Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology

Master of Science

2018

The Enhancement of B-MAC Protocol to Minimize Coexistence

Interference Between ZigBee and Wi-Fi in Dynamic Environment

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology

Azizul Lau

UN JVERSlTI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Please t ic k ( ~)

r inHl Y(gt(I r P loj lCI RrpolI 0 r- lastEts [SZJ Phi l 0

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WO RI(

jTills declaratlon 15 IHndt on th i day of ttIJflh

S tud e n ts D e claration

1)luL CA --0 1 - fI~ t~ ~( ( fPLll ill (Cgt(ltf ~f li -~c 1Mgt lH4qII7IgtJ ~Ultgt-dI middotmiddot

(PLEAS E I OICA TE STUDE NTS NArvlE ~LTRI C NO AND FAr ILJY) he rmiddotby demiddotI p th t t he k I l (rIHllrd-- 1 ~ c-I ftT~ o)i brOJJfII l (iY lftct 3V~i- 1 ~ I wor ( IH I e( l cSmiddotir-fp- middotI~I - i~~-IllfnriCiNtIluJti 1r middot middot-middot - P J8 my ongln a

work L have not COp led from lny oth~r Mudcnts wo rk or from a ny ol he r ~ourcmiddot lX Cltp t Wh Ele rlue

r ference or acknowledge ment IS ma de expliclliy to l he lexL n Ol ha s any part hee n w nt ll1l fo J me by another plrson

bullSup ervisors Declaration

tfLlku L (illll GEN-1gtlttJ 0 ( middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot71ieKP~middottNt( i ~1l ~~t~O~~f~ ~~~ Itl~f~~~ t1wlJL work enlltlecl -bBwo( (Vi ~ gt l~ middot rJG~middot - -t-ti---r-middotmiddotlgt - middot~middot~-c -i-JfVf~7YVtI9fltfiIJf-- - -7 TITLE) wa~ prepaled by the above nH rh~d stu de n t and 3~ ~ u lmlJiJed 10 thf~ FACl -LTY as a palt ia llfu ll fulfill men t for the confer men t of ~aSHmiddot middotmiddottf9t~r~

(pLFASE I NOICAT THE DEG Rf P ) a nd the a forementioned work to the bes t of my knowledge is the 1r1 51 ud ents work

Rece Ived [or examina tIOn by

(Na me of the S llI Jl lVI~or)

I l h~Cl are this Pro)(gtf t hr s is l ~ classified 1S (PIe asp tl ck h ))

D (ONF ID EJT IAL (COlllaIn3 cCl1lfulc l1ti a i lnfomla tio n un de r the Offi cia l Secre t Act 19i 2 D RESTRJ CTED (C ontam lh t n cre d m formatlOn a s specifIed by (he m~H n1 sHion where

research was donc )

Eli OP EN AC CESS

Va lidation o f ProjectlThesis

I tht~ re fol c duly affll rn fd wl l h free co nsent and Villingnct-s upda l( d th at this sa id Pru1 p( uT hPlS

sha ll be pLaced offi cia lly In t he Centre fo r Acade mi c l llforma tion Se rvIces w n l the abd fgt Intlrest ann n~h ls as follo ws

This Proj ect T hesi]s rfw sole Lega l prope rty of UJUver~it i M a la ysia Slt1](lw31 n tTL-SI T he Cr ntl e for AC iHi t llllC Infon na tlon Se rvtces h as the lawful Jl ~h t to make rltl l ll~lt fnr l1H

purpose of acade mlc Cl nd re~Ea rch unly and n Ol for 01 hE purpose

bull The Cc ntle for Aca demlc I n fo r lll ~llOn Sen i((~f hls Ilv La wfu l 1l ~ht to dlgl ll ~ e Ih Pl COI1l(n t

to 10J the Local Content D atab ase

bull Th e CentrE for Aca de nllc I nfvrIllat lOn S]l C s has the lawfu l r igh t to m ltl kc COP lf of the Ploje ctfThesls for acadnnllc excha nge betweNl H lc hpl Le a rmn g J ns t ltllte

No dIsp u te or any ci3uu h II J a n se from th( stuU E n t Itcr lf ne ither th l rd palty on th is

Plo)pltThesl i on ce It becomes sole prope rty of l N I lIff S

Thi s PlojecVThes ls or any nlltlter i)1 data a nd infoJ ma t lOlI relaled to It 6h a IL not be

dis t Il bu tecl pubhshe d Q t di sdD~t-d to any panY by the student exce pt w ith U0JJrAS pprm tSlOn

Students s ignature _--7i~___ --ltP 1 (Daei

Notes If the ploJ ~ c tJThei is CONFID ENTIAL 01 RESTRI CTED p iHse attach together as a nnexu re a le tte l flo l11 he Ottlt 3 nusa uon w ith the pe llod and l e u 5nl1S of confide n tlallty and

restriction

(Th E Il1s trum ent was duly prep a red by The Cpnt re for Acadcm w lnfonnal lOtl Serv lcesl

Azizul Lau


UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2018

The Enhancement of B-MAC Protocol to Minimize Coexistence Interference

Between ZigBee and Wi-Fi in Dynamic Environment

A thesis submitted

In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

(Computer Science)

i

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work entitled ldquoThe Enhancement of B-MAC Protocol to Minimize

Coexistence Interference Between ZigBee and Wi-Fi in Dynamic Environmentrdquo is my original

work I have not copied from any other studentrsquos work or from any other sources except where

due reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part been written

for me by another person This thesis has not been previously accepted for any degree and is

not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree

Name Azizul Lau

Signature

Date

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all I would like to thank God for giving me life and the opportunity to complete this

study entitled ldquoThe Enhancement of B-MAC Protocol to Minimize Coexistence Interference

Between ZigBee and Wi-Fi in Dynamic Environmentrdquo I would like to thank and appreciation

to my research supervisor Dr Halikul Lenando for his guidance support suggestions and

constructive comments throughout this project I am very grateful to him for believing in me

when I was struggling I would like to thank the G13 staff of the Faculty Computer Science and

Information Technology for giving laboratory access allowing me to conduct experiments

during my research study

Special thanks to my family especially my parents Lau Sai Cheong David Lau and Martini

Binti Bakri for their love support guidance and for never giving up on me until the end Special

thanks also to all lectures staff and Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology

postgraduates students who have been involved directly or indirectly during this study

iii

ABSTRACT

ZigBee is one of Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) is a wireless protocol

that targeted on toward automation real-time monitoring and remote control applications

ZigBee protocol goal is to provide reliable communication with low-cost low power

consumption simple implementation for low-data rate monitoring applications ZigBee

implemented hardware is deployed in a large-scale number of sensor nodes to track and monitor

the physical environments and also to collect variety of data to process the data locally and to

deliver the information over a multi-hop link However ZigBee-based devices suffered from

coexistence interference problem when deployed in area crowded with another network

ZigBee normally got heavy interference from Wi-Fi (IEEE 80211) network due to its high

transmission power that can greatly affect ZigBee devices transmission performance This

event was called coexistence interference when two different wireless technology had

overlapped channel The coexistence interference issue was very critical for ZigBee devices

when implemented in applications where real time information delivery was required

Therefore the aim of this thesis is to minimize the coexistence interference effect between

ZigBee and Wi-Fi (IEEE 80211) technology by improving the existing ZigBee Carrier Sense

Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) protocol by reducing the back-off period

range Thus reduced period based on reduction percentage which is between 5 to 50 The

reduction percentage is selected based on the Channel Congestion Indicator (CCI) value which

measured from Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) fail counts The CCI is used to indicate

congestion level in current channel and also used in decision making for assigning reduction

percentage that grouped from range 10 to 100 that selected randomly by the CSMA-CA

protocol This allows the CSMA-CA protocol to randomly select back-off period within

iv

reduced range that generate lower delay Its allows ZigBee radio module to reassess the channel

as fast as possible with minimum number of packet loss Moreover number of packet loss can

be minimized when the back-off period range reduced It can increase accuracy of radio module

to select back-off period that match the timing of securing channel during lowest channel

utilization at that time Thus radio module can start sending packet during the channel is not

utilized by Wi-Fi and reduce chance of packet collision between ZigBee and Wi-Fi By

reducing the back-off period range it decreases the overall average round trip time by 5281

and overall packet loss by 5783 By minimizing the effect of Wi-Fi interference its improve

the ZigBee transmission reliability which critically required for developing reliable applications

for real-time

Keywords ZigBee IEEE 80211 Carrier Sense Multiple Access ndash Collision Avoidance

(CSMA-CA) Back-off Period Reduction Coexistence Interference

v

Peningkatan Protokol B-MAC untuk Meminimumkan Gangguan Gabungan Antara

ZigBee dan Wi-Fi dalam Persekitaran Dinamik

ABSTRAK

Rangkaian Kawasan Peribadi Tanpa Wayar (LR-WPAN) adalah teknologi tanpa wayar yang

disasarkan ke arah automasi pemantauan masa nyata dan aplikasi kawalan jauh Matlamat

protocol ZigBee untuk menyediakan komunikasi yang boleh dipercayai kos rendah

penggunaan kuasa yang rendah pelaksanaan mudah untuk aplikasi pemantauan kadar data

rendah Perkakasan ZigBee biasanya digunakan dalam sebilangan besar untuk nod sensor

bagi mengesan dan memantau persekitaran fizikal dan juga untuk mengumpul pelbagai data

memproses data secara tempatan dan menyampaikan maklumat melalui pautan ldquomulti-hoprdquo

Walaubagaimanapun peranti berasaskan ZigBee mengalami masalah gangguan komunikasi

ketika digunakan di kawasan yang penuh sesak dengan rangkaian lain ZigBee biasanya

mendapat gangguan kritikal dari rangkaian IEEE 80211 kerana kuasa penghantaran yang

tinggi yang boleh memberi kesan kepada prestasi transmisi peranti ZigBee Masalah ini

dikenali sebagai gangguan gabungan apabila dua teknologi tanpa wayar yang berbeza telah

berkongsi saluran komunikasi Masalah gangguan gabungan adalah amat penting bagi peranti

ZigBee apabila dilaksanakan pada HMS di mana penyampaian maklumat dalam masa nyata

diperlukan Oleh itu matlamat tesis ini adalah untuk mengurangkan kesan gangguan gabungan

antara teknologi ZigBee dan Wi-Fi (IEEE 80211) dengan meningkatkan protokol

Penyelarasan Akses Pelanggaran Penolakan ZigBee (CSMA-CA) sedia ada dengan

mengurangkan julat tempoh pengunduran Oleh itu tempoh pengunduran dikurangkan

berdasarkan peratusan pengurangan antara 5 hingga 50 Peratusan pengurangan dipilih

berdasarkan nilai Petanda Kesesakan Saluran (CCI) yang disukat daripada kadar kegagalan

vi

dari percubaan pengakses saluran (CCA) CCI digunakan untuk menunjukkan tahap kesesakan

dalam saluran semasa dan juga digunakan dalam membuat keputusan untuk menetapkan

peratusan pengurangan yang dikumpulkan dari julat 10 hingga 100 yang dipilih secara

rawak oleh protokol CSMA-CA Lebih-lebih lagi bilangan kehilangan paket juga dapat

dikurangkan apabila julat masa pengunduran dikurangkan Ia boleh meningkatkan ketepatan

modul radio untuk memilih tempoh pengunduran yang sepadan dengan masa memperoleh

saluran semasa penggunaan saluran terendah pada masa tersebut Oleh itu modul radio boleh

mula menghantar paket semasa saluran tidak digunakan oleh Wi-Fi dan mengurankan

kemungkinan perlanggaran paket antara ZigBee dan Wi-Fi Keberkesanan pengurangan

tempoh pengunduran telah diuji dengan hasil uji kaji dimana purata masa satu kitaran lengkap

untuk penghantaran satu paket adalah 5281 lebih efektif dan juga mengurangkan kadar

kehilangan paket sebanyak 5783 Dengan meminimumkan kesan gangguan Wi-Fi ia

meningkatkan prestasi penghantaran ZigBee yang sangat diperlukan untuk membangunkan

kebolehpercayaan untuk aplikasi yang memerlukan permintaan prestasi masa nyata

Kata kunci ZigBee IEEE 80211 Sistem Pemantauan Kesihatan Rangkaian Kawasan Badan

Tanpa Wayar Pengangkatan Akses Pengelakan Pelanggaran (CSMA-CA)

Pengurangan Tempoh Balik Gangguan Gabungan

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS xvi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 IEEE 802154 Standard 1

12 Background of ZigBee 2

13 ZigBee Applications 3

14 Problem Statement 4

15 Research Objectives 9

16 Scope of Research 9

17 Research Contributions 10

18 Methodology 11

19 Structure of Thesis 11

viii

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13

221 ZigBee Carrier Sense Multiple Access ndash Collision

Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16

222 Back-off Process in ZigBee CSMA-CA 18

2221 Protocol Stack of ZigBee and IEEE 802154 21

23 ZigBee Sensor Node Device General Architecture 22

24 ZigBee IEEE 802154 Based Hardware 23

25 ZigBee Wireless Technologies Challenges in Dynamic Environment 25

26 Existing MAC Protocol in ZigBee IEEE 802154 29

261 Schedule-Based Protocols 29

262 Contention-Based Protocols 30

263 Non-mobility-aware MAC Protocols for WSNs 31

27 ZigBee Challenges Solution 38

271 Frequency Domain 38

272 Packet Rectification 44

273 Back-off Scheme 49

274 Traffic Control Scheme 51

212 Summary 54

ix

CHAPTER 3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EXISTING

ZIGBEE BACK-OFF ALGORITHM

61

31 Introduction 61

32 ZigBee and Wi-Fi Coexistence Issue in Wireless Body Area Network 61

33 Existing Back-off Algorithm in Collision Avoidance Mechanism

(CSMA-CA)

62

331 Back-off Process in MICAZ CSMA-CA 65

332 Back-off Period Range and Assignment Process 67

34 Experiment Set-Up for ZigBee and Wi-Fi Coexistence Analysis 69

341 Hardware Setup 70

342 Software and Tools 72

343 Experiment Scenarios 74

344 Experiment Runtime 79

345 Analysis Metrics 81

35 Non-Coexistence Interference Experiments Results 82

36 Coexistence Interference Experimental Results 86

37 Comparison between Non-Coexistence and Coexistence Experimental

Results

101

38 Summary 104

x

CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION OF ENHANCED B-MAC PROTOCOL 105

41 Introduction 105

42 Enhanced B-MAC (EB-MAC) Overview 106

421 EB-MAC Process Flow 107

422 EB-MAC Reduction Algorithm Operation 110


44 EB-MAC Experimental Results 117

45 Comparison between Existing Algorithm and Coexistence

Experimental Results

130

46 EB-MAC Overall Improvement Result 132

47 Summary 135

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 136

51 Overview 136

52 Contributions 136

53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 21 ZigBee Protocol Features and Its Benefits 16

Table 22 Power Consumption of MICAZ Based on RF Power 24

Table 23 Studies Conducted Based on Frequency Adaptation Approaches 55

Table 24 Studies Conducted Based on Packet Rectification Approaches 56

Table 25 Studies Conducted Based on Back-off Approaches 57


Table 31 Back-off Period Based on BE value 68

Table 32 Parameter Set-Up of Sensor Node 72

Table 33 Parameter Set-Up of Wi-Fi Router 72

Table 34 Iperf 20 Parameters 73

Table 35 Scenario Value for Each Distance 75

Table 36 Average Round Trip Time Measurement for Scenario 1 Experiments 88

Table 37 Packet Loss Measurement for Scenario 1 Experiments 89

Table 38 Average Round Trip Time for Scenario 2 Experiments 93




Table 312 Comparison Non-Coexistence with Coexistence Experiment Results 103

Table 41 Average Round Trip Time for Each Trial Measurement in Scenario 1

Experiments

119

xii

Page

Table 42 Packet Loss Measurement for Each Trial in Scenario 1 Experiments 120


Experiments

123



Experiments

127


Table 47 Average Packet Loss and Average Round Trip Time between B-

MAC and EB-MAC

133

Table 48 EB-MAC Improvement Overview Including Overall Average by

Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 11 Coexistence Interference Cause from Overlapped Channel Between

ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5

Figure 21 ZigBee Channel Distribution 15

Figure 22 ZigBee and Mesh Protocol Topology 15

Figure 23 Theoretical CSMA-CA Algorithm 20

Figure 24 ZigBee and IEEE 802154 Protocol Stack 22

Figure 25 Sensor Node Architecture 23

Figure 26 Photo of MPR2400 MICAZ Mote 24

Figure 27 Channel Overlapping between ZigBee and Wi-Fi 26

Figure 28 Packet Collision Time Frame between ZigBee and Wi-Fi 27

Figure 29 Improper ZigBee CSMA-CA Back-off Leads to ZigBee Packet

Transmission Delay

28

Figure 210 Frequency Adaptation Schemes 41

Figure 211 ZigBee and IEEE 80211 Packet Turnaround Collision Event 46

Figure 212 Adaptive Preamble Padding and Retransmission Control Algorithm 48

Figure 31 B-MAC Channel Assessment Based on RSSI Sampling 64

Figure 32 B-MAC Unslotted CSMA-CA Algorithm Implemented in MICAZ 66

Figure 33 Back Off Period Range Based on BE Values 69

Figure 34 Point to Point Topology Setup between Sensor Node and Base

Station

71

Figure 35 Scenario 1 with Sensor Node Distance 335 Meters 76

xiv

Page



Figure 38 Non-Coexistence Experiment Result for Scenario 1 83



Figure 311 Non-Coexistence Average Round Trip Time Result 85

Figure 312 Non-Coexistence Average Number of Packet Loss Result 86

Figure 313 Existing Algorithm - Average Round Trip Time for Scenario 1

Experiments

90

Figure 314 Existing Algorithm ndash Number of Packet Loss for Scenario 1

Experiments

90

Figure 315 Existing Algorithm ndash Average Round Trip Time for Scenario 2

Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100

Figure 319 Experimental Result Comparison for Average Round Trip Time 102

Figure 320 Experimental Result Comparison for Packet Loss 102

Figure 41 Communication between Radio Driver and MAC Back Off Module 107

Figure 42 Enhanced B-MAC (EB-MAC) Algorithm General Flowchart 109

Figure 43 Reduction Value Calculation Based on Equation 42 114

Figure 44 EB-MAC Algorithm (Part 1) 115

xv

Page


Figure 46 Proposed Algorithm - Average Round Trip Time Results for

Scenario 1 Experiments

121

Figure 47 Proposed Algorithm ndash Packet Loss Measurement Results for


121



125



125



129



129

Figure 412 Proposed Algorithm ndash Comparison of Average Round Trip Time

Results

131

Figure 413 Proposed Algorithm ndash Comparison Packet Loss Average Results 132

xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BE Back-off Exponent

CCA Clear Channel Assessment

CCI Channel Congestion Indicator

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CSMA-CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access - Collision Avoidance

CTI Cross Technology Interference

CTS Clear to Send

CW Contention Window

DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

EB-MAC Enhanced B-MAC Protocol

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FFD Full Function Device

GTS Guarantee Time Slot

GUI Graphic User Interface

HMS Health Monitoring System

LPL Low Power Listening

xvii

LR-WPAN Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Net

LQI Link Quality Indicator

MAC Media Access Control Layer

OSI Open System Interconnection

PAN Personal Area Network

PDR Packet Delivery Ratio

PER Packet Error Rate

PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer

PSDU Physical Layer Service Data Unit

QoS Quality of Service

RF Radio Frequency

RFD Reduced Function Device

RX Receive

RSSI Receive Signal Strength Indicator

RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time

SHR Synchronization Header

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

xviii

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TX Transmit

UDP User Datagram Protocol

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 IEEE 802154 Standard

IEEE 802154 is a wireless communication standard designed for Low Rate Wireless

Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) from 20 kbps to 250 kbps depends on operating frequency

used by the radio module (Zheng amp Lee 2006 Rahaman et al 2016) The standard developed

by IEEE 80215 working group targeted more on low rate bandwidth applications that require

small size devices and long operation time (Ergen 2004) IEEE 802154 devices mostly

implemented in industrial sectors residential agriculture and medical The low data rate

enables the IEEE 802154 to consume very little power which prolong battery lifetime of the

devices

The IEEE 802154 standard operate by using used unlicensed band There are 3 groups

of unlicensed bands available ie 868-8688 MHz 902-928 MHz and 2400-24835 GHz

There is strict regulation for some countries which allow specific band to be used For example

the 868 MHz band use by European countries while the 902-928 MHz band can only be used

for American countries (Ergen 2004) The 24 GHz band is the most used band as it categorized

as open standard unlicensed band used by most of the countries in the world In 24 GHz band

the IEEE 802154 standard specifies that device implement with IEEE 802154 standard would

operate in 5 MHz channels ranging from 2405 to 2480 GHz with 2 MHz gaping between

channels Each operating frequency has different data rate which is 20 kbps at 868-8688 MHz

2

and 40 kbps for 902-928 MHz In the 24 GHz band a maximum theoretical data rate for IEEE

802154 standard is up to 250 kbps

12 Background of ZigBee

ZigBee is a protocol that defines upper layer of LR-WPAN where IEEE 802154

standard defined as lower layer (Zheng amp Lee 2006) The IEEE 802154 standard states the

specifications of both PHY and MAC sub-layer to meet the requirements of wireless sensor

networks that focusing on low data rate and reliable medium-range wireless communications

ZigBee also provides upper layer protocols that reside at top of PHY and MAC layer such as

network security and application layers (Negra et al 2016)

One important feature that ZigBee protocol provides is mesh networking which become

crucial to 802154 radio ZigBee have multiple routing protocol that implemented in its

network layer which able to provide end to end communication between all devices in the

network The mesh networking allows nodes to communicate within its neighbour nodes to

route message from one or multiple devices to the base station Mesh networking also generally

characterized as self-healing network It enhanced the ZigBee network reliability For an

example when one of the communications path within the network become unusable the node

will find another path within the neighbour nodes as long within its communication range

(Ramya et al 2013)

ZigBee goals are to create flexible communication inexpensive solution and self-

healing networks for reliable communications Applications such as industrial control

healthcare monitoring agriculture monitoring and inventory tracking would benefit from

ZigBee decentralized topology

UN JVERSlTI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Please t ic k ( ~)

r inHl Y(gt(I r P loj lCI RrpolI 0 r- lastEts [SZJ Phi l 0

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WO RI(

jTills declaratlon 15 IHndt on th i day of ttIJflh

S tud e n ts D e claration

1)luL CA --0 1 - fI~ t~ ~( ( fPLll ill (Cgt(ltf ~f li -~c 1Mgt lH4qII7IgtJ ~Ultgt-dI middotmiddot

(PLEAS E I OICA TE STUDE NTS NArvlE ~LTRI C NO AND FAr ILJY) he rmiddotby demiddotI p th t t he k I l (rIHllrd-- 1 ~ c-I ftT~ o)i brOJJfII l (iY lftct 3V~i- 1 ~ I wor ( IH I e( l cSmiddotir-fp- middotI~I - i~~-IllfnriCiNtIluJti 1r middot middot-middot - P J8 my ongln a

work L have not COp led from lny oth~r Mudcnts wo rk or from a ny ol he r ~ourcmiddot lX Cltp t Wh Ele rlue

r ference or acknowledge ment IS ma de expliclliy to l he lexL n Ol ha s any part hee n w nt ll1l fo J me by another plrson

bullSup ervisors Declaration

tfLlku L (illll GEN-1gtlttJ 0 ( middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middot71ieKP~middottNt( i ~1l ~~t~O~~f~ ~~~ Itl~f~~~ t1wlJL work enlltlecl -bBwo( (Vi ~ gt l~ middot rJG~middot - -t-ti---r-middotmiddotlgt - middot~middot~-c -i-JfVf~7YVtI9fltfiIJf-- - -7 TITLE) wa~ prepaled by the above nH rh~d stu de n t and 3~ ~ u lmlJiJed 10 thf~ FACl -LTY as a palt ia llfu ll fulfill men t for the confer men t of ~aSHmiddot middotmiddottf9t~r~

(pLFASE I NOICAT THE DEG Rf P ) a nd the a forementioned work to the bes t of my knowledge is the 1r1 51 ud ents work

Rece Ived [or examina tIOn by

(Na me of the S llI Jl lVI~or)



research was donc )

Eli OP EN AC CESS















restriction


Azizul Lau



2018



A thesis submitted


(Computer Science)

i

DECLARATION







Name Azizul Lau

Signature

Date

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT













iii

ABSTRACT























iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)







research was donc )

Eli OP EN AC CESS















restriction


Azizul Lau



2018



A thesis submitted


(Computer Science)

i

DECLARATION







Name Azizul Lau

Signature

Date

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT













iii

ABSTRACT























iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





Azizul Lau



2018



A thesis submitted


(Computer Science)

i

DECLARATION







Name Azizul Lau

Signature

Date

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT













iii

ABSTRACT























iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

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xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





i

DECLARATION







Name Azizul Lau

Signature

Date

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT













iii

ABSTRACT























iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



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RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT













iii

ABSTRACT























iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





iii

ABSTRACT























iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





iv










for real-time



v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





v



ABSTRAK





















vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





vi


















vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

DECLARATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

ABSTRACT iii

ABSTRAK v


LIST OF TABLES xi











18 Methodology 11


viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





viii


21 Introduction 13

22 ZigBee 13


Avoidance (CSMA-CA)

16















212 Summary 54

ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





ix



61

31 Introduction 61



(CSMA-CA)

62












Results

101

38 Summary 104

x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





x


41 Introduction 105








130


47 Summary 135


51 Overview 136


53 Limitations 137

54 Future Work 138

REFERENCES 139

APPENDICES 146

xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xi

LIST OF TABLES

Page




















Experiments

119

xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xii

Page



Experiments

123



Experiments

127



MAC and EB-MAC

133


Percentage

134

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page


ZigBee and Wi-Fi

5










Transmission Delay

28








Station

71


xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xiv

Page









Experiments

90


Experiments

90


Experiments

95


Experiments

95


Experiments

100


Experiments

100







xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

PHY Physical Layer



RF Radio Frequency


RX Receive


RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xv

Page




121



121



125



125



129



129


Results

131


xvi









CTS Clear to Send










xvii








PHR Physical Header

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RF Radio Frequency


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RTS Ready to Send

RTT Round Trip Time



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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xvi









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xvii








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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xvii








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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





xviii



TX Transmit


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION









devices










2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





2


















(Ramya et al 2013)





Documents

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology