCLE

TISSUE

DESCRIPTION OF

STRUCTURE TYPE OF

CONTROL LOCATION FUNCTION SKETCH

SKELETAL

MUSCLE

SMOOTH

MUSCLE

CARDIAC

MUSCLE

16. Identify the major cell within nervous tissue, denote the location of nervous tissue in the body, and discuss its

function.

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CHAPTER 6: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1. Explain why the skin is called the cutaneous membrane.

2. Name the layers of the skin, describe the structure (tissues) of each, and name a general function of

each.

3. Label the cell types present in the epidermis.

4. Name the pigment responsible for skin and hair color, and explain how people of different races (i.e. and

skin color) differ in regards to it, and the cell that produces it.

5. List some factors that promote the production of melanin (besides DNA).

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6. Explain what is meant by the term epidermal derivative, and list four examples.

7. Describe the general structure of a hair follicle.

8. Distinguish between merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine sweat glands in terms of structure, secretion

content and odor, activation, and major body locations.

9. Discuss the many functions of skin.

10. Describe some major homeostatic imbalances of the skin.

11. Label the skin illustration below, and state the functions of each.

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