FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES - Guru Nanak Dev Universitygndu.ac.in/syllabus/201516/LIFE/MSC HONS ENVIRONM… · · 2015-06-24FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES SYLLABUS for M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL

FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES

SYLLABUS

for

M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (CBCEGS)(Semester I - II)

(FOR NEW ADMISSION)

&

M.Sc. (Hons.) ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (CBCEGS)(Semester III - IV)

(FOR OLD ADMISSION)

Examinations: 2015-16

GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITYAMRITSAR

Note: (i) Copy rights are reserved. Nobody is allowed to print it in any form. Defaulters will be prosecuted.

(ii) Subject to change in the syllabi at any time. Please visit the University website time to time.

1M.Sc. Environmental Sciences (Semester System) (CBCEGS)

Semester-I

CreditsCourse No. C/E/I Course TitleL T P

TotalCredits

Core CoursesBSL401 C Mathematical Biology 3 - - 3BSL402 C Computer Programming in Botany

and Ecology3 - - 3

ESL407 C Conservation Biology 3 - - 3ESL404 C Air Pollution 3 - - 3ESL405 C Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 3 - - 3ESL403 C Environmental Chemistry 3 - - 3ESP423 C Environmental Science Lab I (Based

on BSL401, BSL402 and ESL407)- - 3 3

ESP424 C Environmental Science Lab II (Basedon ESL403, ESL404, ESL405)

- - 4 4

Total Credits 18 - 7 25

Semester-II


TotalCredits

Core CoursesESL451 C Environmental Engineering 3 - - 3ESL452 C Environmental Geology 3 - - 3ESL453 C Sanitary Engineering and

Environmental Management3 - - 3

BSL451 C Statistical Techniques 3 - - 3BSL453 C Instrumental Methods of Analysis 3 - - 3ESP471 C Environmental Science Lab III

(Based on ESL451,ESL452 andESL453)

- - 4 4

ESP472 C Environmental Science Lab IV(Based on BSL451 and BSL453)

- - 3 3

ESS473 C Seminar - - - -Interdisciplinary/ Optional Courses (3 Credits)

I To be offered from outside thedepartment

3 - - 3


2M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester System) (CBCEGS)

(FOR OLD STUDENTS WHO ADMITTED IN SESSION 2014-15)

Semester-III


TotalCredits

Core CoursesESL504 C Environmental Microbiology 3 - - 3ESL502 C Software System Analysis in Ecology 3 - - 3ESL503 C Environmental Biotechnology 3 - - 3ESL501 C Wastewater Treatment Plant Design 3 - - 3ESL505 C Hazardous Chemicals 3 - - 3ESL506 C Ecological Modelling 3 - - 3ESP524 C Environmental Science Lab V (Based on

ESL502, ESL503 and ESL504 )- - 3 3

ESP525 C Environmental Science Lab VI (Based onESL501, ESL505 and ESL506)

- - 3 3

ESD523 C Case Study - - - -Interdisciplinary/ Optional Courses (3 Credits)

I To be offered from outside thedepartment

3 - - 3


Semester-IV


TotalCredits

Core CoursesESL551 C Industrial Wastewater Management 3 - - 3ESL552 C Electronic Measurements and

Instrumentation3 - - 3

ESL553 C Environmental Toxicology 3 - - 3ESL554 C Natural Resource Management 3 - - 3ESL555 C Remote Sensing and GIS 3 - - 3ESP571 C Environmental Science Practical VII (Based

on ESL551 and ESL553)- - 3 3

ESP575 C Environmental Science Practical VIII(Based ESL554 and ESL555 )

- - 3 3

ESD573 C Project report/ Advance practical/Assignment/Review/Status Report

- - - -

ESF574 C Field Study/ Industrial visit - - - -Elective Courses (3 Credits)

E Elective Course 3 - - 3Total Credits 18 - 6 24


CreditsCourse No. C/E/I

Course TitleL T P

TotalCredits

Elective CoursesBSL581 E Agroforestry Systems 3 - - 3BSL582 E Seed Biotechnology 3 - - 3BSL583 E Human Values and Professional Ethics 3 - - 3BSL584 E Genomics, transcriptomics and

proteomics3 - - 3

BSL585 E Dynamics of Biogeography 3 - - 3BSL586 E Ecological Principles 3 - - 3BSL587 E Immunology 3 - - 3BSL588 E Perspectives in Conservation 3 - - 3BSL589 E Bioethics and Biosafety 3 - - 3BSL590 E Sustainable Development 3 - - 3

ESL581 E Urban Planning and EnvironmentalManagement

3 - - 3

ESL582 E Preventive and Social Medicine 3 - - 3ESL583 E Geoinformatics in Environmental

Management3 - - 3

ESL584 E Solid Waste Management 3 - - 3ESL585 E Bioremediation 3 - - 3ESL586 E Environmental Safety and Management 3 - - 3ESL587 E Waste Stabilization Ponds 3 - - 3ESL588 E Water and Wastewater Analysis 3 - - 3ESL589 E Water Treatment Processes 3 - - 3ESL590 E Environmental Laws and Impact

Assessment3 - - 3

4M.Sc. Environmental Sciences (Semester-I) (CBCEGS)

BSL401 – Mathematical BiologyCredits 3-0-0

1. Linear Function: y=ax and y=ax+b, linear relation, linear programming2. Power Function: y=axn , polynomials, differences, quadratic equation.3. Periodic Function: Cycloid, polar coordinates, sine and cosine, conversion of polar

coordinates into rectangular coordinates, trigonometric relations, polar graphs, trigonometricpolynomials.

4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions: Exponential function y=aqx , logarithmicfunction, scaling, Weber’s law, spirals- spiral of Archimedes and logarithmic spiral.

5. Graphical Methods: Linear, semilogarithmic and double logarithmic plots, triangularcharts.

6. Probability: Events, concept of probability, conditional probabilities, multiplication rule,permutations and combinations, random variable, binomial, Poisson, continuous, uniform,normal and chisquare distributions.

7. Limits: Limits of sequences, Fibonacci sequence.8. Differentiation and Integration: Growth rates, instantaneous rate of change, differentiation

of some important functions, product rule and quotient rule of differentiation, chain rule ofdifferentiation.

9. Integration: Integrals, definite integral, rules of integration, second derivative, extremes ofa function, mean of a continuous function.

10. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions: d/dx(ex), d/dx(ln x), integral of 1/x, propertiesof ln x, inverse function of ln x, logarithms, ax = exlna , introduction to hyperbolic functions.

11. Ordinary Differential Equations: y’=ay, y’=ay+b, y’=ay2 + by+c, dy/dx=k.y/x.12. Fractal Dimension: Measurement by divider method, applications in biology.

References:

1. Batschelet, E. (1971). Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientists. Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

2. Krebs, C.J. (1989). Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, New York, USA.3. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.4. Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Chapman & Hall,

London.5. Pielou, E.C. (1984). The Interpretation of Ecological Data. Wiley, New York.6. Poole, R.W. (1974). An Introduction to Quantitative Ecology. McGraw Hill Book Co., New

York.7. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco.


BSL402 – Computer Programming in Botany and EcologyCredits 3-0-0

1. Number Systems: Binary, octal, hexadecimal and decimal numbers, conversion from onesystem to another, 1’s and 2’s complements, binary addition and subtraction, gates, halfadder, full adder.

2. Computer Organization: Components of digital computers, hardware and software,programming languages, compiler & interpreters.

Programming in C

3. Introduction to C Language: About C language, evolution of C, structure of a C program,compiling a C program, character set, keywords, Operators: arithmetic operators, unaryoperators, relational and logical operators, hierarchy of operators, expressions Data types:basic data types, constants and variables in C, type declaration, local and global variables,constraints in C.

4. Input/Output Functions: Input function, output functions, formatted I/O, character I/O andstring I/O functions.

5. Control Statements: Why control statements, if statement, if-else statement, for statement,while statement, do-while statement, break and continue statements, switch statement, gotostatement, ternary operators.

6. Arrays & String: Introduction to arrays, advantages of arrays, types of arrays, one, two andthree dimensional arrays, array declaration, array initialization, accessing data from array,character arrays, string variables, reading & writing strings, string handling functions, arrayof strings.

7. Functions: Introduction to functions, library functions vs user-defined functions, advantagesof functions, declaring a function, calling a function, passing arguments to a function,passing array to functions, recursion in functions, call by value and call by reference.

8. Pointers: Introduction to pointers, pointer variables, declaring pointer variables, assessingvalues via pointers, pointer to string, passing arguments using pointers.

References:1. Malvino, A.P., and Leach, Donald P. (1996). Digital Principles and Applications. Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.2. Sinha, P.K. (1998). Computer Fundamentals. BPB Publications, New Delhi.3. Salaria, R.S. (1998). Application Programming in C. Khanna Publications, Delhi.4. Kanetkar, Y. (2004). Let Us C - Fifth Edition. BPB Publications, New Delhi.5. Balagurusamy, E. (1992). Programming in ANSI C. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi.


ESL407 –Conservation Biology Credits 3-0-0

Background, Terminology and Concepts: An introduction to biological diversity (Speciesdiversity, naming and classification, genetic diversity, eco diversity), conservation biology, itsorigin, ethical principals, importance of conservation Biology

Threats to Biological Diversity: Spatial pattern of biological diversity in the world, Variation inclimate, environment, topography and habitat size, Ecological Succession and ecosystem dynamics,Principals of community organization, Extinctions (Past mass extinctions and current human causedextinction, extinction rates on islands, extinction rates in aquatic environments, local extinctions,estimating extinction rates with island biogeography model), Vulnerabilty to extinction (Endemicspecies and extinction, species vulnerable to extinction),

Habitat Destruction, and Global Climate Change: Human population growth and its effect,Habitat destruction (threatened rain forests, other threatened habitats, marine coastal areas,desertification); habitat fragmentation , edge effect, habitat degradation and pollution, globalclimate change (changes in temperate and tropical climates; plants and climate change, rising sealevels and warmer waters, overall effect of global warming)

Invasive Species and Disease: Over exploitation, International wildlife trade, commercialharvesting; Invasive species on islands, GMOs and conservation biology, Implications of invasivespecies and diseases for human health.

Conservation at the Population and Species Level: Problems of small populations (MinimumViable populations, loss of genetic variability, consequences of reduced genetic variability, factorsthat affect the persistence of small populations, Demographic variations, Environmental variationand catastrophes, Extinction vortices,

Applied Population Biology and Conservation Strategies: Methods for studying populations(gathering ecological info and monitoring populations), population viability analysis,metapopulations, long term monitoring of species and ecosystems, Establishing new populations(various approaches) status of populations, Ex-situ conservation strategies

Protected Areas and Restoration Ecology- Protected areas, classification and their establishment,designing network of protected areas, protected area size and characteristics, Researve design andspecies preservation, minimizing edge effects and fragmentation effects, landscape ecology andpark design, management of protected areas, conservation outside protected areas (conservation inurban areas, agricultural areas), ecosystem management, Ecological restoration techniques, casestudies, restoration in urban areas,

International Approach to Conservation: International agreements to protect species andhabitats, funding for conservation, funding sources and programs, Role of Conservation Biologist,Ongoing Problems and solutions, Challenges for conservation biologists.

Genetic Monitoring and Management: Admixtures, Role of genetic management in conservationbreeding and ex-situ conservation, The appropriate geographic scale of management, Identificationof Management Units, systematic and conservation units

7

M.Sc. Environmental Sciences (Semester-I) (CBCEGS)

References:1. Soulé, M. E.(1996). Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity.

Sunderland, MA: Sinauer & Associates.

2. Frankham et al. (2010). Introduction to Conservation Genetics, 2nd Edition, Cambridge

Univ. Press

3. Allendorf F.W., Luikart G. (2007). Conservation and the Genetics of Populations.

Blackwell, Oxford.


ESL404 - Air Pollution

Credits 3-0-0

1. Chemical composition of air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation, Particles, ions and

radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic

particulate matter. Thermo-chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Oxygen

and ozone chemistry, chemistry of air pollutants, Photochemical smog.

2. Natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution. Primary and Secondary pollutants, Transport

and diffusion of pollutants. Gas law governing the behaviour of pollutants in the atmosphere.

Methods of monitoring and control of air pollution SO2, NOx, CO, SPM. Effect of pollutants on

human beings, plants, animals, materials and on climate. Acid rain, Air Quality standards.

3. First and second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes. Scale of meteorology,

pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. Atmospheric stability,

inversion, and mixing height, wind rose.

4. Effect of lapse rate on plume behaviour. Maximum mixing depth, Gaussian dispersion model,

Effective stack height.

5. Control devices for particulate matter: Principle and design of gravitational settler, centrifugal

collector, wet collector, fabric filters and electrostatic precipitator. Control of gaseous

contaminants through adsorption, absorption, condensation and combustion including catalytic

combustion.

6. Stack sampling (with special emphasis on isokinetic sampling) and analysis of temperature,

flow velocity, composition.

7. Global environmental problems: ozone depletion, global warming and climate change. Green

belt design. Control of air pollution by process change. Management strategies for air pollution

abatement. Vehicular pollution and urban air quality.

References:

1. Lodge, J. P. (1995). Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, Intersociety committee, AWMA,

ACS, AIChE, APWA, ASME, AOAC, HPS, ISA, Lewis Publication, New York.

2. Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, GOI, New Delhi, May 2000.

3. Nevers, N. D. (1995). Air Pollution Control Engineering. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,

New York.


4. Peavy, H. S., Rowe, D. R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1985). Environmental Engineering.

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.

5. Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications Issued Thereunder (2001) Pollution Control

Law Series, PCLS/02/1002, 4th Edition, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.

6. Rao, M. N. & Rao, H. V. N. (1989). Air Pollution. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

7. Stern, A. C. & Boubel, A. (2000). Fundamentals of Air Pollution 3/e, Academic Press, New

York.

8. Stern, A. C. (1968). Air Pollution, Academic Press, New York. (8 volumes).

9. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. And Eliassen, R. (1977). Solid Waste: Engineering Principles

and Management issues, Mc-Graww Hill, New York.

10. Wang, L. K., Hung, Y-T., Lo, H. H. & Yapijakis, C. (Ed.) (2007). Hazardous Industrial Waste

Treatment, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton.

11. Warner, C. F., Wayne T. D. and Wark, K. Jr. (1998). Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control. Dur

Donnelly Publication, New York.


ESL405 - Atmosphere and HydrosphereCredits 3-0-0

1. The Earth Systems and Biosphere : Conservation of matter in various geospheres, Energybudget of Earth, Ecosystems flow of energy and matter, Coexistence in communities-food webs,Earth’s major ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic, General relationship between landscape,biomes and climate.

2. Seasons and Time: Foucault pendulum, rotation and revolt earth, perihelion and aphelion,solstice and equinox, sun’s declination, local and standard time, daylight saving time, time zones,international date line.

3. Atmosphere and Oceans: Composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure andtemperature, ozone layer, magnetic atmosphere, world ocean, oceans as new areas forexploration of mineral resources, Ocean pollution

4. Water Resources and Environment: Global water balance, Ice sheets and fluctuations at sealevels, composition of sea water, hydrological cycle, factors influencing surface water, Types ofwater, Human use of surface and ground waters, ground water and its pollution.

5. Runoff and Streams: Drawdown and cone of depression, salt water intrusion, Overland flowinterflow, base flow, drainage system, stream channel geometry (flow, discharge, gauging),floods, hydrologic effects of urbanization, lakes and ponds.

6. Atmospheric Water: Water states and heat, humidity, adiabetic process, cloud particles andforms, fog, precipitation, stable air, thunderstorms, hail and lightening, orographic precipitation,global balances of energy and water, convective storm, low and upper level inversions, Pollutiondome and acid deposition.

7. Radiation Balance: Electromagnetic radiation, solar constant, energy spectrum of sun and earth,Stefan – Boltzmann law, insolation and its losses, world latitude zones, radiation balance, albedo,man’s impact on radiation balance, temperature inversion, land and water temperature contrasts,global climate changes.

8. Global Wind Circulation: Winds, anemometer, pressure gradient force, sea and breezes,Coriolis effect, cyclones and anticyclones, surface pressure systems, monsoon, local winds,geostrophic wind, meridional winds, Hadley cell circulation, Westerlies, Rossby winds, jetstream, ocean currents.

9. Air Masses and Cyclones: Climates of India, Indian monsoon, El Nino, Droughts, Tropicalcyclones, air masses and warm fronts, tornadoes, Western disturbances.

10. World Climates: classification based on net radiation, air temperature, precipitation, air massesand frontal zones, climate types, Koppen system of climate classification.

11. Cartography: Meridians and parallels, longitude and latitude scales, Map projections: zenithal,conic, cylindric, stereographic, secant conic, mercator, homolographic, sinusoidal, homolosice,universal transverse Mercator, multipurpose and thematic, planimetric and flow maps,importance of third dimension on maps.

References:1. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.N. (1992). Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons,

Inc., New York.2. Dlij, H.J. and Muller, P.O. (1996). Physical Geography of the Global Environment. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.3. Skinner, B.J. and Porter, S.C. (1987). Physical Geology John Wiley & Sons, New York.4. Donn, W.L. (1972). The Earth, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.


ESL403 – Environmental ChemistryCredits 3-0-0

1. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Stoichiometry, Gibb’s energy, Chemicalpotential, chemical equilibria, acid base reactions, solubility product, solubility of gases in

water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, radionuclides.

2. Physical Processes of Pollutant Transport and Dispersion: Transport media, transport of

pollutants in air, some important types of reactions which pollutants undergo in the

atmosphere.

3. Dispersion of Pollutants in Water: physical transport in surface water, dispersion of

pollutants in ground water, biochemical processes in water involving microorganisms.

4. Dispersion of Pollutants in Soil: Adsorption and decomposition of organic pollutants in

soil, fate of soil pollutants. Sorptive properties of soil: Colloids, cation exchange capacity,

anion retention, absorption of organics. Detrimental effects of soil pollution and soil erosion.

Siltation of lakes, methods to minimize soil pollution, soil pollution monitoring.

5. Major Types of Water Pollutants: Oxygen demanding wastes, disease causing agents,

synthetic organic compounds, plant nutrients, inorganic chemicals and minerals, sediments,

oil. impact of water pollution on environment, radioactive and thermal pollution.

6. Monitoring and Analysis of Water/Wastewater Parameters: Turbidity, colour, pH,

acidity, hardness, residual chlorine and chlorine demand, chlorides, dissolved oxygen,

biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, solids, iron and

manganese, fluoride, sulphate, phosphorus and phosphate, oil and grease, volatile acids, gas

analysis, trace contaminants, biological examination of water.

7. Soil Chemistry: Inorganic and organic components of soil, Nitrogen pathways and NPK in

soils. Physico-chemical, bacteriological sampling and analysis of soil quality. Soil pollution

control. Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components.

Soil micro-organisms and their functions, degradation of different insecticides, fungicides

and weedicides in soil. Different kinds of synthetic fertilizers (NP & K) and their

interactions with different components of soil. Rocks, weathering, processes of soil

formation and soil classification.

8. Environmental Geochemistry: Concept of major, trace and REE. Classification of trace

elements, Mobility of trace elements, Geochemical cycles. Biogeochemical factors in

environmental health. Human use of trace elements and health. Possible effects of imbalance

of some trace elements. Diseases induced by human use of lead.


References:

1. Alloway, B. J., Ayres, D.C. (1997) Chemical Principles of Environmental Pollution.

Blackie Academic and Professional, London.

2. Hemond, H.F. and Fechner, E. (1994). Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment.

Academic Press, San Diego.

3. Karikalan, V.L. (2002) Environmental Engineering. Dhanpati Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., Delhi.

4. Manahan, S.E. (1991) Environmental Chemistry. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.

5. O’ Neill, P. (1993) Environmental Chemistry. Chapman and Hall, London.

6. Peavy, A.S., Rowe, D.R., Tchobanoglous, G. (1985). Environmental Engineering.

McGraw Hill, Singapore.

7. Rao, C.S. (1991). Environmental Pollution Control Engineering. Wiley Eastern, New

Delhi.

8. Richardson, M.L. (ed.)(1991). Chemistry, Agriculture and the Environment. Royal

Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

9. Rowell, D.L. (1994) Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Harlow.

10. Sawyer, C.N., Mc Carty, P.L. and Parkin, G.F. (1994). Chemistry for Environmental

Engineering. McGraw Hill Inc., New York .

11. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M. and Imboden, D.M. (1993) Environmental

Organic Chemistry, Wiley Interscience, New York.

12. Sharma, B.K. and Kaur H.(1998) Environmental Chemistry. Goel Publishing House,

Meerut.

13. Tchobanoglous, G. and Burton, F.L. (1979). Waste water engineering: Treatment,

Disposal, and Reuse. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

14. Wild, A. (1993). Soils and the Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

13M.Sc. Environmental Sciences (Semester-II) (CBCEGS)

ESL451 - Environmental EngineeringCredits 3-0-0

1. Water Chemistry: Chemistry of water, concept of DO, BOD, COD, sedimentation coagulation,

filtration, Redox potential

2. BOD test procedure, determination of BOD5 and modelling of BOD5. Calculation BOD

constants using Least square and Fujimoto methods. Interrelationship between BOD, COD and

TOC.

3. Box model, point source stream pollution, Dissolved oxygen model (oxygen sag curve). Basic

design of Screening, sedimentation, Filtration, Softening. Break point chlorination.

4. Physico-chemical and bacteriological sampling including MPN test and analysis of water

quality. Standards for water quality and wastewater discharge.

5. Methods of Sampling: Grab, Composite and integrated. Sample volumes, Selection of

sampling points. Tests performed in the laboratory for raw sewage, primary sedimentation tank,

aeration tank, secondary settling tank, sludge digester and stabilization ponds.

6. Flow Measurements: Notches and Weirs, Flumes, Venturi meters, Drops, Current meter. Flow

Equalization

7. Treatment plant operation and maintenance for screens, grit chamber, sedimentation tank,

aeration tank, trickling filters, sludge digestion tanks, sludge drying beds and stabilization

ponds.

8. Chemical precipitation for the removal of Heavy metals and dissolved inorganic substances.

Adsorption (Freundich & Langmuir isotherm).

9. Advanced Oxidation Process, Multiple Effect Evaporator, Flow sheets of wastewater treatment

plant.

References:1. Benefield, L. D., Jedkins, J. F. Jr. and Weand, B. L. (1985). Process chemistry for Water and

Wastewater Treatment. Prentice Hall Inc., New York.

2. Cornwell, D. A. and Davis, M. (1999). Introduction to Environmental Engineering. McGraw-

Hill, New York.

3. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1989). Industrial Water Pollution Control. McGraw-Hill Book

Company, New York.

4. Elangovan, R. and Saseetharan, M. K. (1995). Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering.

New Age International, New Delhi.


5. Fair, G. M., Geyer, J. C. and Okun, K. (1979). Water and Wastewater Engineering. Vol. 2, John

Wiley, New York.

6. Garg, S. K. (2003) Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.

7. Khandpur, R.S. (1989). Handbook of Analytical Instruments, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

8. Manual of Water Supply and Treatment. (1999). Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.

9. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. (1993). Central Public Health and Environmental


10. McGhee, T. J. (1991). Water Supply and Sewerage. McGraw-Hill, New York.

11. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2002).

Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4/e. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

12. Modi, P. N. (2003). Water Supply Engineering and Wastewater Engineering, Volume I & II,

Standard Book House, Delhi.

13. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S. and Kreig, N. R. (1993). Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill, New

Delhi.

14. Punmia, B. C. and Jain, A. (1998) Wastewater Engineering, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd., New

Delhi.

15. Raju, B. N. S. (1995) Water Supply and Wastewater Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill Company

Ltd, New Delhi.


ESL452 - Environmental GeologyCredits 3-0-0

1. Earth’s Crust: Composition, rocks and minerals, magmas, igneous rocks, weathering, clasticand non clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks.

2. Earth's Processes and Geological Hazards: Earth's processes; concepts of residence, time andrates of natural cycles. Catastrophic geological hazards. Prediction and perception of the hazardsand adjustments to hazardous activities.

3. Lithosphere and Plate Tectonics: Earth’s interior and crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere,continents and ocean basins, earth’s relief features, geologic time scale, second order relieffeatures of continents, alpine chains, continental shields and mountain roots, second order relieffeatures of ocean basins, plate tectonics, boundaries and geography, subduction tectonics andvolcanic arcs, oregeny, Cordilleran type and Eurasian type orgens, Continental drift, tectonicsystem, earth’s internal energy system.

4. Volcanic and Tectonic Landforms: Initial and sequential land forms igneous rock bodies,composite volcanoes, calderas, flood basalts and shield volcanoes, cinder cones, volcanicactivity and land forms, geothermal energy sources, landforms of tectonic activity, foreland foldbelts, faults, rift valley landforms, earthquakes, Seismic sea waves.

5. Landforms of Weathering and Mass Wasting: Wasting of slopes, geometry of rock breakup,effects of physical and chemical weathering, lime stone caverns, karst landscapes, mass wasting,arctic tundra.

6. Landforms Made by Running Water: Fluvial processes and landform normal and acceleratedslope erosion, infiltration capacity, land use and sediment yield, accelerated soil erosion, streamerosion and transport, suspended sediment load of large rivers, gradial stream gorges and waterfalls, aggradation and alluvial traces, landforms of flood plains, flood abatement.

7. Denudation: Available land mass, tectonic uplift, landmass rejuvination, desert climate processsystem, hill slope evolution, svanna.

8. Landforms and Rock Structure: Dip and strike, interior shield covers, ground water insedimentary strata, coastal plains, deformed strata, sedimentary domes, black hills dome,syncline anticline, plunging folds, fault scrap, fault trap, exposed batholiths, erosional landformsof volcanoes.

9. Landforms Made by Waves and Currents: Water waves, waves in deep water, shoalingwaves and breakers, marine erosion, beaches, beach profile, littoral drift, wave refraction, tidalcurrents and tidal power coastlines.

10. Landforms Made by Glaciers: Glaciers, alpine glaciers, glacial erosion, landforms made byglaciers, glacial throughs and fibre ice sheets, sea ice, iceberg and ice islands, ice age, erosionand depositor by ice sheets late cerozoic ice age, alpine and periglacial ice age environments,causes of ice ages, glaciation and interglaciations ice age changes of sea level, Holocene,climate cycles.

11. Soil forming processes: Concepts of pedon and polypedon, soil colour, texture, consistence,structure, soil horizons, soil solution, ions, colloids and cation exchange, acidity and alkalinitytemperature and water regimes biological processes, pedogeny.

12. World soils: Comprehensive soil classification system, diagnostic horizons, salient features ofMarbut system of soil classification, characteristics of different soils.

13. Biogeography: Water requirements of plants, temperature and other climatic factors, biomes,geomorphic and edaphic factors, succession, major biomes.


References:1. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, Arthur, N. (1992). Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., New York.

2. De Dlij, H.J. and Muller, P.O. (1996). Physical Geography of the Global Environment. John

Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.

3. Skinner, B. J. and Porter, S. C. (1987). Physical Geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

4. Donn, W.L. (1972). The Earth. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.


ESL453 - Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Management

Credits 3-0-0

1. Concepts of Sanitary Engineering: History and importance, Layout of sanitary engineering,relationship between water supply engineering and sanitary engineering, sanitary works, Principlesof sanitation, Necessity of collection and disposal of waste, sewage disposal, layout of sewagedisposal system, waste and its types.

2. Quantity of Sewage: Classification of sewage, sanitary sewage or dry weather flow (D.W.F),Sources of dry weather flow, Factors effecting dry weather flow, Determination of dry weatherflow, Storm sewage, necessity of storm sewers, factors affecting storm sewage, determination, timeof concentration, design of sewers, design of distribution systems.

3. Sewerage System: Methods of collection as sanitation, dry or conservancy method, watercarriage method, sewerage system, sewers and their types sewer joints, Spigot and socket point,collar joints, mechanical joint, bandage joints, flush joints, manholes, drop holes, lamp holes, filledand poured type joints.

4. Building Drainage: Principle of house/building drainage, plumbing system, sanitary fitting andfixtures, wash basin, kitchen sinks, bath tubs, drinking fountains, traps and types.

5. Maintenance of Sewage System: Maintenance and purpose of inspection, causes of damage tosewer, problems in sewer maintenance, breaking and clogging of sewers, hazards and preventions,precautions during cleaning and maintenance of sewers, safety equipments.

6. Sewage Treatment: Quality of sewage, physical, chemical and biological examination ofsewage, composition of sewage, exothermal, endothermal and biochemical reactions, primary,secondary and tertiary treatment methods, (sedimentation process, sedimentation with coagulation,filteration, trickling filters: low rate and high rate, activated sludge process, aeration of sewage,drying and disposal, oxidation ponds).

7. Sewage Disposal: Methods of sewage disposal, sewage disposal by dilution, land treatmentmethods, sewage farming, sewage sickness, sewage pumping and air ejectors.

References:1. Sharma, J.L. (2000). Public health Engineering, Satya Prakashan, New Delhi.2. Gupta, N.L. (1994). Urban Water Supply, Rawat Publications, New Delhi.3. Bijlani, H.U. and Rao, P.S.N. (1990). Water supply and sanitation in India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.4. Shah, C.S. (1998). Water supply and Sanitation. Golgotia Publishing Company, New Delhi.


BSL451 - Statistical TechniquesCredits 3-0-0

Basic principles of statistical techniques with numericals for analysis of ecological data.1. Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; sampling distribution;

confidence interval; errors; levels of significance.2. Central Tendency: Arithmatic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median, mode.3. Dispersion: Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation,

standard error, coefficient of variation.4. Skewness, Moments and Kurtosis: Measures of skewness, moments about mean, measures

of kurtosis.5. Probability: Events, concept of probability, conditional probabilities, multiplication rule,

permutations and combinations.6. Probability Distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions7. Normal Distribution: Mathematical equation for normal curve, confidence limits,

hypothesis testing, null hypothesis, comparing the mean of a sample with a known standard,comparing the means of two samples, Student's t-test.

8. Binomial Distribution: Comparison of percentage with a known standard, comparison oftwo percentages.

9. Poisson Distribution: Comparing two Poisson distributions.10. Chi square Distribution: Goodness of fit.11. Regression and Correlation: Computation of correlation coefficient and regression

equation.12. Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression: Partial correlation, multiple regression with

two independent variables.13. Elements of Path and Principal Component Analysis.14. Analysis of Variance: F-test, one way analysis of variance, multivariate statistics15. Non-Parametric and Distribution –Free Tests: Wilcoxon’s signed rank sum test for single

sample Wilcoxon’s signed rank sum test for two samples, rank correlation coefficient.16. Time Series Analysis: Seasonal, cyclic and irregular variations, trend analysis, Index

numbers and their classification.

References:1. Bailey, N.T.J. (1995). Statistical Methods in Biology. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.2. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.3. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco.


BSL453 - Instrumental Methods of Analysis

Credits 3-0-0

1. Principles of Analytical Methods: Titrometry, Gravimetry, Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry,chromatography, GLC, HPLC, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Flame Photometry.

2. Histochemical and Immunotechniques: Antibody generation, detection of molecules usingELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescencemicroscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such asFISH and GISH.

3. Biophysical Methods: Molecular analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence,UV, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy, molecular structure determination usingX- ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction and NMR; Molecular analysis using light scattering,different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods.

4. Microscopic Techniques: Visualization of cellular and sub cellular components by lightmicroscopy, resolving power of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning andtransmission microscopes, different fixation and stating techniques for EM, freeze-etch andfreeze fracture methods for EM image processing methods in microscopy.

5. Radiolabeling Techniques: Detection and measurement of radioisotopes normally used inbiology; incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging ofradioactive material, safety guidelines.

6. Electrophysiological Methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brainactivity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI,CAT.

References:1. Brown TA (2001) Gene cloning and DNA analysis, An Introduction, 4th Edition, Blackwell

Scientific Publication, Oxford, UK2. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ and Osborne BA (2000) Immunology, 4th Edition, WH Freeman and

Company, NY3. Kostic, T., Butaye, P., Schrenzel, J. (2009). Introduction to Microarray Based Detection

Methods. In: Detection of Highly Dangerous Pathogens: Microarray Methods for theDetection of BSL 3 and BSL 4 Agents. Edited by Tanja Kostic, Patrick Butaye, and JacquesSchrenzel. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

4. Plummer, D.T. 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw- HillPublishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

5. Sheehan, D. (2000). Physical Biochemistry: Principles and Applications, John Wiley andSons Ltd., Chicester, England.

6. Wilson K. and Walker J. (Eds.) (1995). Practical Biochemistry : Principles and Techniques,Cambridge University Press, U.K.

20M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-III) (CBCEGS)

ESL504 - Environmental MicrobiologyCredits 3-0-0

1. Introduction to Environmental Microbiology: Microorganisms in the environment,general characteristics of microorganisms in the porous media, microbial activities in porousmedia, microorganisms in surface soils, shallow subsurface environments, deep subsurfaceenvironments and deep saturated zone, sampling techniques, identification ofmicroorganism, diseases caused by microorganism.

2. Industrial Microbiology: The microbe: Primary and secondary metabolites, majorindustrial products: foods, flavouring agents and food supplement, vitamins and beverages;organic acids; enzymes and microbial transformation; inhibitors; genetically engineeredmicroorganisms–Human insulin and human growth hormones and vaccines.

3. Microbiology of Wastewater: Sewage (waste water) treatment: Ecological impact of rawsewage on receiving water, public health impact of raw sewage discharge, primary wastewater treatment, secondary treatment, microbial treatment problems, tertiary waste watertreatment., Drinking water treatment total coliform bacteria analysis, Fecal coliformbacteria analysis.

4. Bioremediation: Biodegradative organisms, relationship between contaminant structure,toxicity and biodegradability; Environmental factors affecting biodegradation;biodegradation of organic pollutants, problems associated with bioremediation, future ofbioremediation.

5. Microorganisms and Metal Pollutants: Metal bioavailability in the environment, metaltoxicity effects on the microbial cell, mechanisms of microbial metal resistance anddetoxification, method for studying metal-microbial interactions, adverse effects andbenefits of metal-microbial interactions, innovative microbial approaches in the remediationof the metal contaminated soils, sediments and aquatic systems.

6. Aeromicrobiology: Important airborne plant, animal and human pathogens, importantairborne toxins, nature of bioaerosols aeromicrobiological pathways, sampling devices forthe collection of bioaerosols, microbial survival in the air, extramural aeromicrobiology,intramural aeromicrobiology, bioaerosol control, microbial habitats in the aquaticenvironment.

7. Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Means: Fundamentals of control,physical agents, high temperature, low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation,surface tension and interfacial tension, filtration, characterization of an ideal antimicrobialchemical agent, selection of a chemical agent for practical application, major groups ofantimicrobial agents.

References:1. Pelczar, M. J., Chan, E. C. S., Krieg, N. R. (1993). Microbiology-Concepts and

Applications. McGraw Hill Inc.2. Tortora, G.J. Funke, B. R., Case, C. L. (2001). Microbiology-An introduction (7th ed.)

Addison Wesley longman, Inc.3. Taussig, M. J. (1984). Microbiology (2nd ed.) Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford

London.4. Maier, R.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. (2000). Environmental Microbiology, Academic

Press.


ESL502 - Software System Analysis in EcologyCredits 3-0-0

Bio Markup Languages1. Introduction to HTML: About Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), commonly used

HTML commands: the structure of an HTML program, document head, document body, titlesand footers; text formatting: paragraph breaks, line breaks, emphasizing material in a web page:heading styles, drawing lines, text styles: bold, italics, underline, centering text, images,indenting text, changing the background color of a text.

2. Lists & Graphics: Types of lists: unordered list, ordered lists, definition lists. Adding graphicsto HTML documents: border attribute, width and height attribute, align attribute, alt attribute.

3. Tables: Introduction: header, data rows, the caption tag, using the width and border attribute,using the cellpadding, cellspacing, bgcolor, colspan and rowspan attributes.

4. Linking Documents & Frames: Links: external document references, internal documentreferences, images as hyperlinks. Frames: introduction to frames, the <FRAMESET> tag, the<FRAME> tag, targeting named frames.

5. Introduction to eXtensible Markup Language (XML), Chemical Markup Language (CML) andBioinformation Sequence Markup Language (BSML).

Numerical Methods6. Pitfalls in computing in computers, approximations and errors in computation, accuracy of

numbers. Types of errors: inherent errors, rounding errors, truncation errors, absolute, relativeand percentage errors.

7. Roots of Equation: Bisection method, Newton method.8. Solution of System of Linear Equations: Gauss elimination, Gauss-Seidel method.9. Interpolation: Lagrange’s method, inverse interpolation using Lagrange’s method.10. Integration: Trapezoidal method, Simpson’s one-third method, Simpson’s three-eight method.11. Solution of Differential Equations: Runge-Kutta forth order method.

System Analysis & Design12. System Concept: Introduction, definition of system, characteristics of a system, elements of

system, types of system13. System Development Life Cycle: Problem analysis, project selection, feasibility study,

analysis, design, implementation, testing, post-implementation and maintenance, considerationsfor candidate systems.

14. System Analysis: System planning, bases for planning, initial investigation, problem definitionand project initiation, background analysis, fact-finding, fact analysis, determination offeasibility., information gathering, information about the firm, work flow and user staff,information gathering tools.

15. Tools of Structured Analysis: Introduction, data flow diagram (DFD), data dictionary,decision tree and structured English, decision tables, pros and cons ofeach tool.

16. Feasibility Study: Introduction, identification of specific system objectives, description ofoutputs, steps in feasibility analysis, feasibility report.

17. System Design: Introduction, process of design, logical and physical design, designmethodologies

18. System Testing and Quality Assurance: Introduction, need of system testing, nature of testdata, test plan, activity network for system testing, quality assurance goals in the systems lifecycle, levels of quality assurance.


19. Implementation and Software Maintenance: Introduction, conversion, activity network forconversion, post-implementation review and review plans, software maintenance, primaryactivity of a maintenance procedure.

References:

1. Awad. E.M. (2000). System Analysis & Design. Galgotia Publications, New Delhi.

2. Grewal, B.S. (2001). Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science. Khanna Publishers,

Delhi.

3. Salaria R.S. (1996). A Computer Oriented Numerical Method. BPB Publications, Delhi.

4. Darnell, R. (2004). HTML 4 Unleashed Edition. Techmedia, New Delhi

5. Sybex (2005). XML Complete. BPB Publications, New Delhi


ESL503 - Environmental BiotechnologyCredits 3-0-0

1. Waste Water Treatment with Aquatic Macrophytes: Introduction, Concepts of aquatic

macrophyte - based waste water treatment systems, economics, Thin film techniques for

waste water treatment using aquatic plants.

2. Anaerobic Digestion: Process and low rate digesters, high rate digesters, anaerobic

digestion of high-solid wastes.

3. Solid Waste Management with Vermicomposting: Resource recovery or reclamation,

organic waste processing, composting, anaerobic digestion, vermiculture and

vermicomposting, essential precautionary steps in vermicomposting, vermiculturing and

protein production, vermiwash, overall benefits, economics and marketing. Fermentation.

4. Bioremediation: Types of bioremediation, use of fungi, algae and bacteria in biosorption,

cautions for using bioremediations, biodegradation of oilspills, TNT wastes, dye stuff

wastes, pesticides and xenobiotics.

5. Polymers and Plastic Degradation: Introduction, polymer synthesis, polymer degradation,

photochemical degradation, biodegradation of naturally occurring polymeric substances,

disposable synthetic polymers, polymer recycling, carry bags – a menace, role of

microorganisms in degradation of polymers and plastic.

6. Biofertilizer: Bacteria, bacterization, mass cultivation of microbial inoculants, green

manuring, the blue green algae,algalization,Azolla, present status and improvements.

7. Biological Nitrogen Fixation:The range of nitrogen fixing organisms, biochemistry of

nitrogenase, genetics of nitrogen fixation, regulation of nif gene expression, symbiotic

nitrogen fixation, genetic analysis of Rhizobium bacteria, regulation of nod gene expression,

transfer of nif genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae to other organisms,application and future

prospects.

8. Biomass Production Technology: Introduction, plant biomass, sources of biomass, forest

biomass, crop residues (cereals, leguminous crops, sugar cane etc.) aquatic biomass, wastes

as a source of energy, composition of plant biomass (cellulose,hemicellulose and lignins),

biomass conversion, biological and non- biological processes, useful products biomass

(ethyl alcohol, methanol,methane ), Application and future prospects.


9. Food from Microorganisms: Single cell proteins, advantages, type of microorganisms,

substrates, nutritional value, genetic improvement, algal, bacterial, actinomycetous, yeast

and fungal biomass as a source of food, food additives, food colors, food flavors, sweetners.

10. Tissue Culture Technology: Micropropagation, somatic hybridization, clonal propagation,

production of genetically variable plants, production of useful biochemicals through tissue

culture technology, preservation of plant gene transfer ( Nature’s Genetic Engineer),

biotechnology, Resistance to drought and flooding, Importance of tissue culture technology

in environmental metal ion toxicity, increased photosynthetic efficiency.

References:

1. Alexander, M.(1999). Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Acadamic Press, San Diego.

2. Abbasi, S.A., and Ramasami, E. (1999). Biotechnological Methods of Pollution Control.

Universities Press, Hyderabad.

3. Manahan, S. E. (2000), Environmental Science and Technology, Lewis Publishers, New

York.

4. Rittmann, D.E., McCarty, P.L. (2001). Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and

Applications. McGraw Hill, New York.


ESL501 - Wastewater Treatment Plant DesignCredits 3-0-0

1. Characteristics of Wastewater: Classification of organic impurities of wastewater. Types ofBiological processes for wastewater treatment: Suspended and Attached growth processes.

2. Oxygen Transfer: Oxygen transfer coefficient, Oxygen transfer in clean water and wastewater,Effect of temperature on oxygen transfer, Alpha and Beta correction factor, Application ofcorrection factors.

3. Aeration System: Diffused air systems, Mechanical aerators, High purity oxygen system.Energy requirements for mixing in aeration systems.

4. Activated Sludge Process: Mathematical modelling, Kinetic relationships and formulation ofcontinuous biological reactor. Biokinetic parameters for aerobic biological reactors: Y, Y, kd, aand b. Basic concepts of HRT, SRT, F/M, MLSS and, recycling ratio.

5. Material balance for determination of oxygen utilization and net yield of biomass and recycleratio. Concepts of mean solids residence time and sludge age. Relationship between recycleratio r and sludge age (c).

6. Michaelis-Menten Relationship: Derivation, Corollaries, Relationship in terms of specificgrowth rate. Comparison of Plug Flow reactor and Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactor(CFSTR).

7. Trickling filters: Basic design considerations (NRC and First order). Rotating BiologicalContactor: Basic design parameters and operation.

8. Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater: Advantages, Disadvantages, General designconsiderations for wastewater characteristics, solid retention time, expected methaneproduction. Conversion process in anaerobic systems: Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis,Methanogenesis.

9. Design of anaerobic suspended growth process. Design of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge BlanketReactor: Design consideration, Start up, Operational problems. Attached growth anaerobicprocesses. Fermentation Technology.

References:1. Benefield, L. D. and Randoll (1988). Biological Treatment Processes, Prentice Hall Inc.,

New York.

2. Benefield, L. D., Jedkins, J. F. Jr. and Weand, B. L. (1990). Process chemistry for water and

wastewater treatment. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.

3. Eckenfelder, W. W. and O’Conner, D. J. (1980). Biological Waste Treatment. John Wiley &

Sons, New York.

4. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1961). Biological Waste Treatment. Pergamon Press, New York


Company, New York.

6. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1997). Developing Industrial Water Pollution Control Programs: A

Primer. CRC Press. New York.

7. Haandel, A. C. and Lettinga, G. (1994) Anaerobic Sewage Treatment, John Wiley and

Sons, Chichester.


8. Malina, J. F. Jr. and Pohland, F. G. (1992) Design of anaerobic processes for the treatment

of industrial and municipal wastes, Technomic Publishing Co. Inc., Lancaster.

9. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. (1993). Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.

10. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D.

(2002). Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4/e. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi.

11. Ramalho, R. S. (1983). Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Processes. Academic Press

Inc., San Diego.

12. Schroeder, E. D. (1977). Water and Wastewater Treatment. McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company, New York.


ESL505- Hazardous Chemicals

Credits 3-0-01. Toxic Chemicals in the Environment-Air, Water and Soil: Pesticides, Biochemical

aspects of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, carbon Monoxide, O3, PAN, MIC and othercarcinogens.

2. Sources and Generation of Solid Wastes: Characterization, chemical composition andclassification. Different methods of disposal and management of solid wastes (hospitalWastes and Hazardous Wastes). Recycling of waste material. Waste minimizationtechnologies, Marine pollution and control, Criteria employed for disposal of pollutants inmarine system-coastal management, Radioactive and Thermal pollution.

3. Physical Properties of Hazardous Chemicals: Vapour pressure, vapour density,solubility, octanol/ water partition coefficient, odor

4. Combustible and Explosive Properties : Flashpoint and autoignition temperature of somechemicals, explosive properties.

5. Toxic Chemicals: Aldehydes, Alkaloids, Amines, Azodyes, Chlorohydrins, Nitriles,Cyanides, Organic isocyanates., Dioxins, Epoxy compounds, Esters, Haloethers,Halogenated hydrocarbons, Halogens, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Polynuclear aromatics.

6. Toxic Gases: Arsine, Mustard Gas, Sarin, Soman, VX, Tabun, Phosgene.7. Explosives: Nitroexplosives – Nitroglycerine, dynamite, Nitrocellulose, 2,4,6-

Trinitrotoluene, Picric acid.8. Hazardous Waste Management: Hazardous Waste Handling Rules, 1989, Resource

Management, Disaster Management and Risk Analysis

References:

1. Karm, W. and Sehwederski, B.C. (2001). Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic elements in

Chemistry of Life. An Introduction and Guide. John Wiley and Sons. New York.

2. Patnaik, P. (1999). A comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical

Substances. Wiley, New York.

3. Shaw, I.C. and Chadwick, I. (1998). Principles of Environmental Toxicology. TJ

International Ltd. Padstow, U.K.

4. Smith, A.G. (2004). Toxicology of organochlorine Insecticides. In: Pesticide Toxicology

and International Regulations (Eds. T.C. Marrs and B. Ballantyne) John Weily and Sons

Ltd. USA.


ESL506 - Ecological ModelingCredits 3-0-0

1. Exponential Population Growth: Finite rate of increase, population doubling time, lifetables, life expectancy, net reproduction rate, generation time, intrinsic rate of naturalincrease, stable age distribution.

2. Matrix Model for Population Growth: Matrix operations, addition, subtraction,multiplication, inversion, latent roots of a matrix, Leslies matrix model for populationgrowth in unlimited environment, finite rate of increase with stable age distribution.

3. Logistic Population Growth: Differential and matrix models for population growth inlimited environment.

4. Dispersal: Empirical models, random walk model.5. Dispersion: Poisson, random, uniform and aggregate patterns, Morisita’s index of

aggregation.6. Interaction Between two Species: Competition – Differential equations, Leslie-Gower

Model, Lotka-Volterra model for predator – prey interaction, Leslie model, deterministicmodels for simple and general epidemics.

7. Association Analysis and Community Classification: Chisquare, Cole’s measures andpoint correlation coefficient for association, information analysis, ordination, continuumconcept.

8. Species Diversity: Species area relationships, species abundance relationships – Log normaldistribution, information measures of diversity. Brillouin’s measure, Shannon-Wienermeasure, Simpson’s measure. Extinction and formation of single populations, McArthur –Wilson theory of biogeography.

9. Production and Energy Flow: Production efficiency. Bertalanffy’s growth equation,measurement of production in plants, litter decomposition – differential equations,Gompertz curve – differential equations, Energy flow. Ecological energetic.

References:1. Barbour, M.G., Burk, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. (1987). Terrestrial Plant Ecology.

Benjamin/Cummings Publication Company, California.2. Batschelet, E. (1971). Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientists. Springer-Verlag,

Berlin.3. Begon, M., Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. (1996). Ecology. Blackwell Science,

Cambridge.4. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. (1988). Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.5. Curran, P.J. (1988). Principles of Remote Sensing. E.L.B.S., Longman Scientific and

Technical, Harlow.6. Heywood, V.H. and Watson, R.T. (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.7. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.8. Krebs, C.J. (1989). Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, New York, USA.9. Ludwig, J. and Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.10. Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Chapman & Hall,

London.11. Misra, R. (1968). Ecology Work Book. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.12. Moldan, B. and Billharz, S. (1997). Sustainability Indicators. John Wiley & Sons, New

York.

29

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-III) (CBCEGS)

13. Moore, P .W and Chapman, S.B. (1986). Methods in Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific

Publications, Cambridge.

14. Muller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberq, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology,

Wiley, New York.

15. Muller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology,

Wiley, New York.

16. Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia..

17. Odum, E.P. (1983). Basic Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia

18. Pielou, E.C. (1984). The Interpretation of Ecological Data. Wiley, New York.

19. Poole, R.W. (1974). An Introduction to Quantitative Ecology. McGraw Hill Book Co., New

York.

20. Sabbins Jr, F.F. (1986) Remote Sensing: Principles and Intrepretation. WH Freeman & Co.,

New York.

21. Smith, R.L. (1996). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper Collins, New York.

22. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1995). Biometry. W.H. Freeman & Co. San Francisco.

30M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-IV) (CBCEGS)

ESL551 - Industrial Wastewater ManagementCredits 3-0-0

1. Characteristics of industrial wastewater, types of industrial pollutants. List of green, orange andred industries.

2. Characteristics of wastewater from different industries along with their discharge standards.3. Waste water generation standards for different industries.4. Sampling of sewage and wastewater: Methods of sampling: Grab, Composite and integrated.

Sample volumes, Selection of sampling points. Tests performed in the laboratory for rawsewage, primary sedimentation tank, trickling filters, aeration tank, secondary settling tank,sludge digester and stabilization ponds.

5. Flow measurements: Notches and Weirs, Flumes, Venturi meters, Drops, Current meter.6. Treatment plant operation and maintenance for screens, grit chamber, sedimentation tank,

aeration tank, trickling filters, sludge digestion tanks, sludge drying beds and stabilizationponds.

7. Economics of waste treatment: Benefits of pollution abatement, Primary, secondary andintangible benefits, Capital and operating cost of different treatment processes for industrialwaste.

8. Management of industrial wastewater through Volume reduction, Strength reduction,Neutralization, Equalization, Removal of suspended solids, Removal of colloidal solids,Removal of inorganic dissolved solids, Removal of organic dissolved solids, Treatment anddisposal of sludge solids.

9. Manufacturing process, Sources of waste, Characteristics and treatment of waste water for thefollowing industries:

1. Brewery and distillery2. Cement3. Chlora alkali4. Corn Starch5. Dairy6. Fertilizer7. Food Processing8. Oil refinery9. Pulp and Paper10. Pharmaceutical (Antibiotic)11. Slaughter house12. Steel Plant13. Sugar14. Tannery15. Textile

10. Environmental Management Systems (EMS): Scope, Definition, Environmental Policy,Planning, Implementation and operation, Checking and corrective action, Management reviewwith special reference to IS/ISO 14001: 2004.

11. EMS principles and elements: Commitment and policy, Planning, Implementation,Measurement and evaluation, Review and improvement with special reference to IS/ISO 14004:2004.

31

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-IV) (CBCEGS)

12. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing: Scope, Definitions, Requirements, General principles,Audit objectives, Role and responsibility of Lead auditor, Auditor and Audit team. Initiatingaudit, Preparing the audit, Conducting the audit with reference to IS/ISO 14010: 1996 andIS/ISO 14011: 1996. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing by Central Pollution ControlBoard, Selected Case studies.

References:

1. Cascio, J., Woodside, G. and Mitchell, P. (1996). ISO 14000 Guide: The New International

Environmental Management Standards. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York.

2. Comprehensive guidelines on pollution clearance for industrial plants. (2004). Punjab Pollution

Control Board, Nabha Road, Patiala.


Company, New York.

4. Haas, C. N. and Vamos, R. J. (1995). Hazardous and industrial waste treatment. Prentice-Hall,

New Jersey.

5. IS/ISO 14001: 2004. Environmental Management Systems- Specifications with guidance for

use. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

6. IS/ISO 14004: 2004. Environmental Management Systems- General guidelines on principles,

systems and supporting techniques. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

7. IS/ISO 14010: 1996. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing- General Principles. Bureau of

Indian Standards, New Delhi.

8. IS/ISO 14011: 1996. Guidelines for Environmental Auditing- Audit Procedures- Auditing of

Environmental Management Systems. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

9. Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment. (1993). Central Public Health and Environmental


10. Metcalf & Eddy Inc. Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and Stensel, H. D. (2002).

Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse 4/e. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

Limited, New Delhi.

11. Nemerow, N. L. (1978). Industrial Water Pollution: Origin, Characteristics and Treatment.

Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, New York.

12. Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications Issued Thereunder (2001) Pollution Control

Law Series, PCLS/02/1002, 4th Edition, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi.


13. Qasim, S. R. (1999). Wastewater Treatment Plant: Planning, Design and Operation. Lancaster

Technomic, New York.

14. Ramalho, R. S. (1983). Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Processes. Academic Press Inc.,

San Diego.

15. Rao, M. N. and Datta, A. K. (1987). Waste Water Treatment, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

16. Rudolfs, W. (Ed.), (1997) Industrial Wastes: Their Disposal and Treatment, Allied Scientific

Publishers, Bikaner.

17. Sayre, D. (1997). Inside ISO 14000. Variety Book International, New Delhi.

18. Willig, J. T. (Ed.), (1994). Environmental TQM. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York.


ESL552 - Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation

Credits 3-0-0 1. Introduction to Electronics:

Introduction, applications of electronics, modern trends, electronic components: active andpassive components.

2. Semiconductor Devices:Band structure, transport phenomenon, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, PN junctiondiode, depletion region, forward and reverse bias, V-I characteristics of diode, breakdownphenomena and zener diode, LED and photodiode, Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), CommonBase (CB), Common Emitter (CE), Common Collector (CC) configuration, input and outputcharacteristics, current gain, Junction Field Effect Transistors(JFET), MOSFET.

3. Digital Electronics:Analog and digital signals, advantages of digital techniques, boolean algebra, De Morgan’s firstand second theorem, boolean laws and theorem, duality theorem, logic gates, multiplexers: 16-to-1 multiplexers, multiplexer logic, Demultiplexers: 1-16 demultiplexers, Read Only Memory(ROM), diode ROM, Programmable ROMs(PROM), Erasable PROMS (EPROM),Programmable Array Logic (PAL), programming a PALFlip Flops: RS flip-flop, clocked RS flip flops, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, JK master slave flipflop, schmitt trigger.Display Devices: Electronic indication instruments (LCD and LED), seven segment display

4. Electronic Instruments:Introduction to electronic instrumentsElectronic Voltmeter: advantages, difference amplifier type of electronic voltmeter, principleof operation, output voltage equation, electronic voltmeter using rectifiersElectronic Multimeter: principle of operation, basic circuit, resistance ranges, electronicohmmeterCurrent Transformer: theory, phase diagram, errors, construction of current transformerPotential Transformer: difference between current transformer and potential transformer,phase diagram of potential transformer, errors, construction of potential transformer

5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO):Introduction, basic CRO operation, block diagram of general-purpose oscilloscope, principlesand working of CRO, CRO-probes: introduction, passive voltage probes, active voltage probes,current probes, high voltage probes, construction of Lissajous figures, measurement of voltage,frequency and phase angle with CRO.

34

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester-IV) (CBCEGS)

References:

1. Bhargava, N.N., Kulshreshtha, D.C., and Gupta, S.C. (2001). Basic Electronics and Linear

Circuits. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

2. Cooper, William David (1995). Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques.

Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

3. Malvino, A.P., and Leach, Donald P. (1996). Digital Principles and Applications. Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

4. Mittal , G.K. (1994). Basic Electronics. G.K. Publishers, Jabalpur.

5. Sawhney, A.K. and Sawhney, P.(2002). A Course in Electrical and Electronic

Measurements and Instrumentation. Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., New Delhi.


ESL553 - Environmental Toxicology3-0-0

1. Toxic Substances and Risk Assessment: Introduction, Toxic substances, xenobiotics,Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), Procedure for estimating ADI, Potential Daily Intake (PDI),Relationship between ADI and PDI, Models for estimating risk.

2. Conventional Toxicity Studies: Acute toxicity studies, Short term and Long term toxicitystudies, Importance of conventional toxicity studies, Examples for acute, short term and longterm toxicity studies.

3. Toxic Effects: Spectrum of toxic effects: Quantal and graded effects, idiosynchratic and allergiceffects, immediate and prolonged effects, Target organs: liver, kidney, intestine, central nervoussystem, Molecular targets: DNA, RNA, Proteins, Enzymes.

4. Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects: Host factors, Social factors, Environmental Factors.5. Absorption, Distribution, Excretion of Toxicants: Passive diffusion, Filtration,

Carriermediated Transport, Engulfing by cell, Gastrointestinl tract, Respiratory tract, skin,Barriers, Binding and storage organs, Urinary and biliary excretion, Lungs and other routes ofexcretions

6. Biotransformation of Toxicants: Levels of toxicants in body, Phase I (Degradation) reactions:Oxidation, Reduction and hydrolysis; Phase II (Conjugation) reaction: Glucuronide formation,Sulfate conjugation, methylation, acetylation, aminoacid conjugation, glutathione conjugation.

7. Bioactivation: Epoxide formation, N-Hydroxylation, free radicals and superoxide formation,Activation in gastrointestinal tract.

8. Sources of Natural and Artificial Radiations: Dosimetry, types of dosimeters, radioactivesubstances, applications and handling of isotopes and other radionuclides in environment,Nuclear industry: benefits and harmful effects.

9. Effects of Radiations on Plants and Animals Including Human Beings: mutagenicity,genotoxicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity, Radiation episodes, Protection and controlfrom radiation.

10. Bioassays for Mutagenicity/ Genotoxicity Testing: Microbial: Ames Salmonellamutagenicity assay, Disc diffusion assay, Plant: Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay,Allium cepa chromosomal aberration and micronuclei assay in pollen mother cells, Tradescantiastamen hair mutation assay, Tradescantia/ Vicia faba micronuclei assay; Animal: Comet assay,Rattus micro nuclei assay

References:

1. C.Lu.Frank and Kacew.Sam (2002). Lu,s Basic toxicology: Fundamentals, target organs and risk

assessment;4th edition.Taylor and Francis, London.

2. Tambrell, J(2002).Introduction to Toxicology. Taylor and Francis, London.

3. Rana, S.V.S. (2011). Environmental Pollution: Health and Toxicology. Narosa Publishing

House, New Delhi.


ESL554 - Natural Resource Management

Credits 3-0-0.

1. Natural Resource Conservation and Management: Population explosion and resourcecrunch, classification of natural resources, approaches to natural resource management.

2. Wildlife Extinction: Extinction: Eroding the earth’s Biological Diversity, understandingpopulation – dynamics, causes of extinction, methods of preventing extinction, legislation andpolicy for species conservation.

3. Wildlife Management: Wildlife, types of animal movements, mortality factors, waterfowlsickness, wildlife management, regulating population, non – game management.

4. Freshwater Fisheries Management: The lake ecosystem, the stream ecosystem, thereproductive potential of fish, environmental resistance encountered by fish, fisheriesmanagement.

5. Coastlands, Estuaries and Oceans: Coastal erosion problems, estuaries, the ocean and marinefishery industry.

6. Introduction to Energy Sources: Energy consumption as a measure of prosperity, worldenergy future, energy sources and their availability, new energy technologies, prospects ofrenewable non conventional energy.

7. Applications of Solar Energy: Solar water heating, solar heating of buildings, solar cooling ofbuildings, solar photo-voltaics, agriculture and industrial process heat, solar distillation, solarcooking and solar green house.

8. Wind Energy: Basic components of wind energy conversion system, applications of windenergy, interconnected system, safety systems and environmental aspects.

9. Biomass as a Source of Energy: Energy plantation, advantages of energy plantation, plantsproposed for energy plantation, methods for obtaining energy from biomass.

10. Biomass Conversion Technologies

a) Wet processesb) Dry processes

Photosynthesis, biogas generation and factors affecting biodigestion or generation of gas.


11. Biogas Plants: Classification of biogas plants, advantages and disadvantages of floating drumplant, advantages and disadvantages of fixed drum plant, types of biogas plants, constructionaldetails of some main digesters, biogas from plant wastes, community biogas plants, materialused for biogas generation, selection of site for a biogas plant, digester design considerations,methods of maintaining biogas production, problems related to biogas plants, starting a biogasplant, filling a digester for starting fuel properties of biogas utilization of biogas.

12. Biomass Gasification: Classification of biomass gasifiers, chemistry of gasification process,applications of the gasifier, problems in development of gasifier, advantages and disadvantagesof biological conversion of solar energy.

13. Range Land Managements: The growth characteristics of range grasses, rangeland abuse,range condition, range management and desertification.

14. Forest Management: Forest ecology, forest management, harvest methods, reforestation,monoculture controversy, developing genetically superior trees, the logging plan, the loggingoperation, control of forest pests. Fire control, use of controlled fires, forest conservation byefficient utilization, meeting future timber demands. Removal of tropical rain forests, causes ofdeforestation, effects of deforestation and what can be done to save tropical forests?.

15. Conservation of Biological Diversity: In situ conservation, Ex situ conservation, protectedareas network and biosphere reserves.

16. Management of Agro Industrial Wastes: Agricultural crop residues, forest residues and fruitbyproducts. Animal wastes and their recycling and vermiculture.

References:

1. Oliver, S. O. and Daniel, D. C. (1990). Natural Resource Conservation : Management for aSustainable future. Prentice Hall International, New Jersey.

2. Rai, G. D. (1993). Non Conventional Energy Sources, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.

3. Ramijhan, S.K.(1990). Agro Industrial By Products and Non Conventional Feed for Live StockIndian Council for Agriculture Research, New Delhi.


ESL555 - Remote Sensing and GIS

Credits 3-0-0

1. Electromagnetic Energy: Electromaganic spectrum, image characteristics, remote sensingsystems.

2. Aerial Photographs: Interaction between light and matter, film technology, characteristics ofaerial photographs, stereopairs of aerial photographs.

3. Black and White Photography: Panchromatic, IR and UV photography.

4. Multispectral Images: colour photography, normal colour, IR and multispectral photography,multispectral scanner images.

5. Thermal Infrared Images: Thermal processes and properties, IR detection and imagingtechnology, characteristics of IR images.

6. Radar Images: Aircraft and satellite Radar systems.

7. Imaging System, Multispectral scanner, return beam vidicon, thematic mapper, high resolutionvisible imaging system.

8. Digital Image Processing: Image structure restoration and enhancement, informationextraction, image processing system.

9. Remote Sensing Satellites: Specifications of Landsat, SPOT and IRS satellites.

10. Applications of Remote Sensing: Landuse and landcover analysis, resource exploration andenvironmental monitoring.

11. Geographical Information System: GIS techniques, Data representation, Raster, Vector, datacapture, spatial analysis with GIS, data modelling, topological modelling, networks,cartographical modelling, map overlays.

References:1. Curran, P.J. (1988). Principles of Remote Sensing. E.L.B.S., Longman Scientific and Technical,

Harlow.2. Sabbins Jr, F.F. (1986). Remote Sensing: Principles and Intrepretation. WH Freeman & Co.,

New York.


BSL581 - Agroforestry Systems(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Introduction: The history of agroforestry, Definition and concepts of agroforestry,community forestry, farm forestry, and social forestry.

2. Classification of Agroforestry Systems: Structural classification of systems Classificationbased on function of systems. Ecological classification . Classification based onsocioeconomic criteria. A framework for classification. Agroforestry systems and practices.

3. Distribution of Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics: The tropical environment.Distribution of tropical agroforestry systems. Agroecological spread of tropical agroforestrysystems.

4. Shifting Cultivation and Improved Fallows: System overview, soil management andshifting cultivation, the evolution of planted fallows. Improved tree fallows.

5. Plantation Crop Combinations: Integrated land-use systems with plantation crops. Smallholder systems with coconuts: a notable example of integrated land-use. Crop combinationswith other plantation crops. Multistory tree gardens.

6. Alley Cropping: Nutrient yield. Effect on soil properties and soil conservation. Effect on cropyields. Future directions.

7. Other Agroforestry Systems and Practices: Tree fodder and silvopastoral systems.Agroforestry for firewood production. Intercropping under scattered or regularly planted trees.Agroforestry for reclamation of problem soils. Underexploited trees in indigenousagroforestry systems. Buffer-zone agroforestry.

8. Agroforestry Species: Multipurpose trees (MPTs). Herbaceous species.9. Component Interactions: Positive (production-enhancing) interactions. Negative

(production- decreasing) interactions. Component management.10. Effects of Trees on Soils: Beneficial effects. Adverse effects.11. Field Experiments in Agroforestry : Agroforestry research, different perspectives. Principles

of field experimentation. Special considerations in agroforestry experiments. The current stateof agroforestry field experimentation. Prognosis of the directions in agroforestry research.

12. Sociocultural Considerations: Agroforestry as a social science. Important sociocultural factorsin agrogorestry. Farmer's perception of tree planting. Government policies and agroforestryimplementation. Social acceptability of agroforestry.

13. Evaluation of Agroforestry Systems: Productivity evaluation. Sustainability evaluation.Adoptability evaluation. Towards development of a methodology for evaluating agroforestrysystems.

References:1. Nair, P.K.R.(1993). An introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London

2. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (1979) Proceedings of National Seminar on

Agroforestry, May, 1979, ICAR, New Delhi India

3. Raintree, J.B. (1987) The state of the art of agroforestry diagnosis and design. Agroforestry

Systems 5:219-250

4. Evans, J.(1992) Plantation Forestry in the Tropics, 2nd edition Clarendon Press, Oxford,

U.K.

40

M.Sc. (Hons.) Environmental Sciences (Semester System) (CBCEGS)

5. MacDicken, K.G and Vergara, N.T. (eds.) 1990. Agroforestry: Classification and

Management. JohnWiley, New York, USA

6. Nair, P.K.R(eds.) (1989) Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The

Netherlands

7. Grigg, D.B.(1974) The agricultural systems of the world. Cambridge University Press,

London, U.K.

8. Bavappa, K.V.A. and Jacob, V.J. (1982) High intensity multispecies cropping: A new

approach to small scale forming in tropics. World Crops, 47-50.


BSL582 - Seed Biotechnology(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-01. Seed Enhancements :- Seed hydration –prehydration priming and solid matrix priming ,

preplant germination, factors affecting priming.2. Synthetic Seed Biotechnology: Introduction, culture procedure, drying, storage,

encapsulation, germination etc. Advantages and Disadvantages of artificial seeds, futureprospects.

3. Loss Reduction Biotechnology of Seeds: Introduction, Causes and magnitude of seed croplosses, loss reduction measures.

4. Modern Techniques in Variety Identification: Various biochemical methods likeelectrophoresis, DNA profiling techniques. Use of machine vision. Applications of varietyidentifications and future trends.

5. Commercial Seed Treatment Technology: Introduction, Biological seed treatmentsagainst diseases or pests, Pelleting, coating or other techniques to alter physicalcharacteristics, future directions.

6. Molecular Farming Using Seeds as Hosts: Seed storage proteins, strategies for proteintargeting, examples of recombinant proteins produced in seeds. Advantages and prospects ofseed based molecular farming.

7. The Seed Production Industry:- Functions of the seed industry. Growth and Developmentof the seed industry- Indian as well as international. Indian seed exports and imports.Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in seed industry.

References:1. Desai, B.B., Kotecha, P.M. Salunkhe, D. K. (1997). Seeds Handbook. Biology, Production,

Processing, and Storage. Marcel Dekker, Inc; New York. pp. 1-627.2. Black, M and Beewley, J.D. (2000). Seed Technology and its Biological Basis. Sheffield

Academic Press, CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S.A., pp. 1-419.3. Black M, Bradford K J and Vazquez- Romos J. (2000) (Editors) Seed Biology - Advances

and Applications Proceedings of the sixth International Workshop on seeds, Merida,Mexico, 1999. CABI Publishing, Oxon pp. 1-508.

4. Basra A S (1995) (Ed.) Seed Quality Basic Mechanisms and Agricultural Implications.Variety identification: Modern Technologies and Applications (Robert J. Cook). FoodProduct Press, New York.pp. 279-318.

5. Copeland L O, McDonald M B (1995). Principles of Seed Science and Technology. (3rdEdition) Chapman and Hall, New York

6. Kelly A F and George RAT (1998) (Editors). Encyclopedia of Seed Production of WorldCrops. Cultivars identification: Review of new methods (R J Cooke and J C Reeves). JohnWiley and Sons, New York, pp. 88-111.


BSL583 - Human Values and Professional Ethics(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

INTRODUCTION TO VALUE EDUCATION

1. Understanding Value Education2. Self-exploration as the Process for Value Education3. The Program to Fulfil Basic Human Aspirations4. The Basic Human Aspirations - Continuous Happiness and Prosperity

UNDERSTANDING THE HARMONY AT VARIOUS LEVELS

5. Understanding the Human Being as Co-existence of Self ('I') and Body6. Harmony in the Self ('I') - Understanding Myself7. Harmony with the Body - Understanding Sanyama (Self regulation) and Svasthya (Health)8. Harmony in the Family - Understanding Values in Human Relationships9. Harmony in the Society - From Family Order to World Family Order10. Harmony in Nature - Understanding the Interconnectedness and Mutual Fulfilment11. Harmony in Existence - Understanding Existence as Co-existence

IMPLICATIONS OF THE RIGHT UNDERSTANDING

12. Providing the Basis for Universal Human Values and Ethical Human Conduct13. Basis for the Holistic Alternative towards Universal Human Order14. Professional Ethics in the Light of Right Understanding15. Vision for Holistic Technologies, Production Systems and Management Models16. Journey towards the Holistic Alternative - The Road Ahead

References:

1. Gaur, R.R., Sanghal, R. and Bagaria, G.P. (2010), A Foundation Course in Human Valuesand Professional Ethics. Excel Books, New Delhi

2. Seebauer, E.G. and Berry, R.L. (2000). Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and Engineers.Oxford University Press.

3. Tripathy, A.N.(2003), Human Values, New Age International Publishers.4. www.universalhumanvalues.info

43


BSL584 - Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Defining Genome and Genomics, sequencing complete genomes, genomic databases.2. Physical Mapping of DNA, Restriction site mapping, hybridization mapping.3. Finding genes in genomes of (bacterial genome and higher eukaryotic genomes), detecting

non-coding RNA genes4. Genomic Variation: Can genome diversity affect global warming, human SNPs and their

relation to diseases and therapies, ethical consequences of genomic variations.5. Defining Transcriptome and Transcriptomics, methods for large scale analysis of gene

expression.6. Microarrays: Introduction; properties and processing of array data, Microarray standards

and databases.7. Defining Proteome and Proteomics: amino acid residue conservation, substitution

matrices.8. Protein Analysis: major proteomic approaches, data processing, major protein identification

programs.9. Conceptional Models of Proteins Structure, obtaining viewing and analyzing structural

data, structural alignment.10. Classification of Proteins of known 3-D structure. CATH and SCOP. Protein structure

prediction.

References:1. Zimmermann, K. (2003). An Introduction to Protein Informatics. Kluwer Academic

Publishers. The Netherland.2. Christine, O., David, J. and Thornton, J. (2003). Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins and

Computers. 1st Edition. Bios Scientific Publishers. Oxford, United Kingdom.3. Setubal and Meidanis. (2008). Introduction to Computional Molecular Biology. 1st Edition.

Krishna Offset, New Delhi.4. Baxevanis, A.D. and Onellette, B.F.F. (2005). Bioinforamtics: A Practical Guide to the

Analysis of Genes and Proteins.3rd Edition. John Willey, Hoboken, New Jersey.5. Cambell, A.M. (2003). Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Banjamin

Cummings Publishers. San Franciso.


BSL585 - Dynamics of Biogeography(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Biogeography and its History: Basic principles, its relationship to physiography andother modern sciences, biology, geography, biodiversity, and landscape ecology, age ofexploration, biogeography of 18th , 19th and 20th centuries, biogeographic distribution ofglobe., vegetation types and classification of floristic regions.

2. Geological History of the Earth: The geological time scale, Wegner’s theory ofcontinental drift, tectonic history of the planet, patterns of continents, Gondwanaland,Laurasia, assembly and breakup of Pangaea, early life on moving continents, theCretaceous extinctions, development of marine basins and island chains, Epeiric,Mediterranean and Red seas, dynamics of Pacific ocean, glaciations and biogeographicdynamics of the Pleistocene.

3. Climate and Environment. physical setting of the planet, climatic zones of the world,ombrothermic and climate diagrams, solar energy and temperature regimes, winds andrainfall, soils and successions, formation of major soil types, aquatic environments,stratification and oceanic circulation.

4. Island Biogeography: Types of islands, islands as model systems, MacArthur-Wilsontheory of island biogeography, Effects of size and distance, equilibrium equation,modifications caused by selective nature of immigration and extinction and interspecificinteractions.

5. Distributions of Single Species: The geographic range projections and geographiccoordinate systems, mapping and measuring range, distribution of individuals,populations and ecosystems, Hutchinson’s multidimensional niche concept, relationshipbetween distribution and abundance.

6. Dispersal and Immigration: Mechanisms of active and passive dispersal,Physiological, ecological and psychological barriers, biotics, exchange and dispersalroutes: corridors, filters, sweepstakes routes, dispersal curves within and among species,establishment of colony and habitat selection, ecosystem theories (Wedge effect,Bergmann’s rule, Allen’s rule, Gloger’s rule, Jordon’s rule and Merriam’sclassification).

7. Species Introductions: intentional and accidental, effects of non-native (invasive)species on the local flora, magnitude of the problem, concept of invasibility.

References:1. Brown, J.H. and Lomolino, M.V (1998). Biogeography. Sinauer Associates Inc.,

Sunderland, Massachusetts.2. Cox, C. B. and Moore, P.D. (2000). Biogeography – An Ecological and Evolutionary

Approach. Blackwell Scientific Ltd. pp. 298. London.3. Fahrig, L., and K. Freemark. (1994). Landscape-scale effects of toxic events for ecological

risk assessment. In J. Cairns and B.R. Niederlehner (eds.), Ecological Toxicity Testing,Scale, Complexity, and Relevance. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.

4. Weinstein, D.A., and H.H. Shugart. (1983). Ecological modeling of landscape dynamics. InH.A. Mooney and M. Godron (eds.), Disturbance and Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, NewYork.

45


BSL586 - Ecological Principles(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-01. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions.2. Habitat and Niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and

realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.3. Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population

regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes anddispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.

4. Species Interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory,pollination, symbiosis.

5. Community Ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels ofspecies diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.

6. Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.7. Ecosystem Ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and mineral cycling

(C,N,P); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indianecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).

8. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zonesof India.

9. Applied Ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity: status,monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity managementapproaches.

10. Conservation Biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indiancase studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves).

References:

1. Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J. (1998). Ecology: Principles and Applications. SecondEdition. Cambridge University Press.

2. Krebs, C.J. (1994). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance.Fourth Edition, Harper Collins College Publishers.

3. Miller, G.T. (2006). Essentials of Ecology. Fourth Edition. Thomson, Brooks/Cole.4. Odum, E.P. (1983). Basic Ecology. Saunders College Publishers.5. Pianka, E.R. (2011). Evolutionary Ecology. Seventh Edition.6. Ricklefs, R.E. and Miller, G. (1999). Ecology. Fourth Edition. W.H. Freeman

Publishers.7. Hollar, S. (2011). Ecology: The delicate Balance of Life on Earth. Britannica

Educational Publishing, The Rosen Publishing Group, LLC, NY.8. Jorgensen, S.V. (2009). Ecosystem Ecology. Academic Press, Elsevier, The Netherlands.


BSL587- Immunology(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

An Overview of the Immune System : Historical perspective, an introduction to the immunesystem – innate and adaptive immunity. Immunodeficiencies : secondary immunodeficiencydisorders.

Antigens and Antigen Recognition : Antigens: prerequisites for immunogenicity, relativeimmunogenicity of different types of molecules, Molecules that enhance immunogenicity.Activators of hympocytes: antigens, superantigens, mitogens. Antigen recognition by cellsof innate immunity & adaptive immunity.

Antibodies: Gamma globulins; structure, bifunctional property of antibodies, determiningbifunctionality, cross reactivity, Antigen antibody interactions: primary interactions,secondary interactions. Classification of antibodies: Isotypes, Allotypes, properties &biological functions of antibody isotypes, IgG,IgE,IgM, IgD, IgA, Monoclonal antibodies

Cells and Tissues of Immunity: Lymphoid tissues: primary & secondary lymphoid tissues,cells of innate immunity : phagocytes, antigen presenting cells, natural killer cells,Eosinophils, mast cells and basophills, B- cells, secondary immune responses.The majorhistocompatibility complex, antigen process and antigen presentation, complement.

The immune system in Health & Disease, specially AIDS.

References:

1. Goldsby, R.A. Kindt, T.J., Oxborne B.A., Kuby, J. (2003). Immunology.W.H. Freemen

& Company, NewYork.

2. Stanley, J. (2002). Essentials of Immunology and Serology. Delmar Thomson Learning,

USA

47


BSL588 - Perspectives in Conservation(Elective Paper)

Credits: 3-0-01. Biogeographical Classification of the World and India, Definition of Biodiversity and its

relation to biogeography, Global Magnitude of Biodiversity, Levels and Gradients of

Biodiversity and their measurements, Indices of biodiversity, Species -area relationships.

2. Economic and Ecological uses of biodiversity, Direct Use Value, Indirect Use Value, Aesthetic

Value, Ethical Value, Option Value.

3. Loss of Biodiversity, Causes of Loss, Conventional and modern, anthropogenic and natural

Man- Wildlife Conflicts, Indian Scenario.

4. Species Extinction, Characters of Species Susceptible to Extinction, The IUCN Red List

Categories, Top Ten Most Wanted Species Announced by WWF, Threatened Animal and Plant

Species of India, Red Data Books.

5. In situ Conservation of Biodiversity, Protected Areas, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries,

Biosphere Reserves, Preservation Plots, Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Sacred Forests and

Sacred Lakes, Ex situ Conservation, Botanical Gardens, Zoos or Zoological parks, Aquaria,

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), National Bureau of Animal Genetic

Resources (NBAGR).

6. Bio-Wealth of India, Mountains as Repositories of Biodiversity, The Indian Deserts, Indian

Wetlands, Indian Mangroves, Indian Coral Reefs, Indian Lakes, Hot Spots of Biodiversity, Hot

Spots of India, The Status of Wildlife in India.

7. International and National Efforts for Conservating Biodiversity, Biodiversity Treaties, Role of

Environmental Institutions in Biodiversity Conservation, India's Efforts in Biodiversity

Conservation, Group of Like-minded Megadiverse Countries, Biological Diversity Act 2002,

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, GEF-

World Bank Capacity Building Project on Bio safety.

References:

1. Misra S.P. and Pandey S.N. (2011), Essential Environmental Studies (3rd Edition), Ane Books

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp 722-742.

2. Pandey B. N., D. Sadhana and Joshi B.D.(2007) Biodiversity, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi.


BSL589 - Bioethics and Biosafety(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-01. Introduction to Bioethics and Biosafety: Introduciton, Need, Applications to Bioethics and

Biosafety.2. Biosafety Guidelines and Regualtions in India: Guidelines for Research in Transgenic

Organisms, Plants, Animals Biosafety Protocol [UN Cartagena Biosafety Protocol(CBP)],Mechanism of Implementation, Politics.

3. Legal and Socio-economic Impacts of Biotechnology:4. Use of Genetically Modified Organisms and their Release in Environment: Present Scenario

and Future of GMOs, Scientific Responsibility, GM Products: Benefits and Controversies,Environmental Effects.

5. Public Education of Producing Transgenic Organisms: Need, Public involvement,Examples.

6. Ethical Issues in Genetically Modified Organisms: Food and Crops, Techniques, Uses,Policy, Health implications.

7. Labeling of Genetically Modified Food and Crops:8. Hazardous Materials used in Biotechnology: Duties, Disposal, Safety, Exposure, Biological

Agents(Biohazards).9. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP): Definition,

Organization and Personnel, Test System, Standard Operating Procedures, Applicability ofthe GMP.

10. Traditional Knowledge, Commercial Exploitation and Protection: Definition, Need for theProtection, Types.

11. Bioethics in Biodiversity and Resource Management: Pressure on the Resources, EthicalIssues.

12. Indian Biodiversity Act: National Biodiversity Authority.13. Use of Animals in Research and Testing and Alternatives for Animals in Research: Animal

Research and Testing, Animal in Research Animal Models of Disease.14. Public and Non Governmental Organization (NGOs): Participation in the Cartagena

Protocols in Biosafety, NGOs in Biosafety and Biotechnology.

Reference:

1. Sateesh M.K. (2008). Bioethical and Biosafety, I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi.


BSL590 - Sustainable Development(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-01. From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development: Introduction, Concept, Concern, The Key

Aspects, Path, Need, Strategy, Guidelines to Campaign, Status etc, Sustainable Agriculture,

Sustainable Forestry etc. related to sustainable and unsustainable development.

2. Urban Problems Related to Energy: Energy Consumption and Energy Production Patterns,

India's Efforts in Fulfilling of Energy Needs, Integrated Energy Management, Mismanagement

in Power Distribution, Sustainable Energy Consumption.

3. Water Conservation, Rainwater Harvesting, Watershed Management: Introduction, Water

conservation and Management Practices, Rainwater Harvesting - Traditional and Modern

Techniques, Watershed Management - Importance, Objectives, Strategies, Steps, Success,

Community evolvement, Training of watershed management etc. Desert Development

Programme (DDP) in India, Watershed Development in Shifting Cultivation Areas, Watershed

Development Under Employment Assurance, Integrated Watershed Development Programme

(IWDP), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP).

4. Resettlement and rehabilitation of People - Problems, Concerns and Case Studies:

Introduction, Reasons, Issues Related to Displacement, Resettlement and Rehabilitation,

Displacement due to Dams, Development Projects, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy:

Objectives and Guidelines.

5. Environmental Ethics: History, Principles, need, Issues and Possible Solutions etc of

Environmental Ethics, Traditional Indian Environmental Ethics, Gaia Hypothesis, Ethics in

Solving Environmental Problems,

6. Climate Changes, Global Warming, G H effect, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion,

Nuclear Accidents and Holocaust: Cause, Effects, Global and Human Diseases, Global

Warming and Agriculture and Forestry, Remedial Measures to Reduce Global warming,

Chernobyl Nuclear Accident (1986)

7. Wasteland Reclamation: Definitions, Classification, Distribution of Wastelands of India,

Wasteland Reclamation Practices, Objectives of National Wasteland, Development Board,

India.

8. Consumerism and Waste Products: World Consumerism Patterns, Strategies, Eco-labeling

(Eco-Mark), Environment-Friendly Products etc.

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9. Environment Protection Acts: Environmental Legislation in India, Water (Prevention and

control of Pollution) act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act- 1981, The

Environment (Protection) Act- 1986, National Environment Tribunal Bill- 1992, Environmental

Impact Assessment- 1994.

10. Forest Conservation and Wildlife Protection Acts: Forest (Conservation) Act- 1980,

Constitution and Function of Central Zoo Authority, Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill

2002.

11. Issues Involved in Enforcement of Environmental Legislation and Public Awareness:

Environmental Legislation, Drawbacks of Air and Water Pollution, Forest (Conservation) and

Wildlife (Protection) Act, Problems Faced in Enforcement, Public Awareness. Population

Explosion, Causes of Population Explosions, Population Explosion and Arising Concerns,

Impacts of Population Explosion on Environment, Populaiton Explosion in India,

Environmental Information System(ENVIS).

References:1. Misra S.P. and Pandey S.N. (2011), Essential Environmental Studies (3rd Edition), Ane

Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp 722-742.

2. Swami, Dr. Parthasarthy, 2006. Human Values Development. Ane Books India, N.D.


ESL581 - Urban Planning and Environmental Management(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Historical Perspectives: The roots of planning, Classic planning, Islamic planning,medieval planning, Indian Indus valley, Later planning theories: Haussman’s Boulevards,Sitte’s artistic planning, Howard’s garden city.

2. Economy in Urban Systems Models: Causes and effects in urban development, Growthmodels: economic base-multiplier model, input-out model, trend model, gravity model,intervening opportunity model, land market model.

3. City Planning: Principles of city planning, types of cities & towns, Model buildingbyelaws, eco-city concept.

4. Housing: Concept of housing, housing typology, housing standards, housing infrastructure,housing policies, housing programs in India, self help housing.

5. Environmental Studies in Building Science: Climate responsive design, energy efficientbuilding design, thermal comfort, solar architecture, principles of lighting and styles forillumination.

6. Building Services: Water supply, sewerage and drainage systems, principles ofelectrification of buildings, intelligent buildings, elevators & escalators: their standards anduses, building safety and security systems.

7. Materials and Structural Systems: Characteristics of all types of building materials: mud,timber, bamboo, brick, concrete, steel, glass, FRP, different polymers, composites.

8. Traffic and Transportation Planning: Principles of traffic engineering and transportationplanning, traffic survey methods: roads, intersections, grade separators and parking areas,traffic and transport management in urban areas, intelligent transportation system, masstransportation planning, para-transits and other modes of transportation, pedestrian & slowmoving traffic planning.

References:

1. Broadbent, G. (1990). Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold

(International) London.

2. Helly, W. (1975). Urban System Models. Academic Press. New York.

3. Hambleton, R. (1978). Policy Planning and Local Government. Hutchinson of London,

London.

4. Sain, M. (1982). Urban Planning in Third World. Mansell P Publishing Limited, London.


ESL582 - Preventive and Social Medicine(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Concepts in Community Health, Genetics and Health, Sociology and Health, Nutrition andHealth

2. Environment and Health: ` Water, Air, Ventilation, Lighting, Noise, Radiation,Meteorological Environment, Housing, Solid Wastes Disposal, Excreta Disposal, MedicalEntomology, Insecticides, Rodents.

3. Epidemiology : Epidemiologic methods, Uses of epidemiology, Screening for disease,Epidemic Investigation, Infectious disease epidemiology, Disease transmission, immunity,immunizing agents, disease control and prevent, health advice to travelers, hospital acquired,infection, disinfection.

4. Diseases : A) Communicable I) Respiratory Tract Infections – smallpox, chickenpox,measles, rubella, mumps, influenza, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis. II) IntestinalInfections – poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis, cholera, typhoid fever, food poisoning, amoebiasis,ancylostomiasis, III) Arthropod borne infections –yellow fever, dengue, KFD, rickettsialdiseases, plague., malaria, sleeping sickness, kala azar, filariasis. IV) Suface Infections –Rabies, trachoma, tetanus, AIDS, leprosy, STD, yaws.

B) Non-Communicable Diseases and Conditions: Cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes.

Reference:

1. Park, J.E. & Park, K. (1991). Preventive and Social Medicine. M/S Banarsidas Bhanot,Jabalpur.


ESL583 - Geoinformatics in Environmental Management(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Introduction: Geoinformatics and geographic information sciences, components ofgeoinformatics, applications of geoinformatics, approach to the study of geoinformatics,legal implications, geoinformatics and environmental modelling, GIS data collection,concept and techniques of geoinformatics.

2. Surveying Technology: Introduction, surveyors, datum and reference systems, surveyoperations classification of surveys, principles of surveying, methods of surveying, stages insurveying, modern trends in surveying and mapping.

3. Cartography: Introduction, task of cartographer, model of cartographic communication,cartographic symbolization, cartographic generalization, cartographic design, thematiccartography, digital cartography, conventional mapping Vs. Digital mapping, layout andnumbering of topographical maps, classification of maps and map projections.

4. Photogrammetry: Introduction, brief history of photogrammetry, stereo photogrammetry,stereoscopic parallax, aerial photography: classification, geometry and scale of verticalaerial photographs, aerial triangulation, digital or soft copy photogrammetry.

5. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Satellites: Introduction, GPS elements, GPSsatellite constellation and signals, GPS measurements, GPS instrumentation, earth resourcessatellites, meteorological satellites, satellite carrying microwave sensors, OCEANSAT-1(IRS-P4) and Ikonos satellite series.

6. Geodesy: Definition, problems of geodesy, the ellipsoid of revolution, coordinate system ofrotational ellipsoid, spatial ellipsoid coordinate system, computations on the ellipsoid andsatellite geodesy.

7. Geographic Information Systems: Introduction, roots of GIS, overview of informationsystem, the four Ms, GIS architecture, theoretical models of GIS, theoretical frame work forGIS, GIS softwares, GIS applications and GIS operations.

8. Forest Resources Management: Geomatics in forestry, forest cover mapping and changedetection, forest inventory (stock mapping), parameters of forest inventory, development ofworking plan, Forest Management Information system(FMIS), forest fire forecasting andrisk area mapping, biodiversity characterization, wildlife habitat mapping.

9. Watershed Management: Introduction, concept of watershed, GIS database for watershedmanagement, model watershed, landuse and landcover, slope analysis, soil mapping,hydrogeomorphological mapping, groundwater prospects map and drainage mapping

10. Water Quality Mapping and Modelling: Introduction, role of GIS and remote sensing inwater quality mapping and modeling, case study of Hyderabad city, correlation betweenwater quality and groundwater level, correlation between water quality index and landuse,groundwater quality studies using SPANS and evaluation of impact of landuse / land coverchanges on groundwater quality.

11. Management of Natural Disaster (Landslides): Introduction, types and features andcauses of landslides, landslide analysis, remote sensing for landslide mapping, landslideanalysis in GIS, hazard mapping of landslides, case study of Kohima area.

12. Urban Planning and Management: Introduction, role of GIS and remote sensing in urbanplanning and management, issues in urban planning, urban land use and infrastructureidentification and delineation, urban transport network identification and mapping, urbancity guide map change detection and updation.

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References:

1. Curran, P.J. (1988). Principles of Remote Sensing. E.L.B.S., Longman Scientific andTechnical, Harlow.

2. Reddy, M.A. (2004).Geoinformatics for Environmental Management. BS Publications,Hyderabad.

3. Smith, K. (1996). Environmental Hazards. Routledge Publishers, London.4. Ustin, S.L. (Ed.) (2004). Remote Sensing for Natural Resource Management and

Environmental Monitoring. John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A.


ESL584 - Solid Waste Management(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0Types, sources of solid waste, Physical and Chemical composition of solid waste. Solid wastemanagement: Material flow in society, materials and energy recovery, Day to day solid wastemanagement

Solid waste generation, On site handling, storage and processing of solid waste. Collection of solidwaste, Transfer and transport of solid waste.

Processing of solid waste: mechanical volume reduction, Thermal volume reduction. Composting,Anaerobic digestion, Refuse Derived Fuels, Gasification, Pyrolysis.

Landfilling, Design and operation of Landfills, Landfarming, Deep well injection. Methaneemission estimates from Landfill sites. Overview of LandGeM software by USEPA.

Fly ash disposal techniques, E-waste management, Biomedical waste management, Plastic wastemanagement, Composting and Vermicomposting.

References:

1. Freeman H, Standard Handbook for Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw Hill (1989)2. Jagbir Singh & AL. Ramanthan. Solid Waste Management: present and Future Challenges, IK

International Publishing, New Delhi.3. Kreith F and Tchobanoglous G, Handbook of Solid Waste Management, McGraw Hill (2002)4. LaGrega M, Buckingham P and Evans J, Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw Hill (1994)5. Municipal Solid Wastes (management and Handling) Rules, 2000.6. Peavy, H. S., Rowe, D. R. and Tchobanoglous, G. (1985). Environmental Engineering.

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.7. Pichtel J, Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Industrial and Hazardous, CRC Press

(2005)


ESL585 - BIOREMEDIATION(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0Biodegradation and bioremediation: Need of Bioremediation, Biochemodynamics ofbioremediation; Biomarkers; Genetically modified organisms for bioremediation; Mechanisms ofbiodegradation/bioremediation; Important chemical pollutants bioremediated; Microbialremediation of heavy metals.

Bioremediation of contaminated environment: Non-chlorinated SVOCs (PAHs) and VOCs (BTEX);Chlorinated SVOCs (organic pesticides) and VOCs, explosives/propellants.

Factors influencing the bioremediation; In-situ bioremediation (bioventing, biosparging,bioaugmentation, etc.); Ex-situ bioremediation (landfarming, composting, biopiles, bioreactors,etc.); Engineering of bioremediation.

Phytoremediation: Phytoextraction, Phytotransformation, Phytostabilization, Phytodegradation(rhizodegradation, rhizofiltration) and phytovolatilization.

References:

1. Alexander M. (1999). Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Academic Press, NY.2. Bioremediation its Applications to Contaminated Sites in India - Ministry of Environment and

Forests, Govt. of India(moef.nic.in/downloads/public Information/Bioremediation Book.pdf)

3. Fulekar MH (2010). Bioremediation Technology, Capital Publishing, 1st ed.4. Ronald LC and Donald LC (1996). Bioremediation Principle and Application, Cambridge Univ.

Press, London.


ESL586 - ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND MANAGEMENT(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0Need for integration of Safety, Health and Environment (SHE), General instructions for safety,Policy, Planning, Implementation and Operation, Hazardous materials: Definition andclassification; Material safety data sheets; Handling of hazardous materials. Regulations: Rules andregulations pertaining to the management and handling of hazardous chemicals, hazardous wastes,biomedical wastes, hazardous microorganisms, genetically engineered organisms or cells, municipalsolid wastes, E-wastes, batteries and plastics.

Hazard Identification: Assessment of risk; Risk management; OSHAS 18001 and Occupationalhealth and safety management systems.

Principles of Accident Prevention: Accident recording, analysis, investigation and reporting; On-site and off-site emergency preparedness and response plans; rules and regulations dealing withchemical accidents.

Protection from Hazardous Materials: Personal protective equipment and clothing; Fire safety;Noise and vibrations; and Principles of noise control.

Hazardous Material – Storage, Disposal and Safety: Notification of sites; Safety reports; and safetyaudits.

Laboratory work: Material safety data sheets (MSDS); On site and off-site emergency plans;Environmental risk analysis; Safety audits; Preparation of safety reports and notification of sites.

References:

1. Central Pollution Control Boards. Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications IssuedThereunder. Pollution Control Law Series (PCLS/02/2006)

2. Gustin JF, Safety Management: A Guide to Facility Managers, Taylor & Francis (2003)http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations


ESL587 - Waste Stabilization Ponds(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0General reactions in Ponds, Role of bacteria and algae in waste treatment, Conversion of solarenergy, Effect of illumination, temperature, nutrients on treatment efficiency.

Aerobic decomposition, Anaerobic decomposition, Protozoa and Fungi.

Design considerations: Quantity and nature of water, Sludge accumulation and grit, metrologicaldata, Area requirements, Performance, Location, Shape and other constructional aspects, costestimate.

Constructional details: Pond bottom, Embankment, Top width, Slopes, Flood protection, Inletarrangement, Inlet chamber, Grit removal channels, ponds interconnections, Outlet arrangement,Fencing, Warning sign, Access road and general lighting

Operation and maintenance: Day to day inspection, Sampling and Analysis, maintenance of records,Overloading of ponds, Mosquitoes, Flies and water Fleas

Health aspects: bacterial removal, Removal of Salmonella, Virus removal, Removal of Helminthes,Amoeba and Snails vectors

Effluent Utilization: Irrigation, Pisciculture, Harvesting of algae, Water reclamation

References:

1. Archeivala SJ, Lakhshminarayana, JSSS, Alagarsamy, SR, Sastry, CA. (1970). WasteStabilisation Ponds: Design, Construction & Operations in India. Central Public HealthEngineering research Institute, Nagpur.

2. Sperling Marcos von ((2007). Waste Stabalisation Ponds. vol. 3, Biological WasteTreatment Series, IWA, London.


ESL588 - Water and Wastewater Analysis(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0Errors in quantitative analysis: Accuracy, Precision, Method Performance and Method validation.

Expression of results, Sampling, Grab, Composite, Integrated, Laboratory apparatus and reagents,Preservation of samples, Precipitation, Filtration, Drying or Ignition, Desiccation. Preparation ofstandard solutions.

Analytical balance, Gravimetric analysis, Volumetric analysis, Preparation of Normal solution,Primary and Secondary standards, Indicators used in water analysis, Acid and base titrations,precipitation method, Oxidation-reduction methods, Basics concepts of colorimeter,spectrophotometer, Calibration curve,.

Conductivity, Turbidity (Nephelometric), Colour (Visual comparison, Spectrophotometric), Taste(Flavour threshold test), Oil & grease (Partition-Gravimetric) , Hardness (EDTA titration method),Alkalinity (Titration method), Sulphates (Gravimetric and Turbidimetric), Chlorides(Argentometeric), BOD (5 day BODand Respirometric method), COD (Closed reflux, Titrimetric),Nitrite (Colorimetric), Nitrates (UV Screening and Cadmium reduction), Iron (Phenanthroline),Flouride (SPANDS).

Sample preparation for heavy metals, Extraction and enrichment in sample preparation, Principle ofExtraction: Liquid-Liquid extraction, Liquid –solid extraction, Solid-Phase extraction.

Tests on Sludge: Oxygen consumption rate, Settled volume sludge, Sludge volume index, Zonesettling rate, specific gravity, Capillary suction time, Time-to-Filter.

Reference:1. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA, 20th Ed.

Sample Preparation Book.


ESL589 - Water Treatment Processes(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0General layout plan for water treatment. Control of algae, Causative factors for growth of algae,remedial measures. Control of taste and odour in water, Preventive and corrective measures.

Cause of colour, Colour due to presence of Iron and manganese and its removal techniques(precipitation, contact beds, Zeolite, catalytic method), Algae, Colloidal organic matter, Industrialwaste, Oxidation of colour, Treatment by activated carbon.

Water softening: Lime treatment, Lime-Soda process, and ion-exchange. Deflouridation of water,Demineralization of water, Distillation (Solar stills, Single and multiple effect distillation).

Desalination of water using Reverse osmosis and electro dialysis. Case studies of desalinationsystem.

Reference:

1. Manual of Water Supply and Treatment. (1999). Central Public Health and EnvironmentalEngineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi.


ESL590 - Environmental Laws and Impact Assessment(Elective Paper)

Credits 3-0-0

1. Meaning, definition and historical development of Environment Law, environment andconstitution of India, environmental legislative machinery, fundamental rights, directiveprinciples of State policy and fundamental duties.

2. Environment Protection Act, 1986 and Environment Protection and Rules with latestamendments

3. The Factories Act, 1948 (Chapter III and IV – A).4. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Rules with latest amendments5. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.6. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules with latest amendments.7. Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 with latest amendments8. Indian Boiler’s Act, 1923 with latest amendments9. Forest Conservation Act 1980, Indian Forest Act (Revised 1982) with latest amendments.10. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 with latest amendments.11. Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976.12. Introduction to Environmental Impact Analysis: Environmental impact statement and

Environmental management plan, EIA guidelines and notifications.13. Details of EIA process: Goal identification, Survey of current and future resource needs,

Identification and prediction of environmental effects and benefits, Alternatives,Evaluation ofenvironmental effects, cost benefit analysis, risk benefit analysis, Record of decisions taken,Creation of Environmental impact statement.

14 Impact assessment methodologies: Generalized approach to impact analysis, Procedure forreviewing Environmental impact analysis and statement, guidelines for Environmental audit.

15 Introduction to environmental planning: Baseline information and predictions (Land, water,atmosphere, energy etc.), Restoration and rehabilitation technologies.

References:

1. Canter, L. W. (1996). Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw Hill, New York.2. Jain, R.K., Urban L.V. and Stacey, G.S. (1981). Environmental Impact Analysis: A New

Dimension in Decision Making. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.3. Kreske, D.L. (1996). Environmental Impact Statement: A practical guide for agencies,

citizens and consultants. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York..4. Kulkarni, V.S., Kaul, S.N. and Trivedi, R.K. (2002). A Handbook of Environmental Impact

Assessment. Scientific Publishers, India.5. Singh, P.P. and Sharma, S. (2004). Environment and Pollution Education. Deep and Deep

Publication pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.6. Smith, K. (1996). Environmental Hazards. Routledge, London.