Fairfield Senior Center- Philanthropy in the U.S.OCTOBER 13, 2015

Topics Covered During the Next Six WeeksWeek 1 (Today) The State of Giving in the U.S.Week 2 Why People GiveWeek 3 Giving in the U.S. versus Philanthropy OverseasWeek 4 Government Spending and Charitable Giving (Crowding

Out or Crowding In)Week 5 Corruption in the Nonprofit Sector – Nonprofit

MalfeasanceWeek 6 The New Philanthropy and the Principal-Agent Problem

To Get Copy of Slides Go to: www.faculty.fairfield.edu/mleclair Click on link that says Fairfield Senior Center

Week 1 – Giving in the U.S.U.S. by far the most generous country in terms of giving per capitaReflection of both higher income and tradition of philanthropyProtestant ethic of taking care of neighbor(s)Giving was up close and personal

Also, as will be argued in a later presentation, much of what was once philanthropy is now in the public sector in other developed nations

Historical StatisticsTotal Giving by Source and as a Percentage of Total Giving, U.S., 1990-2012, Billions of Dollars

Year Religion Percent Education Percent Hum. Services Percent Health Percent 2006 94.63 31.96 40.07 13.53 30.74 10.38 24.22 8.18 2007 97.79 31.44 42.69 13.72 31.45 10.11 25.28 8.13 2008 98.22 32.78 35.89 11.98 35.44 11.83 24.14 8.06 2009 99.56 36.29 34.96 12.74 35.95 13.10 26.08 9.51 2010 97.54 33.29 37.32 12.74 38.25 13.06 26.64 9.09 2011 101.78 33.32 38.62 12.64 38.91 12.74 26.80 8.77 2012 101.54 32.11 41.33 13.07 40.40 12.74 28.12 8.89

Who are the Most Generous?Individual Giving, Average and in Proportion to Income, 2011

Income (range) Income (average) Donations (average) Donations/Income

Less than $70,000 $31,842 $1,054 0.033

$70,000-79,999 $74,742 $2,019 0.027

$80,000-99,999 $89,108 $2,099 0.024

$100,000-119,000 $108,549 $2,179 0.020

$120,000-149,999 $133,318 $3,242 0.024

$150,000 and Over $247,261 $6,059 0.025

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey

Generosity does not Rise with Income, at least in terms of Proportion Donated•Contradicts a lot of what we think we know• As a result of big, wealthy donors that create a lot of “noise” when they give

•Also surprising, given that large donors are the only ones that can truly benefit from the tax breaks associated with giving• People with lower incomes generally are better off taking the standard

deduction

Current Statistics 2014 Charitable Giving by Source:•Individual giving, $258.51 billion, increased 5.7 percent in current dollars over 2013.

•Foundation giving, $53.97 billion, was 8.2 percent higher than 2013

•Bequest giving, $28.13 billion, increased 15.5 percent 2013

•Corporate giving, $17.77 billion, increased 13.7 percent over 2013 giving

Source: Giving USA

Numbers Reflect a General Trend•Foundation and bequest giving is rising at a faster pace than individual giving•Represents rapid accumulation of wealth•May influence overall patterns of giving in the future•For now, individual giving dominates

Where does money go? Religion—$114.90 billion, 2014 giving increased 2.5 percent higher

Education—giving increased to $54.62 billion, 4.9 higher

Human Services—$42.10 billion total was 3.6 percent higher

Health—$30.37 billion 2014 estimate was 5.5 percent higher than the prior year

Arts/Culture/Humanities—$17.23 billion, growth of 9.2

Others Environment/Animals—The $10.50 billion estimate for 2014 was up 7.0 percent

Public-Society Benefit—the $26.29 billion estimate for 2014 increased 5.1 percent

International Affairs -- $15.10 billion estimate for 2014 decreased 2.0 percent, in current dollars, from 2013. The drop was 3.6 percent when adjusted for inflation.

What about corporate giving? Why do businesses give?Provides a company with an enlightened imageParticularly businesses that may not be viewed favorably by the publicPetroleum business, tobacco, etc.

Improves work satisfaction among employeesRetention may improve

Firms may donate to causes that help train needed laborInterest of a top executive might also be a driver

Result-Business Giving Looks Very Different from Personal Giving – Largest Participants

1. Novartis Patient Assistance Foundation, Inc. (NJ) $452,981,816 12/31/2013

2. Wells Fargo Foundation (CA) 186,775,875 12/31/2013

3. The Wal-Mart Foundation, Inc. (AR) 182,859,236 01/31/2013

4. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation, Inc. 160,479,886 12/31/2013

5. The JPMorgan Chase Foundation (NY) 115,516,001 12/31/2012

6. GE Foundation (CT) 124,512,065 12/31/2013

7. The Coca-Cola Foundation, Inc. (GA) 98,175,501 12/31/2013

8. Citi Foundation (NY) 78,372,150 12/31/2013

Direction of giving for Corporate Programs Main Destinations were:◦Education (29%)◦Health (25%)◦Community Investment (15%)

Mechanism of Giving Corporate Foundations (34%) Direct Giving (49%) In-Kind (17%)

◦Last category a reflection of drug companies that donate medicines to poorer Americans and to overseas initiatives

Tax Treatment and Total Giving•Tax Incentives are a significant driver of giving for those in the upper-income brackets• Less, however, than many people assume

•The standard deduction for a couple filing jointly in now in the range of $12,500. •Outside of high-tax, high-property price, Connecticut, you may

not reach that by itemizing•Tax breaks not a consideration when giving

In much of Europe•Tax breaks are available only for specific donations (as in Italy)•Another reflection of the subsidiary role played by the charitable sector as opposed to government social spending•Discussion is brought up periodically in the U.S. (removal of tax breaks)

Corporate Deduction•5% of Income – Provides some incentive to give, but the prime motivator is still need to demonstrate enlightened nature of business•This deduction was opposed by many when instituted, given the motives and nature of corporate giving

Uniqueness of U.S. Situation also Reflected in the Mechanisms of Giving•Charity Aggregators (United Way)

•Giving through the workplace (and matching programs)

•More recent phenomena:• Crowdfunding• Social Pressure Websites (Hungersite.com)• Giving through investing (Impact Investment)

Questions