FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

ENGLISH IN ENGINEERING

PRACTISEMARIJA KRZNARIĆ

viši predavač1

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Course Description The goal of this course is to draw students' attention to the most important parts of the English grammar which will help future graduates to establish oral and written communication within the engineering profession as well as informal and formal communication competence with potential business partners and colleagues. The course will also include professional terminology, translation, writing summaries, job application, CVs, writing articles and papers for conferences in the field of electrical engineering and computing and presentation skills.  Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the course, students will be able to: 1. acquire the basic principles of the technical English 2. improve the general and professional language in oral and written communication 3. define, describe and apply the general principles of terminology in engineering profession and computing4. write reports and present professional papers/articles 5. discuss written reports and participate in professional discussion6. develop and improve oral and written expression in the field of electrical engineering and computing7. select adequate expressions in general and technical language8. apply and define terminology of the technical English 

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Forms of Teaching

Entry test for all students before the beginning of the winter term.

Lectures: 2 hours, exercises 1 hour

Exams1 mid term exam (written) during the term, 1 at the end

Grading System

Raspodjela ocjena

• 51 - 60 bodova dovoljan

• 61 - 79 bodova dobar

• 80 - 89 bodova vrlo dobar

• 90 - 100 bodova izvrstan

Bodovanje predmeta• 1 međuispit (studeni) 40%• 1 završni ispit (siječanj) 40%• Ispitni rokovi (siječanj, srpanj, rujan)• 1 nenajavljena provjera u trajanju od 15’ - 30’ 10%• Aktivnost na nastavi:

izrada i držanje prezentacije, domaće zadaće,

• Prisustvo na nastavi 10%

Izrada PP prezentacije s pitanjima, sažetak i držanje prezentacije - moguće oslobađanje međuispita/završnog ispita

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Week by Week Schedule 1. Revision of verb tenses in active2. Passive3. Articles4. Word Order5. Indirect Speech6. Conditionals7. Compounds8. MID TERM EXAM9. Job advertisements and applications10. CV and application letter11. Business letters12. Presentations and presentation skills13. Summaries14. Articles and papers 15. MID TERM EXAM

1st cycle

1 Present Continuous – Past Tenses

2&3 Present Perfect – Future Prerfect - Passive

4&5 Indirect Speech – Conditionals

6&7 Unreal Past – Articles

8&9 Compounds, Formal Writing and Research Papers

10 Causative “have” or “get”

11 Transformations 1

12 Transformations 2

13 Modals

14 Vocabulary

15 Linking Words & Phrases

16 Grammar Exercises

17 Terminology & Definitions

GRAMMAR REVISION AND EXERCISES

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• IS GRAMMAR IMPORTANT? 

 • The above question is the typical one that I receive from many new

students. Here is a clear and simple answer: • “Grammar is the backbone of a language”.

• Grammar provides the structure one needs to organize and convey one’s messages and ideas. Grammar provides the structure needed to organize and put messages and ideas across. It is the railway through which messages will be transported. In the same way as a train cannot move without railways, ideas cannot be conveyed to their full extent without a good command of the grammar patterns and structures of the language. Grammar is essential in order to master a language, it is important to use and apply the rules and not to recite them by heart.

The chosen chapters here are those which will help students in the so called small talks, i.e. the choice of tenses and structures mostly used in everyday communication and those used in specific engineering discussions.

It is worth mentioning that the only common feature between the Croatian and English language is the Latin script. The two grammars have nothing in common. So, let’s repeat the most important parts a future electrical engineer is going to use.

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TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT

PRESENT CONTINUOUS - PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

NEGATIVE – am/are/is + not + ingINTERROGATIVE – am/are/is + S + ing

Remember

1.verbs ending in –e, lose it when –ing is added: come coming

2. one-syllable verbs ending in a consonant, double that consonant when –ing is added: sit sitting run running

AM

S ARE - ING

IS

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Present Continuous

- is used to describe situations or states which are temporary: 

• Mary is living in London at the moment.• Mary is not at home. She’s having a haircut.

- is used to describe activities or processes:

• The boys are playing football in front of the house.• Why are you crying? Is something wrong? 

• - is used to talk about future happenings or definite arrangements in the future: 

• What are you doing this evening?• Peter is flying to London on Friday. 

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- is used to talk about developing or changing situations: 

• The weather’s getting worse and worse.• She’s growing to be more and more like her mother. 

- is used with always, constantly, continually, forever to express something unexpected or annoying: 

• She is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back.• He’s always asking silly questions. - of “to be” is used to talk about people’s activity and behaviour at the

moment of speaking:

• You are being stupid (=behaving stupidly, not trying to understand). • Peter is being selfish; he is going to eat this cake all by himself.

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Some verbs are not used in the continuous tenses. The most important of these verbs are:

appear guess matter resembleastonish hate mean satisfybelieve have (=possess) measure seebelong to have to (=must) need seemconcern hear owe smell (=give out a smell)consist of imagine own supposecontain impress please surprisedepend on include possess taste (=have a flavour)deserve involve prefer think (=have an opinion)dislike know realize understanddoubt lack recognize wantfeel (=have an opinion) like refuse wishfit love remember  

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PRESENT SIMPLE

Sbare infinitive

3rd person sing. –(e)S

Remember

1. verbs ending in [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ] and [dʒ] get an -es [iz]: dress [dres] dresses [dresiz] teach [ti:tʃ] teaches [ti:tʃiz] if the verb ends in –e, only –s is added: freeze [fri : z] freezes [fri : ziz] 2.verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant, change the –y into –ie when the third person singular ending is added: try tries fly flies

NEGATIVE – do not, does not + bare infinitive

INTERROGATIVE – do, does + subject + bare infinitive14

Present Simple

- is used to describe situations which are permanent (universal truths): 

Water freezes at 0º C.The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

  or are regarded as permanent: 

Peter works in a bank.Mary lives in Brighton.

 - is used to talk about habits or things that happen regularly (habitual actions): 

My father reads a newspaper every day.Mary never takes sugar in her coffee.

 - is used to talk about states in the present at the moment of speaking:

Peter looks ill today.This food tastes awful!

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- is used in explanations, instructions and demonstrations: When we repair an appliance, we make sure that the current is switched off.First I put some butter into a frying-pan and light the gas. Then I break two eggs …. - is used with the verbs that are not normally found in the continuous form, but if they are, see what happens and compare the differences in meaning:  I think you shouldn’t do it. He is thinking about his girlfriend. I measure 75 centimetres round the waist. Why’s he measuring the roof? I see what you mean. I’m seeing Peter tonight. I’m just tasting the soup and I can tell you it tastes wonderful. - is used to talk about the future, particularly after if, and after conjunctions of time (when, before, as soon as, until, while, after):  I hope it will stop raining before the bride leaves the church. If you don’t study, you won’t pass your exam. 

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UNDERLINE THE WORD(S) WHICH REQUIRE EITHER THE PRESENT SIMPLE or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND THEN FILL IN THE GAPS: 1. Every morning my friend (hurry) ____________ to the bus stop, because he always (get) ______________ up late. 2. Where is Bob? He (sit) __________________ on the sofa and (watch) _________________TV. 3. The Smiths (not, know) ____________________________ London very well. 4. Lillian usually (travel) ________ by train, but tonight she (travel) ____________ by plane. She (be) _______ in a hurry. 5. Mrs Wells (want) ________________ to stay in London for two weeks. 6. When the Wells (come) ______________ to London, they (stay) ______________ at the Grand hotel.

7. This time they (stay) ______________________ at the Royal hotel, there (be) _______________ no vacant rooms at the Grand hotel.

hurriesgets

is sitting watching

don’t know

travelsis traveling is

wants

comestay

are stayingare

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8. (Jenny, like) ____________________________ the Royal hotel? Well, I (not, know) _______________________, I (suppose) _______________ she ___________, she always (stay) ________________ there. 9. (Peter, wash) _____________________ his car every week? No, he ________________. He (wash) __________________ it when it (get) ________________ dirty. 10. Come here, Jimmy! What (you, do) _______________________________ over there? 11. What car (Peter, usually, drive) ___________________________________ ?He usually (drive) ___________________ a VW, but this morning he (drive) ____________ his father's BMW.

12. The Sun (rise) ______________ in the East. 13. Excuse me, I (look) ________________________ for a good restaurant. Can you tell me if there (be) ____________ one near here?

Does Jenny like

don’t know supposedoes stays

Does Peter wash

doesn’t washes

gets

are you doing

does Peter usually drive

drivesis driving

rises

am lookingis

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PRESENT SIMPLE - HOW TO PUT A QUESTION

1. Robert is buying a digital camera in the department store. 1 2 3 ---------4---------

2. Three hundred American tourists are flying to Dubrovnik next week. 5 6 7 --------8---------

3. Mr Brown is going to bed because he is very tired.

Who is buying a digital camera in the department store?

What is Robert doing in the department store?

Where is Robert buying a digital camera?

What is Robert buying in the department store?

Who is flying to Dubrovnik next week?

Where are they flying next week?

When are they flying to Dubrovnik?

How many American tourists are flying to Dubrovnik next week?

Why is Mr Brown going to bed?19

4. Peter’s friends are going to London to buy a house next week. 1 2 3

5. Peter is meeting Mary in front of the school at a quarter to seven. 4 5 6 7 ----------8--------

When are Peter’s friends going to London to buy a house?

Who is going to London to buy a house next week?

Why are Peter’s friends going to London next week?

Who is meeting Mary in front of the school at a quarter to seven?

Who is Peter meeting in front of the school at a quarter to seven?

Where is Peter meeting Mary at a quarter to seven?

When is Peter meeting Mary in front of the school?

What is Peter doing in front of the school at a quarter to seven?

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6. The Browns take their children to the Zoo every Sunday. 1 2 3 -------4------- -----5-----

7. Peter records late night movies on weekends. 1 2 3 ----------4---------

8. Mary goes riding twice a week.

 

Who takes their children to the Zoo every Sunday?

What do the Browns do every Sunday?

When / How often do the Browns take their children to the Zoo?

Who do the Browns take to the Zoo every Sunday?

Where do the Browns take their children every Sunday?

Who records late night movies on weekends?

What does Peter do on weekends?

When does Peter record late night movies?

What does Peter record on weekends?

How often does Mary go riding?21

9. Peter’s friends spend summer holidays in Croatia. 1 2 3

10. Her parents always meet her at the airport because she usually has a lot of luggage.

11. Mary’s father owns three race horses. 1 2

Who spends summer holidays in Croatia?

What do Peter’s friends do in Croatia?

Where do Peter’s friends spend summer holidays?

Why do her parents always meet her at the airport?

Who owns three race horses?

How many race horses does Mary’s father own?

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WORD ORDER

 Peter

 is meeting

 Mary

 in front of the school

 S

 P

 O

 adverb of place

 Peter

 is meeting

 Mary

 at a quarter past seven.

 S

 P

 O

 adverb of time

 Peter

 is meeting

 Mary

 in the park

 at a quarter past seven.

 S

 P

 O

 adverb of place

 adverb of time

 Peter

 is giving

 his sister

 a book.

 S

 P

 O

 O

 Peter

 is giving

 a book

 TO his sister.

 S

 P

 O

 O

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CROATIAN WORD ORDER vs

ENGLISH WORD ORDER• Pero čeka Maricu pred kinom.• Pred kinom Pero Maricu čeka.• Čeka Maricu Pero pred kinom.• Maricu Pero čeka pred kinom.• Pred kinom Maricu čeka Pero.• Pred kinom Maricu Pero čeka.• Pero Maricu pred kinom čeka.• Pero Maricu čeka pred kinom.• Maricu čeka Pero pred kinom.• Maricu pred kinom Pero čeka.

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TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 1 

PAST SIMPLE - PAST CONTINUOUS

PAST SIMPLE

S + (e)d S did not + infinitive did S infinitive?

Remember

1. to regular verbs ending in –e, a –d is added only: hope hope-d

2. to regular verbs which do not end in an –e, -ed is added: wash wash-ed

3. verbs ending in a –y, preceded by a consonant, change the –y into –ie: try tried but : play played

4. short verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a vowel, double that consonant: stop stopped

PAY ATTENTION to irregular verbs25

Past Simple - is used to describe a completed action in the past: I lived in London then.Yesterday, I painted the ceiling in my room. - it is used to speak about past habits: When I was a student, I went to the cinema every week.My grandfather always carried his walking stick. - it is used when the time is asked about: When did you meet Mary last? What time did you come home last night? - it is used when the action clearly took place at a definite time even though this time is not mentioned: The train was ten minutes late.How did you get your present job? 

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- to describe a regular activity in the past used to or would are used: They used to visit their parents every Sunday.They would visit their parents every Sunday. - only used to talks about an ability or skill which the person no longer has or no longer practises: I used to play the piano when I was a child.When I was in college, I used to gamble for money.

- only would is used when we want to show that it was something we refused to do: I would never arrive late at school.She would never go to the cinema. She thought it was sinful.

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PAST CONTINUOUS

S + was/were + ing S + was/were not + ing was/were + S + ing

- it is used for an action that is interrupted by another action: He was trying to install a new program when somebody rang the bell.When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. - it is used for an uncompleted action in the past or an action where it is uncertain if it was completed:  He was working on his car last night. Yesterday I was redecorating my living room.  - it is used for two or more actions that took place at the same time over a long period:

While I was redecorating the living room, my wife was cooking the dinner.All the time while she was dancing with her husband, she was thinking about her first boy-friend. - it is used with “always” for an action that irritated you: She was always arriving late.He was always ringing me up so I decided to change my number.

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INSERT SIMPLE PAST or PAST CONTINUOUS: 

Yesterday afternoon, while I (walk) ____________ my dog in the park I (notice)

___________ a group of boys playing hide and seek. The boys (run) ______________

through the park, when it (begin) _____________ to rain. While they (look)

__________________ for a place to hide, they (see) __________ a small cottage a

few hundred meters away. As soon as they (enter) _______________ the cottage,

they (realise) ______________ that one of the boys (miss) ____________________.

When the rain (stop) ______________, they (go) ______________ out to see where

he (be) __________. They soon (find) _____________ him lying under a tree. He (fall)

_____________ while they (all, run) ___________________________ towards the

cottage and (break) __________ his leg. He (cry) __________________ and he (ask)

____________ his friends to call for help. One of the boys (run) __________ to the

park gates and (wave) _________________ to the drivers passing by. Although the

drivers (drive) _____________________ pretty fast, one of them (see) ____________

the boy and (stop) _______________ the car. I (run) _____________ to help him put

the injured boy into the car and he (take) _________________ him to hospital.

was walking

noticed were running

began

were looking saw

entered

realised was missing

stopped went

was found

fell were all running

broke was crying

asked ran

waved

were driving saw

stopped ran

took29

I (go) ______________ to the hospital this afternoon to visit the boy. As I (go)

__________________ there, I (meet) _______________ the driver in front of the

hospital. He (go) __________________ to visit the boy, too. When we (enter)

________________ the boy’s room, he (read) ___________________.

He (look) __________ up and (smile) ____________. He (be) ________ surprised

to see both of us coming at the same time. He (be) _____________ even more

surprised when he (see) ______________ that the driver (have) ___________ a

present for him. He (bring) ____________ him a video game. I (give) ____________

him some DVDs and (ask) ____________ him how he (feel) _________________.

The boy (be) __________ better and (hope) ______________ to go home in a few

days. He also (promise) _________________ to be more careful playing hide and

seek next time.

went

was going met

was going

entered was reading

looked smiled was

was

saw had

brought gave

asked was feeling

was hoped

promised

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PAST SIMPLE, PAST CONTINUOUS - HOW TO PUT A QUESTION

1.The Browns washed their car yesterday afternoon. 1 2 3

2. Mary called Peter's office because he was ill.

3. He knew they were not at home.

4. Phillip went to the travel agency to book a room at the hotel.

 5. The Browns’ house was broken into last night.

Who washed their car yesterday afternoon?

What did the Browns do yesterday afternoon?

When did the Browns wash their car?

Why did Mary call Peter’s office?

What did he know?

Why did Phillip go to the travel agency?

What happened last night?

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6. The students were having lunch when the Minister entered the campus canteen. 1 2 3

 

7. Susan and her husband were in Paris last week. 4 5 6

 8. The weather was nice and warm yesterday.  9. The boys were playing computer games when the lights went out. 8 9 10 

Who was having lunch when the Minister entered the campus canteen?

What were the students doing when the Minister entered the campus canteen?

Who entered the campus canteen when the students were having lunch?

Who was in Paris last week?

Where were Susan and her husband last week?

When were Susan and her husband in Paris?

What was the weather yesterday?

Who was playing computer games when the lights went out?

What were the boys doing when the lights went out?

What happened when the boys were playing computer games?32

TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

 GOING TO - PRESENT CONTINUOUS - WILL – FUTURE - PRESENT SIMPLE

 GOING TO

S am/are/is going to + infinitive

- is used to talk about things we have decided to do in the future: 

I’m really going to stop smoking.I’m going to meet Tom at the airport at six.

 - is used to predict the future, using the information we know now: 

It’s six o’clock, we are going to be late.Look at the sky, it is going to rain.

____________ću, ćeš, će……namjeravati 

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS - is used for arrangements which exist now for the future: 

What are you doing next week?I’m starting a new job on Monday.

  THE WILL – FUTURE

S shall/will + infinitive

- is used for predictions, promises, offers, requests, suggestions, future facts: 

It will rain soon.I’ll phone you.

Shall I make you a cup of coffee?Will you give me a lift if it rains?

Shall we see a film tonight?My mother will be fifty years old next week.

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THE PRESENT SIMPLE - is used for impersonal and formal definite future agreement, usually with the time mentioned:  

The film starts at 7.30.What time does your flight arrive?

 

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ONE OF THE ABOVE WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE AND PUT IN WHEN, BEFORE, AS SOON AS OR UNTIL WHERE NECESSARY: 1. I (drive) ______________________ this car ___________ I buy a better one.2. (You, buy) __________________________ some stamps for me ____________ you are in the post office?3. I (go) _______________ (keep) ____________ working _________ I finish this.4. Don’t forget, you (get) __________________ an invitation for the job interview ______________________ you answer their letter.5. We (wait) _____________________ _____________ it stops raining, and then we (go) _________________ out. 6. The express train (leave) ___________________ from platform eight. Hurry up ____________ it’s too late. 35

‘ll drive untilWill you buy when

am going to keepwill get

when / as soon as‘ll wait / ’re going to wait until

‘ll go / ‘re goingleaves

before

until

7. She studies a lot, she (go) __________________ (pass) __________________ her exams.8. (You, come) _______________________ to the party tonight?Yes, but I don’t know exactly when. I (let) ____________________ you know ____________________ I check with my wife.9. They (start) _____________________ work ___________________ the material (arrive) __________ . 10. My parents (celebrate) ________________________ their wedding anniversary in December.11. Hurry up, the game (be) _______________________ over ___________ you (reach) __________ the stadium.12. All the cinemas and the theatres (close) ______________________ on Christmas Day.13. (You, finish) ______________________ this report ___________ the boss (return) ___________? 

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‘s going to pass

Are you coming‘ll let

when / as soon as‘ll start as soon as / when

arrivescelebrate / will celebrate

will be beforereach

close

Will you finish beforereturns

ARTICLES

All about articles, find on the web!

 

REMEMBER 

  ALL TENSES WHICH USE ONE OF THE AUXILLIARY VERBS (am, are, is; was, were; shall,

will; had; have, has, etc) FOR THEIR AFFIRMATIVE FORMS, MAKE THE NEGATIVE FORM

BY SIMPLY ADDING “NOT” TO THE AUXILLIARY (you are not reading, he was not

sleeping…) AND THE INTERROGATIVE BY INVERSION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE

AUXILLIARY VERB (are you reading, was he sleeping..).

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THE EXCEPTIONS ARE THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE SIMPLE PAST: THEY ARE THE ONLY TWO TENSES WHICH HAVE SOME KIND OF ENDINGS (-s or -es for the third person singular in the Present Simple and -d or -ed for the Simple Past of regular verbs)  THEY NEED THE AUXILLIARY VERB “TO DO” (do, does, did) TO MAKE NEGATIVE (you do not read, he did not read…) AND INTERROGATIVE FORMS (do you read, did he read…).

TALKING ABOUT THE PAST 2 

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS - FUTURE IN THE PAST

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

S + had + past participle

- is used to describe an action that had already happened before another past action took place and to express the idea of an earlier past: 

I explained that I had forgotten the keys.I could see from his face that he had received bad news.

 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS S + had been + ing

- is used to talk about something which had been in progress up to the past time we are talking about (e.g. when the bus arrived): 

Mr Black had been working for 40 years when he finally retired in 2006.We had been climbing for two hours when it suddenly began to snow. 38

SUPPLY THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE PAST: 1.I (feel) very cold because I (stand) outside for two hours. 2. We (drive) for about half an hour when we (realize) that we (be) lost. 3. The strange thing (be) that we (just, talk) about ghosts when we (hear) the noise in the attic. 4. My brother (try) to get his driving licence for two years before he finally (give) up. 5. Peter (realize) that he (overwork) , so he (decide) to take ten days off.  6. Monica (move) from L.A. to Washington in 1999. How long (she, live) in Los Angeles? 7. When I finally (hand) in my thesis, I (write) it for six months.  

felt had been standing

had been drivingrealized were

was had just been talkingheard

had been tryinggave

realized had been overworking decided

movedhad she been living

handed had been writing

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SUPPLY THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE or SIMPLE PAST:  1. We immediately (recognize) each other, although we (not, meet) for years.  2. I (call) at the manager’s office, but (discover) that I (just, miss) him. As it (be) 1 p.m., I (be) sure he (go) out for lunch.   3. When I (get) home last night, I (find) out that I (lose) my wallet.  4. The scientist suddenly (see) the answer to the problem that (occupy) his mind for the last two months.  5. We (leave) the restaurant after we (have) an excellent dinner there.  6. Nobody (come) to the meeting because Angela, the boss’s secretary (forget) to send the invitations in time.

7. The results last term (be) better than anyone (expect)

recognized

had not met

called discovered

had just missed waswas had gone

got found had lost

sawhad occuppied

left had had

camehad forgotten

were had expected.

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8. The motorist (discover) to his relief that he (not, take) the wrong road after all.

  9. After the prisoner (jump) out of the window, he (run) across the yard. 10. The reporter (write) a full report on the accident he (see) through his bedroom window the night before. 11. We (get) down to business as soon as we (hand) in the financial report for the last year. 12. When Queen Victoria (die) in 1901, she (reign) for over 60 years. 13. Once the Government (settle) the agenda, the vice-president (distribute) it to all members of the board. 

discoveredhad not taken

had jumped ran

wrote had seen

got had handed

died had reined

had settleddistributed

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 HE SAID

  

 she

 

 WOULD sing

 HE THOUGHT

 WAS / WERE GOING TO write

 HE KNEW

 WAS / WERE leaving

FUTURE ACTIONS IN THE PAST

The above table gives three different ways of expressing a future action taking place in the past, i.e. a future action which is related to the past:

- with would it is used to describe an action that will happen after a past action in the main sentence:

I didn’t know they would come so early.

Peter got a job on an oil-rig but he did not realize it would be such hard work.

- with was/were going to it means that something was planned for the future at a past time:

 Last time I saw you, you were going to start a new job.I thought you were going to visit me yesterday. Why didn’t you?

- with the Past Continuous, something planned is expressed (see Present Continuous): 

He didn’t have time to talk, because he was leaving in two hours.

će pjevati

će/namjerava pisati

odlazi

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Supply the correct Past tense and translate the three sentences:

1. I (think) they (be) at home.

 2. I (think) they (be) at home.

 3. I (think) they (be) at home.

thought

mislio sam /

mislio sam /

su /

were

će biti / would be

su bili / had been

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mislio sam /

thought

thought

THOUGHT and WERE = the same tenses, both actions happen at the same time, i.e. simultaneously. (istovremenost dviju radnji)

WOULD BE describes an action that will happen after the action in the main sentence occurs. (budućnost zavisne u odnosu na glavnu)

HAD BEEN describes an action happening before the action in the main sentence. (prošlost zavisne u odnosu na glavnu)

Supply the correct Past or Present Tense and translate the sentences: 1. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock.  2. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock.   3. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock.   4. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock. 

5. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock.   6. Peter (not, know) that they (come) at 3 o’clock

didn’t know were coming

Pero NIJE ZNAO da DOLAZE u 3 sata.

had come

would come

Pero NIJE ZNAO da SU DOŠLI u 3 sata.

didn’t know

didn’t know

Pero NIJE ZNAO da ĆE DOĆI u 3 sata.

are coming

Pero NEZNA da DOLAZE u 3 sata.

doesn’t know came

Pero NEZNA da SU DOŠLI u 3 sata.

doesn’t know will come

Pero NEZNA da ĆE DOĆI u 3 sata.

doesn’t know

44

SUPPLY THE CORRECT PAST TENSE:  1. Although it (be) late when I (get) up yesterday morning, I (hope) I (not, be) late for work.  2. While I (have) breakfast, the phone (ring) It (be) Tom. He (promise) he (pick) me up as soon as he (finish) breakfast.   3. Jane (land) last night but nobody (meet) her at the airport. She (call) her husband but nobody (answer) She (hang) up and (go) to the coffee bar. She (know) he (already, leave) the house and (be) there in a minute.

WAS GOT

HOPED/WAS HOPING WOULD NOT BE

WAS HAVING RANG.WAS PROMISED WOULD PICK

FINISHED

LANDED METCALLED

ANSWERED HUNG WENTKNEW HAD ALREADY LEFT

WOULD BE

4. While she (have) coffee, another plane (land) and she (see) a friend of hers among the passengers. As, Betty, her friend (have) three large suitcases, Jane (say) her husband (be) on his way to the airport and (offer) her to give her a lift.

WAS HAVING LANDEDSAW

HAD SAIDWAS OFFERED

45

5. The Browns (go) to the cinema last week. While they (watch) the film, the police (come) and (ask) them to leave because somebody (plant) a bomb there. When they (hear) that, Mrs Brown (look) at her husband hoping he (not, be) too upset. She (worry)

about him, because last year he (have) a massive heart attack. However, he just (put) on his coat

calmly and they (leave)   6. I (be) pleased to see my old college friends at the conference last week as we (not, see) each other since we (graduate)

in 2001. Before the amusing night (be) over, we (decide) we (organise) similar reunions every year.

7. Yesterday we (have) to wait for hours at the airport because bad weather (delay) all the flights.

8. Although their son (not, commit) the crime, his parents (give) him no support.

WENTWERE WATCHING CAME ASKED

HAD PLANTEDHEARD LOOKED

WOULD NOT BEWORRIED/WAS WORRYINGHAD PUT

LEFT.

WASHAD NOT SEEN

GRADUATED WASDECIDED WOULD ORGANIZE

HADHAD DELAYED

HAD NOT COMMITTEDGAVE

46

9. At the end of the meal Mr Brown (realize) that he (not, can) pay the bill because he (not, have) his

wallet with him. The waiter (ask) him if he (have) a credit card but he (not, have) it either. Fortunately, his cell phone (be)

in his pocket. He (call) his son and (tell) him what (happen) . The boy (promise) that he (come) in a few minutes with the money. 10. The children (be) thrilled when they (unwrap) their electronic toys, but when they (see) that nobody (buy)

the batteries, they (be) very disappointed.

11. When I (come) out of the cinema I (find) thatsomebody (steal) my car radio. While I (wait) for the police to come, a friend (see) me, (stop) his car and (say) he (keep) me company.

REALIZEDCOULD NOT DID NOT HAVE

ASKED HADDIDN’T HAVE

WAS CALLED TOLDHAD HAPPENED PROMISED

WOULD COME

WERE UNWRAPPEDSAW

HAD BOUGHT WERE

CAME FOUNDHAD STOLEN WAS WAITING

SAW STOPPEDSAID WOULD KEEP

47

12.At first the authorities (think) the athlete (take) drugs, but soon they (realise) that they (mix) up the results of the tests. 13. When the film star (come) into the restaurant, everybody (run) towards her asking for autographs. I (not, recognise) her because I (not, see) any of her films.

PAST TENSES

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- past perfect past future-in-the-past simple & continuous simple & continuous simple & continuous the day before yesterday yesterday the day after yesterday

PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS DESCRIBE ACTIONS WHICH HAPPENED IN THE PAST AND WE KNOW WHEN THEY HAPPENED. PAST PERFECT HAPPENED BEFORE THE ACTION EXPRESSED BY PAST SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. FUTURE IN THE PAST DESCRIBES AN ACTION WHICH WILL HAPPEN AFTER THE ACTION EXPRESSED BY PAST SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS.  

THOUGHT HAD TAKENREALISED

HAD MIXED

CAMERAN DIDN’T RECOGNIZE

HADN’T SEEN

48

COMMANDS

Commands, orders, requests and advice are reported by using an infinitive construction:

POSITIVE COMMANDS

1. Mother: “GO to the bathroom at once, Peter.”

2. Mother: “Philip, BRING me your homework, please.”

3. Mother: “TAKE a look at yourself in the mirror, Mary.”

Note the changes of personal pronouns, adjectives etc. Verbs used for introducing commands, requests, advice: advise, ask, beg, command, invite, offer, order, remind, tell, urge, warn….

She told him TO GO to the bathroom at once.

She asked him TO BRING her his homework.

She advised her TO TAKE a look at herself in the mirror.

49

NEGATIVE COMMANDS

1. Father: “DON’T DRIVE so fast, John.”

2. Father: “DON’T SPEND all your money on food and drink, John.”

3. Father: “DON’T MAKE me angry with your stupid remarks, John.”

He ordered him NOT TO DRIVE so fast.

He warned him NOT TO SPEND all his money on food and drinks.

He begged him NOT TO MAKE him angry with his stupid remarks.

TELLSME

TO INFINITIVEHE TOLD or

WILL TELL NOT TO INFINITIVE

50

PUT THE FOLLOWING COMMANDS INTO THE INDIRECT SPEECH INTRODUCING THEM WITH DIFFERENT VERBS; REPLACE THE NAMES WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS :  1. Jane: Write down my phone number in your diary, Peter.

  2. Mary: Mother, make some tea for me, please.

  3. Peter: Send a telegram to your mother, Mary.

4. Beth: Don't put your books in my bag, John.

  5. Jane: Don't take my lipstick, Mary.

  6. The teacher: Be careful about your spelling, children.

  7. Father: Mary, don't leave the window in your room open.

 

She told him to write down her phone number in his diary.

She asked her to make some tea for her.

He reminded her to send a telegram to her mother.

She warned him not to put his books in her bag.

She threatened her not to take her lipstick.

She/He advised them to be careful about their spelling.

He told her not to leave the window in her room open.51

8. Molly: Give me my umbrella, Jane.

  9. Mrs. Brown to Peter: Show me your essay, please.  10. Peter: Mary, don't tell Mother anything about my bad marks.

 11. Ron to Jack: Ask Jane to meet me in the bar at six.

 12. Don’t worry about anything, Mrs. Pitt, said the solicitor. Leave it all to me.

13. Mother: Don’t put sticky things in your pockets, Bill.

She told her to give her her umbrella.

She asked him to show her his essay.

He begged her not to tell her anything about his bad marks.

He reminded him to ask her to meet him in the bar at six.

He advised her not to worry about anything and offered her to leave it all to him.

She ordered him not to put sticky things in his pockets.

52

REPORT THE FOLLOWING ORDERS, OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS AND REQUESTS: 

1. Please move your car.

A police officer

2. Laura, don’t touch the electric wires!

Bob

3. Would you mind turning the music down?

We asked our neighbours  4. You mustn’t leave the door unlocked.

The coach warned us  5. Please don’t wear these boots in the house.

I asked them  6. Bob, stop copying from your neighbour!The teacher

7. Will you give me some of these brochures, please?

Mary asked the travel agent

asked me to move my car.

warned her not to touch the electric wires.

to turn the music down.

not to leave the door unlocked.

not to wear those boots in the house.

warned him to stop copying from his neighbour.

to give her some brochures.53

8. We’ll pay for the damage.

We offered

9. I’ll finish this digging by the end of the week.

You promised  

10. I think you should take a taxi.

Peter advised us

 11. Don’t forget to ring me up, David.

Jenny  

12. The doctor: Ken, you must take more exercises.

The doctor  

13. Ken’s boss: Would you mind not playing computer games in the office?

Ken’s boss

14. I promise I’ll bring you a large candy box next time, Jenny.

Jenny’s father  

to pay for the damage.

to finish that digging by the end of the week.

to take a taxi.

reminded him (not to forget) to ring her up.

advised him to take more exercises.

ordered him to stop playing/not to play games in the office.

promised to bring her a big candy box next time.

54

PRESENT PARTICIPLECONTINUOUS

TENSES ADJECTIVES SHORTENED SENTENCES AFTER VERBS OF

SENSATIONSHe is reading a book.

a burning house

Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.

I see him passing my house every day.

They were watching TV.

an exciting story

Going to the cinema last night, he met a friend.

Did you hear the clock striking?

We are trying to install the programme.

an interesting person

Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in daylight.

I felt the car skidding.

When I get back, they’ll be having dinner.

a terrifying experience

Realizing that he didn’t have enough money, he decided to buy a smaller car.

She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.

While he was sleeping, his wife was cooking.

running water

The man sitting in my office is a new employee.

Just look at all those dogs running across my garden!

55

INSERT THE INFINITIVE WITH “TO” or THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE: 1. I was glad (hear) of your success.2. (Sit) in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly fell asleep.3. A man entered my office yesterday (bring) beautiful bunch of flowers.4. Peter didn’t get that job. I was so sorry (see) his disappointment.5. I used (ride) a lot but I haven’t had a chance (do) it since I came here.6. When I got home I heard my children (talk) about Peter’s bad marks.7. Not (know) the language and (have) no friends in the town, he found it hard (get) work.8. As we were passing your house in the car, we saw you (cross) the road.9. (Climb) the tree to get birds’ eggs, the boy had a bad fall.10. Peter says that Mary would like (have) a cup of tea.11. He saw the lorry (begin) (roll) forwards but he was too far away (do) anything (stop) it. 12. (Become) tired of my complaints about the TV programme she turned it off.13. People (sleep) in the next room were wakened by the sound of (break)

glass.  

TO HEARSITTING

BRINGING

TO SEETO RIDE TO DO

TALKINGKNOWING

HAVINGTO GETCROSSING

CLIMBINGTO HAVE

BEGINNING TO ROLLTO DO TO STOP

BECOMING

SLEEPINGBREAKING

56

SUPPLY THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS  1. Peter, what (you, do) over there? Nothing, I (just, try) (repair) Dad's watch. What? (You, be) crazy? What (Dad, tell) you the other day? Well, he (say) something like “(Not, touch) my things, Peter." So, why (you, not, listen) to him? You (know) that he (be) angry when he (find) out about the watch.Oh, no, he , his watch (be) O.K. now.

2. I (read) his books long before he (become) successful.

3. Someone (already, finish) their work before I (arrive)

4. The people who (protest) in front of the Parliament (not, know) that the Prime Minister (leave) through the back door. 5. Yesterday our neighbour (fall) while he (mount) the new antenna system on our roof.

ARE YOU DOING

AM JUST TRYING TO REPAIR

ARE YOU DID DAD TELL

SAID DON’T TOUCH

DON’T/DIDN’T YOU LISTEN KNOWWILL BE FINDSWON’T IS

HAD READ BECAME

HAD ALREADY FINISHED

ARRIVED.

WERE PROTESTINGDIDN’T KNOW HAD LEFT

FELL WAS MOUNTING57

6. Yesterday my mother (go) to school and (speak) to my headmaster. When she (come) back she (be) very angry – he (tell) her everything about my grades and my behaviour.

7. Although Peter (graduate) with straight As, he (not, get)the job which the bank manager (promise) him. Disappointed, he (accept) his aunt’s invitation to spend some time in Italy. While he (stay)

there he (improve) his Italian greatly.

8.(Jenny, like) the Royal hotel? Well, I (not, know) , I (suppose) she she always (stay) there when she (come) to London.

9. Bob (get) a new job last year. Until then he (not, have) a holiday for years because he (be) too busy.

10. I always (tell) you to comb your hair, but you never (do) what

I (say) . That’s why people (laugh) at you.

11. (Eat) your dinner! You (grow, not) if you (not, eat)

WENTCAME WAS HAD TOLD

SPOKE

GRADUATED DIDN’T GETHAD PROMISED

ACCEPTEDWAS STAYING IMPROVED

DOES JENNY LIKE

DON’T KNOW SUPPOSE DOESSTAYS COMES

GOT HADN’T HADWAS

TELL DO

SAY LAUGH

EAT WON’T GROW

DON’T EAT.58