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2 7 iuhl 2001
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FACTORS REI"ATED TO PATIERNS OF LIFE AFTER HAVING JOII\IEDTHE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME: A STUDY OF TEACEERS
IN TITE CENTRAL REGION OX'TEE OFFICE OF TEE NATIONALPRIMARY EDUCATION COM1WSSION
PRAYOD CHAMKHAM?
A THESIS STIBI\IITTED IN PARTIAL FT,LFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (POPULATION EDUCATTON)FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
MAHIDOL UMYERSITY2001
rsBN 974-66*262-lCOPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNTVERSITY
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Copyright by Mahidol University
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ThesisEntitled
X'ACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OF LIFE Af,'TER HAVING JOINEDTHE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME: A STTJDY OF TEACIIERS
IN TIIE CENTRAL REGION OF THE OT'T'ICE OF TIIE NATIONALPRIMARY EDUCATION COMMISSION
S,- vM,,' lJ^ro*.-Mr. Sommai Wansorn, C.A.S.Major Advisor
*
(!oh ffiy*^*,/,*,Assoc.Prof. Pricha Hongskrailer, Ph.D.Co-advisor
/,Prof. Liangchai Limlomwonges, Ph.D. Assoc.Prof. Supavan Phlainoi, Ed.D.Dean ChairmanFaculty of Graduate Studies Master of Arts Programme in
Population EducationFaculty of Social Sciences and Humnaities
j, Copyright by Mahidol University
t
a
ThesisEntitled
T.ACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OX'LIFE AFTER HAVING JOINEDTIIE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME: A STUDY OT.TEACI{ERS
IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF TIIE OFFICE OF THE NATIONALPRIMARY EDUCATION COMNISSION
was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the
degree of Master of Arts (Population Education)
on
March 13,2001
P^y,d (hryhhlyMr. Prayod ChamkhamCandidate
-%^r*?t' LJ^*^-
o
-ztt_4/Prof. Mr. Satit Niyomyatrt, Ph.D.Member
Mr. Sommai Wansorn, C.A.S.Chairman
Assoc. Prof. Sasipat Yodpet, M.S.W.Member
4/ s/- g-Prof. Liangchai Limlomwonges, Ph.D.DeanFaculty of Graduate StudiesMahidol University
Assoc.Prof. Sivalee Sirilai, M.A.Acting DeanFaculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesMahidol University
I Copyright by Mahidol University
P
a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation tomy Major-advisor Mr. Sommai Wansorn for the greatest of guidance, invaluableadvice, and supervision throughout.
I am equally grateful to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pricha Hongskrailers my co-advisor, for his valuable comments, refinement of my work, guidance, andsuggestion. I am also thankful to Dr. Satit Niyomyaht and Assoc. Prof. SasipatYodpet for valuable comments and guidance.
I would like to thanks to Sacred Light Baptist for the financial support. Andspecial tlranks to Rev. Poonsook Setsoponkul and her church committee for theirlove, kindness, and encouragement.
I would like to thank to Mr. Kumchad Jantavongso and Kung SiripornLeartprasittana and all of the officers of the Office of the National PrimaryEducation Commission. for their friendly and helpful services.
I am particularly indebted to Mr. Sommai Kochanam and all the classmatesof mine whose wonderful ability and experience assisted me with their suggestionsand direction in this research study.
I also deeply indebted to my beloved wife, Athitthan Chamkham who gaveme encouragement and inspiration. Finally, to my father and mother without whomit would have been impossible to pursue and compete this academic study.
Mr. Prayod Chamkham
o
t Copyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis/ iv
4137351 SHPEA{ : MAJOR: POPULATION EDUCATION; M.A.(POPITLATION EDUCATION)
KEY WORDS : PATTERN OF LIFE / EARLY RETIREMENTPRAYOD CHAMKHAM: FACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OF
LIFE AFTER HAVING JOINED TIIE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAMME:A STUDDY OF TEACHERS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF TIIE OFFICE OFTHE NATIONAL PRIMARY EDUCATION COMMISSION. TIIESIS ADVISORS:SOMMAI WANSORN, C.A.S., PRICHA HONGSKRAILERS., Ph.D. 145 P.ISBN 974-66s-262-l
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to thepattern of life of the teachers in the central region of the office of the NationalPrimary Education Commission who were early retirement n 1999. The sampleswere from 512 teachers, by using the simple random sampling method. The data wascollected from questionnaires. The data was amlyzed by using frequency,percentage, mean, standard deviation, range and chi-square test.
This study has five patterns of life which were the dependent variables as
follows: planning, resting, religion volunteer and social working, own business, andworking. Also, there were 13 independent variables as follows: sex, marital status,educational level, position level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job,economic level, debts, family influence, social influence, andjob attitude.
The study results revealed that there were teachers: in the cental regionof the office of the national primary education commission in planning of l2.lpercent, resting of 58.2 percent, in religion volunteer and social working of 9.2percent, in own business of 18.6 percents, and working of 2.0
The study result of factors related to the patterns of life revealed that thereare five independent variables as follows: sex, health, minor job, debt, socialinfluence, and job attitude. The significance level was fixed at 0.05.
The study result suggesti.ons are that organizations which have
responsibilrty for this project should concem themselves about the factors which are
related to the patterns of life by changing qualiffing criteriq benefits and alsopreparation before and after early retirement officers, in order that the earlyretirements of officers could spend their lives with happiness and use theirexperience to be the highest benefit to themselves and the country.
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Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis/ v
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t Copyright by Mahidol University
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LTST OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT @nglish)
ABSTRACT (Thai)
LTST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGTIRES
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and significance of study
1.2 Objectives of study
1.3 Research question
1.4 Hypothesis
1.5 Limitation of the study
1.6 The definition of the terms
1.7 The usefulness of the study
1.8 Conceptual framework
II LMERATT'RE REVIEW
2.1 Administrative structure of thai public administration system
2.2 The administration structure of the offrce ofthe national primary
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Copyright by Mahidol University
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CHAPTER
.2.3
2.4
2.5
LIST OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Concepts on manpower cut in the government sector
Official retirement law and concepts
Concepts and theory related to post-retirement life pattems
and other factors
Related research
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75a 2.6
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Population
3.2 Sample size
3.3 Researches instrument
3.4 Instrument construction and development
3.5 Data collection
3.6 Data analysis
IV RESTJLTS
4.1 First Section: Characteristics of the samples
4.2 Second Section: Hypothesis testing
V DISCUSSION
5.1 Teacher's qualifications
5.2 Factors affecting pattern of life
5.3 Pattern of life
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LIST OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
CHAPTER
VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 The conclusion of this study
6.2 Analyticd results of relationship
6.3 Policy suggestions
6.4 Suggestions on family society
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
BIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I Statistics of Thai population of students and teachers ofthe office ofthe
national Primary education commission 5
2 The proportion between a teacher and studems in primary schools in Asia 6
3 Retirement age comparison and population working rate l0
4 Number and percentage distribution by sex age marital status and
education level
5 Number and percentage distribution by duty position occupation
l0
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progress and health
6 Number and percentage distribution by minor job,
7 Percentage distribution by family influence
8 Percentage distribution by social influence
9 Percentage distribution by job attitude
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economic level, debt 92
94
96
Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude
Number and percentage distribution by pattern of life
The relationship between sex and the pattern of lives
The relationship between age and the pattern of life
The relationship between marital status and the pattern of life
The relationship between education level and the pattern of life
The relationship between position level and the pattern of life
The relationship between duty and the pattern of life
The relationship between occupation progress and the pattern of life
The relationship between health and the pattern of life
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109
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LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)
Table
20 The relationship between minor job and the pattern of tife
2l The relationship between economic lever and the pattern of life
22 The relationship between debt and the pattem of life
23 The relationship between family influence and the pattern of life
24 The relationship between social influence and the pattern of life
25 The relationship benveen job attitude and the pattem of life
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*
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
I The Population pyrarnid opinions on percent of age and sex in 1960-2010
2 Structure of organization according to manpower scheme
3 Organizational relationship and trend of resignation
4 A type of resignation orjob change according to the concept of March
and Simon
5 A type ofresignation orjob change according to the concept ofprices
6 variables supporting resignation according to the concept of Thomas A.
Decottis and TiMothy P. Summers
7 Model of Job quit according to concept of Willem H. Mobley
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a Copyright by Mahidol University
{Fac.of Grad. Studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / I
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and significance of the study
1.1.1 The problem of public administration systems
In 1995, Thailand became the member of World Trade Organization.
$nO). As a result, free and fair trade occurs. In other wordo every country that is
in the membership of this organization must accept free trade. Therefore, every
country including Thailand has to improve their products and services, such zrs
using high technology, reducing investment costs by decreasing officers, etc..
These can help them be ready for business competition in the world. (Pricha
Hangskrailers, 2000: 1)
The public administration system of Thailand are an important system that
has taken part in the development of our country for a long time, therefore the
public administration system has to adjust itself to the state of free trade. However,
there were a few reforms on the public administration system in the past. The first
time was in the age of Somdaj Par Balomtilognaj. (1445-1529) and the second time
was in the age of King Rama V (ACl892) in which King Rama V established some
ministries and departments. @oong Kaewdaeng, 1995: 19)
From 1892 until now no any reform has been done on the public
administration system. There are only some new departments and authorities.
Moreover, the expansion of departments and authorities has enlarged the public
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{Prayod Chamkham Introduction r 2
administration system. That causes serious problems for the government. The first
problem is that the government has to spend a substantial budget of about 342,209
million bath for authorities' salary . The budget accounts for 42.8 percent of all
budgets totaling 800,000 million bath in 1998. The second problem is the large
size of the public administration system that is more complex than earlier.
1.1.2 Public reengineering idea
Laissez Faire said, "The best government is the least govern.,, So many
countries have adopted this idea and have started reforming their public
administration system. Furthermore, they rcalize that the public administration
system has retarded the development of their countries. However, the public
administration system has to work for some important government jobs, therefore
many countries have been working out for the best way to improve the public system
administation. (office of Govemment System Reform commission,lggg: 69)
Manpower resource planning is the process to concern about reasonable
allotnent, appropriate property and timetable. Therefore, Thailand has planned for
this in term of public reengineering, such as:
1. Group of work
2. Set up the conformance to accord for the burden
3. Spread of the power
4. Transform
5. Using bottom-up system
6. Downsizing
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a Copyright by Mahidol University
1Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) l3
1.1.3 Early retirement program
The pattern of downsizing is one of public reengineering, and this pattem is
organized and prepared by decision of the cabinet on June 29,lggg. The name of
this program is Change the way of Life : Early Retirement. This program has
started since October 1, 1999. According to the nation planning, public officers will
be decreasedby 20 percent in 2003.
Objectives of the early retirement program are to make the public
administration system smaller, compact and efficient. Therefore, principles of this
progftrm are:
To be voluntary of public officers
To reduce public officers by at least 80 percent of all project affiliated
offices.
To balance between early retirement officers and the budget aspects are:
Officers who have been over 50 years old or had 25 years experience in
public working since September 30, 1999.
They have to have at least one year remaining before 60 years old
since October 1,1999.
Benefits for early retirement offices are some special money each month
according to the following information.
A. Specialgilt: Thelastwage x 7 (paytwotimesayear)
B. Gratuity in cause isn't the member.
= The last wage x age of working
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o Copyright by Mahidol University
oPrayod Chamkham Introduction I 4
: The last wage x age of working
50
C. Retired officials in the form of monthly payments in cause are the
members.
: The average wage of last 60 months x age of working
All of these benefits must not exceed over 70 percent of the average wage
of last 60 months.
D. Special money each month for everyone who wants to get money
payment only.
: last wage x age of working
50
1.L.4 Rating of teacher of the pffice of the National primary
Education Commission
According to the Office of National Primary Education Commission,
there are more teachers applying for the early retirement program than other
govemment officers. There were 11,088 officers from the Offrce of National
Primary Education Commission who entered into the early retirement progams.
Overall, there were about 25,000 officers. Therefore, the researcher is interested in
studying a group of teachers of the Office of National Primary Education
Commission. The information of this department is as follows:
' The Office of National Primary Education Commission has started since
october 1, 1980. Therefore, primary schools are cumulated and managed by
this department. The National Primary Education Commission has had a lot of
officers to cover all the areas. According to studying of primary sources, it shows
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o Copyright by Mahidol University
tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 5
from 1980 until now officers of this department have been expanding. There are
three reasons. First, people like to work for the public including to be teachers in
public schools. Second, at that time it was the baby boom period, and so there were
more children in primary schools than normal time. Third, the government policy
wanted to develop up-country areas by building many schools. These reasons
made the quick expansion of offices of this departrnent.
Table 1 Statistics of Thai populations of students and teachers of the Office
of the National Primary Education Commission
Source : Office of National Statistics 1983,1992,1997The Office of the National Primary Education Commission, Policy and
Planning, 1989 - 1998
Office of Civil Service, 1997: llThe Office of the National Primary Education Commission, 1990: 16Administration Department, Registration Section, 1 989 - I 998
The table 1 shows that students of the Office of the National Primary
Education Commission in the pasd 20 years increased 3.3 percent. However,
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26.257.91634,397,374
55,888
59,095,419
3s6.856
Copyright by Mahidol University
tPrayod Chamkham Introduction I 6
teachers rose 16.9 percent. Thereforeo the increase of teachers is higher than
sfudents. According to the Unesco, the proportion between teachers and
students in Thailand is 1:17. If we compare this proportion with other counties in
the region, Thailand has more teachers but less students. Moreover, the sfudy of
Sirichai Chinathungur (1990: 67-73) says that the best proportion of teachers and
students should be in an average range of l:21-33.
According to table 2, it shows that Thailand has more teachers than other
counties. The proportion between teachers and students in Thailand is l:17. In Japan
and Malaysia, the proportion isl:20. China shows that of 1:22. Indonesia presents that
of :23. singapore shows the proportion of l:26. south Korea shows l:33. The
Philippines shows l:34. And, Vietnam shows 1:36.
Table 2 The proportion between a teacher and students in primary schools in
Asia
Countries The proportion of ateacher and students
Thailand
ChinaIndonesia
Vietnam
Source: UNESCO, World education report, 1995World population data sheet, 197 7
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Nowadays, technology plays a powerful role in many areas of management
including education. Department of Adult Education and Thai-Khom Foundation
have attempted to manage education satellite. It is possible that technology will
replace human in some areas; such as, paper works. This also makes less jobs for
people in all areas.
1.1.5 Population structure, human resource development and rate of
retirement ages
The objective of the early retirement program is not only to decrease
govemment charges but also to increase efficiency and take responsibility for
early retirement officer welfare. Therefore, population structure, human resource
development and retirement age rates in the past, present, and future should be
concemed.
The world population structure has undergone changes, people have
longer lives than before. That means our world will have a lot of elders who are
over 65 years old. Ellen (1991) and the report of the World .Health Association
in 1996 says that longer life of populations causes the important agenda of our
future world. The ratio of elders in development countries increases 200-400 percent.
The ratio of elders in Japan also increases 200 percent each year. (Yukiko &
Fumio, 1979:45)
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iPrayod Chamkham
Figure I
0{:J:t3313 (:e:io)
Introduction I 8
loEn(:o:r6!lo2JS3 (!OrO)
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The population pyramid opinions on percent of age and sex in 1960-2010
From: Chulalongkorn University, Population data sheet, 1998
Mahidol University, Population data sheet 2000
=l77.
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a Copyright by Mahidol University
oFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educatron) I 9
In the same way, Thailand has a sifuation similar to western counties.
According to the figure 1, in 1960 crud birth to 14 years old was of 39 percents,
populations from 15 years old to 59 years old were of 55 percents, elder population
who was 60 years old and over equals to 6 percents. In 2000, crud birth to 14
years old was 23.5 percents, populations from 15-59 years old were 67.5 percents,
elder population who was 60 years old and over was equivalent to 9.0 percents.
And, it is estimated in 2010 crud birth population to 14 years old will be of 23.5
percents, populations from 15-59 years old will be 59.5 percents, elder population
who is 60 years old and over will equal to 17.0 percent. The population pyramid
has revealed an increasing number of elders.
Precha Hongskrailers (1998: 9-10) and Sompoch Kasaemsin (1999:31) said
that human resources were very important for institutes, so all institutes should
take care of them. Human resource management should have vision, idea and
planning process. The
process of human resource development planning contains five steps as follows:
1. Put the right man on the rightjob
2. Potential development of human resources
3. Encourage and promote officers at appropriate time
4. Take care of these officers to be the institutes avail
5. Change old officers' attitudes
Somboon Salyacheewin (1989: 51) said that retirement rates in many counties
are different; for example, Japan has the retirement rate of 60 years old. Some
European countries show the retirement rate of 65 or 70 years old. In the USA, the
retirement rate is 65 years old . The retirement rate in some countries is 55 years old.
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t Prayod Chamkham Intoduction I 10
Table 3 Retirement age comparison and working population rate
Retirement
Age (l)*Life 121* Working Population Rate (3)*
Expectancy r5-54 l5- 59 is-aq r5-69Malaysia
Singapor,
Thailand
Vietram
Korea (S)
Japan
USA
Sweden
Denmark
55
55
60
60
60
65
65
65
68
72
76
69
67
73
77
73
79
5
I tz,s'go,ooo
| ,,ruo,ooo
| ,r,rrr,ooo
45,637,000
29,902,000)
69,931,000 i
59,306,000 I
5,2gg,000 |
2,924,OOOI
13,21I,00c
2,403,00(
40,570,00(
47,394,00a
31,823,000
78,661,000
72,914,000
5,739,000
3,273,000
13,759,000
2,521,000
42,332,000
49,094,000
33,623,000
86,336,000
t 83,754,000 ]
6,127,OOOI
3.s38.0001
14,129,000
2,614,000
3,704,000
49,094,000
34,951,000
93,403,000
93,230,000
6,499,000
3,760,000
Source: (l)* United Nations, population aging,1999(2)* World population datasheet, 1997(3)* United Nations world population prospects, 1999
According to the table 3, it shows that every country has diflerent retirement
rates. People in some Asian counties retire in a range of 55-60 years old. In European
counties, people retire at 65 years old and over. In the USA, people retire at 65 years
old.
In Thailand people retire at the age of 60 years old so that in 2000 there will
be 40,570,000 people who are in the labor force. If the retirement rate stays at 65
years, then there will be 42,332,000 people in the labor force. On the other hand, ifthe retirement rate is 55 years old, Thailand will have 38,020,000 people in the labor
force. The total of labor force is 4,312,000 people. Therefore, we have to think what
we are going to plan for the manpower resources.
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Moreover, people who are between 50 to 60 years old and work for the
government have quality, potentialrty and experience, so that they should not retire
at the age of 60 years old but should retire at the age of more than 65 years old.
Particularly, teachers are professionally working, so the more they teach the
more they have experience. Then, there are a lot of teachers applying for the early
retirement program, it may cause quality loss in education. And, if teachers who
apply for the early retirement program have nothing to do, that means our society
will lose a type of valuable human resources by getting nothing too.
Therefore, in this study the researcher is interested in studying about the
patterns of life after having joined the early retirement program. The case study is
teachers of the Office of National Primary Education Commission in the central
region.
1.2 Objective of the study
To study characteristics of teachers of the Office of National Primary
Education Commission in the cental region who have applied for the early retirement
progrm.
l. To study the pattems of life of teachers of the Office of National Primary
Education Commission in the central region after having joined the early retirement
pro$am.
2. To study the relationship between independent variables and the
patterns of life of teachers of the Office of National Primary Education Commission
in the central region after having joined the early retirement program.
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1.3 Research questions
1.3.1 What are the characteristics of teachers of the Office of National
Primaty Education Commission in the central region after having joined the early
retirement program ?
1.3.2 What are their pattems of life after having joined the early retirement
program?
1.3.3 How should the relationship between independent variables and
dependent variables should be?
1.4 Hypothesis
Different independent variables including sex, marital statuso educational
level, position level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic
level, debts, family influence, social influence and job attitude also reflect
differeirt patterns of life.
1.5 Limitation of the study
This research will study about the patterns of life after having joined the
early retirement program of teachers of the Office of National Primary Education
Commission in the central region who have joined the early retirement program
since October 1,1999.
1.6 The definition of the study
' Criterion of early retirement is referred to age and time period that ones who
work for govemment and want to join the early retirement program. Therefore, they
must be over 50 years old or they must work for the government more than 25 years.
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Counting on the last day, September 30,1999, they also must have at least one year
leave.
Early retirement people are teachers in the central region of the Office of
National Primary Education Commission. Provinces chosen include Nakhon Patom,
Chainat, Angthong, Suphanburi, Ayudthaya, Petchaburi, Lopburi, Ratchaburi,
Uthaithari, Nonthaburi, Parthomtany, Samutpragan, Samutsakhol, Kanchanaburi,
Singburi, and Prachuap khinrikhan.
The patterns of life are life activities which are usually done by
teachers who have joined the early retirement program. There are five pattems of life
as follows:
1. Planing means the life pattern in which those engaged are planning for
their jobs or are studying about their jobs after early retirement. But
they have not decided yet.
2. Resting means the life pattern in which those engaged do not want to
work. They want to spend their free time with traveling and hobbies.
3. Religion volunteers and social works mean the life pattem in which
those engaged join activities on a basis of no money and benefits, such
as culture religion and other volunteer activities.
4. Own business means the life pattern in which those engaged work for
their own business, such as agriculture, handicraft, and business.
5. Working means the life pattern in which those engaged work for a
company and get sdary.
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The characteristics mean personality and quality of teachers who join the
early retirement program; such as, sex, marital stafus, educational level, position
level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic level, and debt burdens.
Marital status means the status of couples, such as married, widow and
single.
Educational level means the level of education teachers attain before joining
the early retirement program, such as below a bachelor's degrees, a bachelor's
degrees and diplomas.
Position level means the level of work positions teachers obtain before
joining the early retirement program, such as teacher I with level 3-6, teacher 2 with
level6-7 and teacher 3 with level 6-9.
Duty means the duty teachers take up before joining the early retirement
program. There axe two sections, teaching and administration.
Occupation progress means the level of occupation progress teachers attain
duing l0 years before joining the early retirement program. There are three groups of
occupation progress. First, the high occupation progress was the one that
teachers receive two ratings twice in the past l0 years. Second, it is the one that
teachers receive two ratings one time in the past l0 years. Thir4 it is the one that
teachers never have two ratings in the past l0 years
Health means the health of teachers who join the early retirement
progftrm. There are five groups i.e. very good, good, ill, percent and permanently ill.
Minor job means jobs teachers who joined the early retirement program have
while they are working for the government.
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Economic level means economic levels teachers who joined the early
retirement program are on by evaluating from properties and savings. This study
divides economic levels into three groups, such as good economic level, fair
economic level and poor economic level.
Debt burden means debts teachers who join the early retirement program
hold on by evaluating from spending and income. This study divides debt burdens
into two groups i.e. having debts and having no debts.
Family influence manes that teachers who joined the early retirement
program are influenced by their families for decision on the patterns of life. This
study divides family influence into five levels.
Social influence means that teachers who joined the early retirement progftlm
are influenced by the society for decision on the patterns of life. This study divides
social influence into five levels.
Job attitude means the level of attitudes teachers who joined the early
retirement program have to their occupations, such as adminishative justice, worker
relationship and wage. This study divides the level of attitudes into five levels.
1.7 The usefulness of the study
To be useful for human resource development planning, to give highest
benefits to person, quantum and society.
To be useful for welfare planning for officers who joined the early retirement
program.
To use the research information to determine qualification criteria in the next
early retirement program.
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To use the research information to determine activities in order that officers
who join the early retirement program could spend their lives in happiness and use
their experience to provide highest benefits to themselves, society and country.
1.8 Conceptual framework
Independent variables Dependent variables
oPersonal factorsSexMarital statusEducation levelPosition levelDutyOccupation progressHealthEconomic factorsMinorjobEconomic levelDebts
Social and Psycholory factorsFamily influenceSocial influenceJob attitude
Patterns of life afterearll' retirement1. Planning2. Restingl3. Religion volunteer and
social working4. Orvn business5. Working
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CIIAPTER II
LITERATT]RE REVIEW
This research is the study of factors associated with the patterns of life after
the early retirement program of public teachers - so called government officials -both with teaching in charge and with administration in charge at academic institutes
of Office of the National Primary Education Commission in the central region. The
researcher divides concepts, theories and related researches into parts, which are
adopted as guidelines, as follows:
l. History of Thai Public Administration System
2. Administrative Structure of Office of the National Primary Education
Commission
3. Concepts on manpower cut in the public sector
4. Laws and concepts regarding retirement in the public sector
5. Concepts and theories related to the patterns of life and several factors
6. Related researches
2.1 Administrative strucfure of thai public administration system
2.1.1 History of Thai public administration system
According to the study on the history of Thai public administration
system, beginning from the Phau Khun Ram Khamhaeng period of Sukhothai, the
public administration system was that a father takes care of a child and accepted that
the king is the center. Any in troubles could ring a bell for the king to listen. Later, the
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the king is the center.Any in troubles could ring a bell for the king to listen. Later, the
Rama King I (Phra chao Auu Thong) period of Ayudhya placed a new public
administration system and the king still possessed the absolute power. However, there
were four ministers who took responsibility fqr four types of governance so called
"Jafusadom" consisting of
' wieng Khun wieng is the commander and responsible for
maintenance of peace and suppression of bad men.
Wang Khun Wang is the commander and responsible for activities in
the Royal Palace, maintenance of Royal Household and arrangement of royal
formalities.
Kang Khun Kang is the commander and responsible for royal
incomes kept in the Kang (so called Royal Bank) and those paid for govemment
afiflairs.
' Na Khun Na is the commander and has duty and responsibility for
maintenance of royal paddy fields and collection of paddy field rentals from people.
Likit Theeraveakin (1994:30-31) noted that in the period of Somdet
Pra Baromma Trai Lokanard, a new public administration system was established
with the two positions of Great Minister i.e. Samud Ha Pra Kalahome and Samud Ha
Na Yok who were the supervisors of the four ministers i.e. Khun Wieng, Khun W*g,
Khun'Kang and Khun Na. The two Great Ministers had the same governance
structure. Samud Ha Pra Kalahome controlled the entire southern part of Ayudhya
Kingdom and Samud Ha Na Yok looked after the entire northern part.
Thiruraphan Nakata (1990: ll-12) and Kramol Thongthammachat and
others (1989: 24-25) said that in the period of the King Rama V of Radanakosin the
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public administation system underwent a process of restructuring. The two Great
Ministers and the four ministers were withdrawn. There were 12 new goverrment
sections established. Initially, the 12 new government sections were Departrrent and
then changed to Ministry.
l. Ministry of Interior is responsible for contolling northem province
and Laos, the colony.
2. Ministry of Defense is responsible for controlling southern
provinces, eastern provinces and Malayu, the colony.
3. Ministry of Foreign Af[airs is responsible for foreign atrairs.
4. Ministy of Wang (or royal palace) is responsible for government
affairs in the Royal Palace.
5. Ministry of Nakornban (or metropolitan) is responsible for police
affairs and correction af[airs
6. Ministry of Pra Kang Matra Sombat (or royal bank with great
properties) is responsible for tax and tariff collection and money,
either received or paid.
7. Ministry of Justice is responsible for supervising nationwide courts
of civil, criminal and appeal.
8. Ministry of Yudhanathikan (or military/armed atrairs) is
responsible for army and navy af[airs.
9. Ministry of Kasetfrathikan (or agriculfire) is responsible for
farming, foresting, mining and trading.
10. Ministy of Dhammakan (or religious/education/public health) is
responsible for religious affairs, education and public health.
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ll.Ministy of Public Works is responsible for construction, road
building, canal digging, general crafts.
12. Ministry of Murathathikan is responsible for protecting the national
coat-of-arms and the royal enactment and all government
documents.
2.1.2 Present laws regarding state administration regulations
The present law regarding state administration regulations is State
Administration Regulation Act B.E. 2535 that contains main contents on the public
administration structure as follows :
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2.1 .2.1 central public administration (government) consists of
1. office of the Prime Minister (with the status of Ministry)
2. Ministry or government bureau that has the status
equivalent to Ministry
3. Govemment bureau that belongs to office of the prime
Minister or Ministry
4. Department or govemment offices called in other names
and having the status of Department that belong to or do not
belong to Office of the prime Minister, Ministry or
Government Bureau
5. setting up or dissolving government offices indicated in to
1, to 4 has to be announced by acts.
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2.1.2.2 Regional public administration (govemment) consists of
l. Province Gathering several districts to set up a province
that has the status of juristic person. Setting up, dissolving
and changing provinces have to be announced by acts.
2. District In a province, tJrere has to be a administration unit
smaller than a province that is so called a district. A district
may be divided into sub-districts. However, it is not
compulsory. The division of sub-districts takes place when
there is a necessity in terms of governance.
Following terms indicated in Regional Administration Act
B.E. 2475, each district (sub-district) is divided into a
tumbon and each tumbon is divided into a village that is the
smallest governance part.
2.1.2.3 Local administration (government) consists of
l. Sub-District Administration Office
2. Provincial Administration Office
3. Municipal administration, there are three types i.e.
3. 1 Metropolitan administration
3.2 Municipal of cities
3.3 Municipal of tumbons
Sanitation district
Other local administration as imposed by acts e.g. Bangkok,
and Pattaya (Office of Civil Service, Welfare Section, L997:
47 - s0)
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I Prayod Chamkham Literature Review I 22
At present, Thai public administation system consists of several
operational levels accordingto administation information 1998 as follows; number of
operations, cental adminishation
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Ministry
Government bureau
Deparfuent
Independent govemment unit
Units higher than section
Units atthe level of section
Number of operations, regional administation
Province
Distict
Sub-district
Tumbon
Village
Number of operations, local adminisnation
Sub-Distict Adminishation Office
Provincial Administslion Office
Municipal administation
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9
485
12,376
75
795
8l
7,255
69,366
6,397
75
148
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Special tlpes of administation and state-owned enterprises
Special administration
State-owned enterpris es
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tFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) 123
A manpower ratio of Thai public administration system on a basis of
classification and govenrment personnel :
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Civil officers
Staff and state-owned enterprise employees
Permanent employees
Temporary employees
Kamnan (chief of a group of villages),
Chief of a village (including village offrcers)
Military officers about
Source: Office of Civil Service Commission,1997: lB
13A0,664 people
324)96 people
300,341 people
349,325 people
114,008 people
550,000 people
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2.1.3 Classification of government parts of ministry of education
Established on ln April 1892 in the period of King Rama v, Ministry
of Education was named Ministry of Thammakan with five affiliated deparhnents i.e.
Cenhal Thammakan Departmen! Education Department, Nursing Departnent,
Museum Departnent and Religious Affairs Deparhent. There was the first education
project in 1868 of whichpattern was taken from England.
Ministry of Education has been going through a series of development,
with more departments and sections expanded. In 1895, there was the Ministry,
Departrnent and Section Improvement Act, and Ministry of Education has following
intrinsic sections;
1. Office of the Secretary to the Minister
2. Office of the Permanent Secretaryo Copyright by Mahidol University
IPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 24
3. The Religious Aflairs Department
4. Department of Non-Formal Education
5. Department of Physical Education
6. Department of curriculum and Instruction Development
7. The Fine Arts Department
8. Department of General Education
9. Department of Vocational Education
10. Rajamangala Institute of Technology
11. Office of the National Primary Education Commission
12. Office of the Private Education Commission
13. Office of the Teacher Civil Service Commission
14. Office of the National Culture Commission
15. Office of Rajabhat lnstitutes Council
2.2 The administration structure of the Office of the National primary
Education Commission
The Office of the National Primary Education Commission was
C establishedoq I't October 1980, by gathering the management of primary education
from provincial administration organizations and Department of General Education.
The primary education management according to Primary Education Commission Act
8.8.2523 consists of two parts i.e. the part of commission and the part of office.
2.2.1The part of commission is divided into three levels i.e.
1.1 National Primary Education Office
, 1.2 Primary Education Office of Provinces and of Bangkok
O Metropolitan
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1.3 Primary Education office of Disticts and Sub-disfiicts
2.2.2 A number of work units rmder Office of the National Primary
Education Commisslen in 1998 is as following;
1.1 Section / operation equivalent to section sections in the central
part 6
1.2 Office of Provincial Primary Education provinces 76
' 1.3 Office of Primary Education of Districts/Sub-districts
dishicts 976
1.4 School group 4,223
1.5 School 31,129
1.6 Classroom 3ll,l57
1.7 Student 6,707,449
1.8 Number of government teacher 355,304
1.9 Civil service 12,942
(Office of the National Primary Education Commission Planning and Policy
Departrnent,7998:2)
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x'igure 2 Structure of organization according to manpower scheme (1g97-lg9g)
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Office of District and Sub-District primary Education
A number of teacher govemment offrcials under the Sor Por Chor is classified into
levels
ContentUnit
Deputy Directorand SecretaryUnit
Public RelationsUnit
Design andConstructionUnit
CoordinationUnit
Level I
Level2
Level3
Level 4
Level 5
Level 6
LevelT
Administration
F"mance
BudgetAdministration
PaymentEramination
RctircmentpoymentPension
Administration
Developmentand Policy
Analpis andPlan/PmJat
Estimotion
Informatlon
Communimtion
GenemlAdministration
Research andEslimaiion ofEducotionQuality
Promolion ondDevelopment ofEducation
Quality
EducationCommunication
GeneralAdminlstration
Development ofsystem saructure
Persoael work
Welfarc andsecurity
Personneldevelopmcnt
Proctice andLcgal Unit
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Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
59 people
48 people
15,483 people
25,634 people
25,361people
112,508 people
172,079 people
Office of Natlonal Prlmsry EducBtion Commission
Oflice ofComunication and
Development ofEducation Standard
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5Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educ anon) I 27
4,060 people
T2people
355,304 people
Level 8
Level 9
Total
Number
Number
a
A number of government teachers
education basis
under Sor Por Chor is classified on a asis of
18,799 people
35,395 people
296,339 people
4,741people
30 people
355,304 people
(Office of the National Primary klucation Commissiorq Planning and Policy Departnent,
1998:280 -285)
characteristics of qualified teachers as a model are as folowing;
l. Good qualification is having good qualifications and characteristics; for
instance, knowledge, capability, characters, health, qualification, habits,
vision, value and each teacher's morale.
2. Good behavior is being a good person and following teachers, code of
ethics
3. Good work is having good teaching plans, good teaching, good advice,
good arangement of leaming activities, good management, good
Belowjunior degree
Junior degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree
Doctoral degree
Total
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
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estimation and doing everything with good intention and being a good
friend for every student.
Good performance is that learners pass a process of leaming, clever,
know how to think, smart, good, well-disciplined, happy and
independent.
Good welfare is receiving an appropriate level of benefits and career
progress according to practices and performance.
Good dignrty is being praised and given honor by colleagues, community
and society, that he or she is a good person of community, society and
country.
2.3 Concepts on manpo\iler cut in the government sector
Thailand has adopted a concept on manpower cut in the government sector
since the fifth National Economic and Social Development scheme. Related parties
had been drawing up policies on manpower cut until the eighth National Economic
and Social Development scheme that focuses on change from examination and control
on the government system to supervision and promotion and reduction of activities of
the govemment sector. To increase more roles of the pubtic and the private sector. the
govenment system is downsized by limiting an expansion of govemment
organizations and controlling govemment manpower (capacity). (Office of
Government Reformation Commission, 1999: 78)
The government under Chuan Leek-pai declared the policy in the Parliament
on November 20, 1997, on a reduction of govemment roles i.e. decreasing roles in
sgveral activities and supporting the private sector to take up such roles in cooperation
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with the government or on a behalf of the govemment in a systematic and practical
way. The goal is to increase service efficiency for the public and, more important, to
reduce investment cost burdens in the government sector. (Office of Government
Reformation Commission, L999: 79)
Roong Kaewdaeng (1995:56 - 60) concluded a seminar by office of
the National Economic and Social Development Board and that by Board Structure
and Position Development Sub-Commission with substantial issues as followingi the
two seminars have reached the same preliminary conclusion i.e. Thai govemment
system is presently too large and clumsy and slow-moving with a large number of
govemment offrcials that is not necessary. Additional, the govemment system holds
many regulations and that causes a center of power.
Offrce of the Civil Service Commission has concluded u/ith nine
inefficiency on the government system i.e.
1. Over expansion of government sector
2. Over increase of government officials
3. Operational system and method that is not appropriate for the age
4. Center of power
5. Regulations not favorable to development
6. Loss of qualified government officials
7. Low payment not in line with a level of capability
8. Comrption, malpractice and not being devoted
9. Personnel administration system lacking efficiency
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Chaianan Samuthvanich suggested that the private sector should be allowed
to take up govemment roles on education and public health from the government
sector in every level or process. For policeman affairs and general administration, the
private sector should be granted a level of participation. For academic af[airs, it is not
regulated that they have to be dealt by government officials, but in fact none of the
private sector has expressed interest. (Office of Govemment Reformation commission,
1999:80)
Leela Sinanukroaha (1987: t29) gave an opinion that important factors in
work units and organizations include personnel and good personnel management. The
management has to support and preserve as much as possible personnel with
knowledge and capability in work units and as long as work units require. A new
management approach is based on scientific methods added with human relations-
based management. According to a test by Professor George Elton Mayo and the
party that have studied and made experiment on an importance of personnel as
management constituent at Hawthron, Chicago, from 1927 to 1932. The experiment
found that
A worker is not a type of economic properties that can be treated in
the same way as physical factors, but a person has a life, so morale
is important in work atmosphere.
Work loads of a worker do not depend on physical capability on
but also social capability.
Mental value or pension in some case can be taken as a stimulus
and provide happiness with work rather than depending on only
prizes or money.
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Division of works according to particular work aspects does not
guarantee that highest interest will always be provided in work.
A worker will not separately have a way to respond to a management
or any pensions but to grve response as a group member.
2.4. Oflicial retirement law and concepts
2.4.1 Offrcial retirement law
According to the Official Retirement Benefit and Pension Act B.E.
2494, Section 19, officials who are fully 60 years old shall be terminated from official
services at the end of fiscal year in which officials are fully 60 years old. (This
section has been amended according to the Offrcial Retirement Benefit and Pension
Act (Copy 15) B.E. The statement in the first paragraph shall not be enforceable to
civil servants in ownership of the King, royal adjutants, assistant royal adjutants and
political officials. The temrination of civil servants in ownership of the King and
royal adjutants is subject to the King's disposition.
Section 21: Third paragraph : when an extension of any official'
service terrrs is ordered, the ministerial official concemed shall inform the official in
charge of retirement contol of the extension of service terrrso and the official in
charge of retirement control shall consequently inform ministry of the same matter.
Section 22:T\e first one-year extension of service terms starts counting
from thb date officials are fully 60 years, and if there is the extension of service terms
in a following year, the extension shall be ordered in advance not less than one month
in prior to the expiry date of the last extension of service terms division of law and
regulations. (Civil Offrcial Office, 1997:5-6)
4.
5.
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In the event of juridical offrcials as announced in the Government
Gazette, Legislation version, Volume 116, Section 75 Kor dated September 20, B.E.
2sqz,juridical officials who are fully 60 years old in the fiscal year prior to the fiscal
year in which they assume the position can assume the position of senior judge until
the full age of 65 years. In case that juridical officials have been estimated and
considered possessing a level of capacity to continue working, officials are allowed to
assume the official position until the end of fiscal year in which juridical of6cials are
futly 70 years.
Senior judges shall receive the same rate of salary. Assuming the
position of senior judge, except those who receive salary at the highest base, that
official is allowed to receive the salary higher than I level. In the next fiscal year, it is
allowed the salary base to be adjusted for each position in every year: I level per a
year without any promotion of salary for the position.
. In respect of the Ministy of Defence, the Ministry of Defence agreed
on regulations of early official retirement for the military officer subject to Kor Khor
Tor Meeting's resolution No. 7142 dated July 13, 8.E.2542. The Meeting gave the
military officer 2ways of retirement as follows:
First: The suggestive motivation is getting only the appointnent of a
special rank or promoting to higher rank as a special case without any adjustment of
higher salary subject to the new rank, except Por. Or officer rank, which salary is
allowed to be adjusted equivalent to Nor. 5 officer rank (Special Por. Or), the officer
rank equivalent to the current Nor. 4 rank (in case of having the same salary base) or
the officer rank which shall be claimed for higher level (in case of having the different
sdary base). The person, who will be appointed to higher rank or promoted in higher
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rank shall be appointed in such position not less than 3 years until on December I of
the fiscal year whenever official intends to resign. It is an exempt for the General
ranlg who shall be appointed in the previous position not less than I year, por Or rank
(Special) not less than 2 yqrs, and warrant officer in the rank of Sergeant 1tt Class
(Jor. Soe. Tor) - Master Sergeant (Jor. Sor. Thor) not less than I year until on
December I of the fiscal year whenever the official intends to resign.
Second: The suggestive motivation is getting a lump sum of severance
pay equivalent to 7 times of salary of the last month payable on 2 installments; once a
year. An additional monthly salary shall be given only to the person requested for
retirement benefit or monthly pension equaled to the last month salary plus the
official service period left minus 50. The additional monthly satary shall not be
exceeding 20 percent of the last month salary and retirement benefit plus monthly
pension. The aforementioned amount of salary shall not be higher than the last month
salary.
The qualification of the military officer, who has an intention to resign
subject to the 2 projects required the official whose age is over 45 yeils or having the
official service period (not including the additional period) over 25 years and/or
having official service period left at least over I year (Early retirement project of
Military Office, 1999:2)
2.4.2 Concepts on official retirement
According to an English - Thai Dictionary. the definition of "To
Retire'o is'oKasien At)ru" in Thai, meaning that withdrawal, retreat, isolating from a
society here life is busy, from business or any career.
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"Retiremenf' means termination, a particular age or reaching a
particular age. @oyal Institute, 1982: ll2)
Surakul Jenorbrom (1991: 52) has defined that retirement is a social
process of occupation indicating an individual who is employed has to quit his/her job
when reaching a range of ages required. In another sense, retirement merns oneself
withdrawal from a state to another state, from an environment to another
environment; for instance, withdrawing from a state of being a government official to
a state of independence without duties or to a state of private business, etc.
Pttthsurb IManeesri (L999: 5), Chairman of External Fublic Relations
Commissisn, Office of the Civil Service Commission" said a new range of retirement
i.e. between 50 years to 65 years, adding that work details of judge officials and
public prosecutor officials require those who possess a high level of knowledge,
capability and individual skills, including a shortage sf manFower in certain fietds
e.g. the field of science and technology, the field of research and development, etc.
Personnel in the group ofjudge officials, public prosecrilor officials and those who are
in rare fields are given an opportunity to retire on the age of sixfy-five. However,
work evaluation and health examination will be done every two years when the age of
fiffy-five starts.
Beqiama Laohapoonrangsee (1991: 33) said those who accept
retirement is a common incident every in the working age has to encounter
mavoidably and prepare a life plan after retiring in advance are those who can adjust
themselves and their mine and present appropriate roles more than those who do not
prepare anything. planning should be done in advance before retirement about 10 to
15 years.
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Bumside (1976:603) said retirement is a circle of life in a stage of
occupation that is regarded staying on the lowest level of employment. A level of
responsibilrty for careers and work opportunity will reach the lowest level. Those who
retire are provided retirement benefits without working. Therefore, retirement is a role
the society set and has a system of individual replacement as required in accordance
with right, duty and relationship with others. Moreover, retirement is still a process in
which individual prepares life for new discovery and adjustment or even staying away
from the society when retiring.
Ammarakul In-ochanon, the psychologist, suggested .oBy nature, those
who have just retired will be lonely and feel that they do not have value or something
has missed from their lives i.e. a society in which there are friends and works. They
should prepare a pre-retirement plan or plan what they will do after retirement. Those
who retire do not have to forget that 'odon't leave the society". Though they have
retired, they are still able to do some hobbies. They have to think that they are useful
and have more time to look after their house and to spend with children and
grandchildren, etc.. Another important thing is that they should understand the truth
that everything has to change through the course of time and they should not keep
themselves in loneliness. All things are in thought and it is just that they do not think
in negative ways about themselves. That is enough." (sidrat Saposing, 1999:5)
Kaseam Tantipalacheeva & Kulaya Tantipalacheeva (1985: 56) said
that retirement is a kind of problems for the aged who are government officials or
employees. They should pay attention to retirement preparation. To live happily they
should have themselves ready, physically and mentally, in several sides i.e. financial
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status, maintenance and taining of metal health, making friends, accepting facts,
family reuniting and preparing favorite activities and recreations.
First ten cormfries which have retires in 1999 are zls follows;
No.3 United States ofAmerica No. 45,180,000
No. 1 China
No.2 India
No.4 Japan
No.5 Russia
No.6 Germany
No.7 Indonesia
No.8 Itaty
No.9 Braztl
No.lO England
No. 126,161,000
No. 75,190,000
No. 28,603,000
No. 26,926,000
No. 18,678,000
No. 15,339,000
No. 13,712,000
No. 12,839,000
No. 12,276,000
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people, the government sector and the private sector, is 5,166,000. (Sirirat Saposing,
1999: 5)
Retirement in the govemment sector in Thailand is presently of three
tlpes i.e.
l. Govemment ofEcials who reach the fulI year of 60, considered a
normal level of retirement.
2. Govemment officials who have been working for more than 25
years or reach 50 years old up, considered early retirement.
3. Government ofEcials who have extended govemment age and rethe
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2.5 Concepts and theories related to post-retirement life patterns and other
factors.
Participating in the early retirement program is different from normal
retirement because that means stopping undertaken works or leaving a job before
retirement age and that is willingty determined. Therefore, the study of post-
retirement life patterns includes concepts and theories related as follows;
2.5.1 Concepts and theories related to a decision
Normative or Prescriptive Theory offers a process of decision to
achieve a preferred destination, with definite types of three main groups, in order to
have fewest
mistakes.
1. Rational comprehensive theory is based on two principles i.e. (1)
drawing up a policy can put various target levels in line, including requirement and
value levels concerned. (2) Able to consider every choice, its positive and negative
results so that the best decision is made.
2. Incrementlism is the group that completely denies the two
principles adopted by Rational Comprehensive Theory, saying that the two principles
are impractical due to limits in several sides e.g. time, knowledge, resources and
several information. Incrementlism oflers the concept that people should determine on
a choice when he/she meets a choice they feel satisfied and practical, and then they
can consider other choices totally diflerent.
3. Mixed scanning is the group of theories that attempts to mix good
aspects of the both groups above by eliminating weak points. That is usage of data
analysis, on a macro level and a micro level, decision makers broadly consider
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choices, when they are particularly interested in any choice, they make a careful
consideration on that choice again.
Therefore, it is possible ttrat government school teachers, decision to
participate in the early retirement program should respond to the three theories i.e. the
first group has already considered both positive and negative results, the second group
has a short period of time to make a decision and so consider a new choice different
from the original decision and the third group carefrrlly consider a new choice.
2.5.2 Concepts and Theories Related to Pushing Factors and Attacting
Factors
l. Factors that are pushing and attracting
Shikear & Freedenberg (1982 cited by Saijai Sitthisa 1997: l0)
said that there are two factors that are reasons of resignation i.e. the factor of pushing
and the factor of attracting. This group of scholars explain that the factor of pushing
occurs or exists within an organization (Intemal Factors) i.e.
Job dissatisfaction
Benefi t dissatisfaction
Unfriendly work colleagues
Organization size, resignation ratio in big-size organizations is
higher than that in small-sized organizations
Centralization of power
Formal communication
The factor of attracting occurs or exist outside an organization
@xternal factors) i.e.
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- Size of family and responsibility
- Illness and pregnancy etc.
All the factors mentioned are those involving in the decision to resign
from a job. This group of scholars remark that each individual's decision whether
he/she will resign from a job is based on considering how one factor is more weighted
than others. A factor that is important and plays a significant role in the decision to
resign from a job is labor market or the state of unemployment.
2. concepts on constituents of organizational relationship
Steers & Porter (1983: 433-434) concluded that there are four
influential constituents of organization relationship i.e.
' Personal characteristics i.e. age, work period, motivation and a
level of education
' characteristics that are associated with work roles, valuable
works, prominent roles that are consistent with one's own and directly associated with
organizational relationship.
The well-patterned structure of an organization has aprominent
role, power decentralization, work distribution, and personnel takes part in making a
decision and in ownership of the organization. They will be positively associated with
organizational relationship.
Work experience is that personnel obtains while he / she is
working i.e. individual's attitude towards others in an organization, supervisors whom
he / she can depend on and operation. The state that one feels he / she is an important
person is influential in the relationship with an organization.
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According to the study by Steers & porter (1979:305), it was found
that the relationship with an organization is unpredictably associated with an
individual's desire to resign from a job, that is if an individual has a high level of
organizational relationship, he / she will have a low degree of desire to resign from a
job. By contrast, an individual who has a low level of organizational relationship, he /
she will have a higher degree of desire to resign from a job, as shown;
Figure 3 Organizational relationship and trend of resignation
Sowce : Stees & Porter, 1979:305
2.5.3 Concepts and theories on resignation
Concepts and theories on resignation present four interesting types of
resignation i.e.
1. A type of resignation or job change according to the concept of
March and Simon.
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high degree of desire to resign
organizatiotr relationshiphigh level ofsatisfaction to take partactivitles
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Figure 4 A type of resignation orjob change according to the concept of March and
Simon
Source : March & Simon, 1985: 99
March and Simon present the concept that resignation consists of two
parts i.e. realizing the desire to resign from a job and realizing convenience of job
change. According to the model above, it is found that an individual will consider a
work place, a work role and expects results that are associated with a job e.g.
colleagues, work environments, benefits or a tlpe of supervision and so considers
how much he / she feels happy with a job. That will lead to the decision to resign or to
change a job, added by infonnation on a possibility that he / she will get a new job.
2. A type of resignation or job change according to the concept of
James L. Price.
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Attitude ioward 8 prcsentjob Erpectation on rBults froEl I job Consideration on a role asslgned
Realizing a possibllity ofJob changeinertemal organization
Realizing the desire to resign from a Job orJob change
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Figures 5 A qDe of resignation orjob change according to the concept of prices
Communication Means
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Formal Communication
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Centralization of Power Negative
Source: Mobley, 1982: 120
James L. Price proposed a number of preliminary variables in a process
of decision to change a job and a number of variables that are associated with a job
change i.e. job satisfaction and opportunity to change a job. The first four preliminary
variables include a level of benefit payment, unity or participating in organizational
activities, communication means and formal communication are positively associated
with a level ofjob satisfaction.
The centralization of power is negatively associated with a level ofjob
satisfaction. A level of job satisfaction is negatively associated with a job change.
Moreover, opportunity to change a job and job satisfaction are associated with each
other. Price proposed the preliminary concept that job dissatisfaction will result in a
job change when an individual has a high opportunity to choose a new job.
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3. Variables supporting resignation according to the concept of
Decottis Summers.
Figure 6 Variables Supporting Resignation According to the Concept of Thomas A.
DeCottis and TiMothy p. Summers
Source: DeCottis & Summers, 1987: 454
Thomas A. Decottis & Timothy P. Summers proposed a model of
resignation by adding another factor that is organizational relationship that causes
effects on resignation. The model consists of
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Behavlor of EscapeDesire to ResignWork Leave
Situational Characteristics
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l. Personnel characteristics that are age, sex, education, working hours,
position, etc..
2. Situational characteristics include
- Structure of organization that is formality, centralization of power,
role conflicts, definition of roles.
- Process of organization that is independence, reliability, harmony,
i support, fairness, pressure, etc..
3. Job satisfaction that is an opportunity of progress, colleagues, incomes,
supervisors and general satisfaction.
4. Work morale
5. Benefits of an organization
6. Organizational relationship, whether this factor will play a significant
role results from the five factors above. Organizational relationship may
bring in motivation, working or behavior of escape. t
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4. Model of job quit according to concept of Willem H. Mobley
Mobley.
Figure 7 Model of Job Quit According to Concept of Willem H. Mobley.
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Evaluation of Present Job
@@I evaluation oiN"*;oulI Seeking and Quit
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Seeking of Choice
Comparing Cholce andPresent Job
Quit / Stay on
(a) Choice in type of job quite.g. job absence, sluggishness
(b) Factors Unrelated to Job e.gjob shiftof marriage partners probably causingintention to seek a choice
Other choices (unintended) may stimulateevaluation ofchoice(d) Only one choice may cause job change
(choice evaluation is unnecessary)
(e) Immediate feeling (cause decision tochange job)
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Saijai Sitthisa (1997: 23) proposed a model of a process of decision to
change a job, indicating the connection between job satisfaction and job change. He
also indicated that job dissatisfaction is not a variable to directly cause a job change
but gives effects that encourage a job change or discovery of new jobs, an estimation
of altematives and an intention to change a job respectively. These results caused by
job dissatisfaction will cause a job change finally.
Moreover, Mobley still explained that a process of return can occur at every
step of aprocess ofjob change. Forinstance- if an individual is not successful ina
process of new altemative discovery may return to the step of estimation for existing
job again and adjust himself / herself to reach a higher level ofjob satisfaction, etc..
According to the study of four models of resignation or job change, it is
found that job satisfaction is an important constituent that plays a significant role in
decision to resigu from a job or to change a job. As seen in the model by March &
Simon and that by Price, job satisfaction is the last-step constituent that workers take
into account when they make a decision to resign from a job / change a job or to work
further in the present workplace. At the same time, the model by DeCottis and
Summer and that by Mobley show job satisfaction, though not the last-step
constituent before making a decision, is a factor that takes part in the decision to
resign from a job or change a job. Factors that encourage operators to feel satisfied
with jobs are different in each of the model, however, they can be divided into two
groups i.e. internal factors and personal factors.
2.5.4 Concepts on Retirement Periods
Atchley (1976 cited by Sasipat Yodpet, l99l: 128 - 131) presented
seven periods of pre-retirement life span and post-retirement life span i.e.
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First Phase Remote Phase is the period of life span that is far away
from retirement. Retirement is the matter each person think of because it is still too
long tq reach, so they do not worry about retirement.
Second Phase Near Phase is a period of life span when those who are
approaching to retirement start worrying that they are going to take the role of retirees
and about incomes, health and loss ofjob.
Third Phase Honey Moon Phase is the first period of life span that
there is no work but freedom of time and work responsibility. Retirees can do
whatever they want. It is the period when retirees are mentally and physically huppy
and take the world as their own.
. Fourth Phase Disenchant Phase is the period in which a high level of
tension exists, including unhappiness due to several reasons changeable e.g.
insfficient incomes, unemployment, self-adjustrnent to encounter the new society
and the decline of ever sophisticated social roles. There are psychological problems in
this period i.e. suffering, sadness, anger, tension and dissatisff.
Fifth Phase Reorientation Phase is the period in which adjustment to
the new society and reality is successful.
Sixth Phase Stability Phase is the period in which one can well
manag'e him/trerself not much depends on others, and everything is on a right track.
. Seventh Phase Termination Phase is the period in which health is much
poorer, and one needs to depend on others.
When retired, the aged will experience the seven phases but with
different details in each phase. Some may have a very short period in the third and
fourth phases or not experience the two phases. For instance, one who retires from
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one job may immediately get a new job. Or, some may have a very long period in the
fourth phase because failure of self-adjustment. They would be suffered a lot and may
pass away during this phase. Therefore, the fourth phase is very important and a
crucial turning point of life for the aged. If the aged have had good planning and
preparation, they will be able to enter the fifth phase.
2.5.5 Social theories regarding after-retirement life
' Social theories regarding after-retirement life are a group of theories
that explains the influence of environments on the adjustnent of human beings, that
will cause effects on behaviors in the aged. The group of theories is divided into three
theories i.e.
l. Disengagement theory explains that disengagement consists of two
cases i.e. the first case is that discharge ofsocial roles is good for both parties, young
people who have knowledge and capability can take up duties and old people can
prepare themselves to accept old age and the truth of life i.e. birth, illness and death.
The society will not lose its balance when that time comes. The second case is a
continued and unavoidable process and everyone has to experience the state of
disengagement.
2. Activity theory is a social theory widely accepted. Havighurst
proposed this theory, cited by Daranee Khamcharoen (1997-23). that social activities
are a real core of life and necessary for every age. For the aged activities are very
important because they make the aged achieve a high level of satisfaction, ffid
activities are those making the aged able to maintain roles and statuses. The aged will
feel they have value and are accepted by the society.
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Brugess (1982 cited by Nobparat Watanasingh, L993: 16) is the person
who supports Activity Theory and expresses his belief that it is not useful to the
society and the aged themselves if the aged do not have roles. Those who do not have
social roles will not have a level of harrrony. They will not be receive supports from
the society, so they will not take part in social activities.
Taylor (1982 cited by Surakul Jenorbrom, 1991: 81) divides social
activities in which the aged participate in as follows:
l. Occupational Therapy is the activity that promotes health,
solves the problem of solitary behaviors and encourages usage
of body muscles while working.
2. Recreation is the activity that promotes pleasantness and
happiness.
Vocation is the activity that hains the aged for appropriate
works.
Education is the activity that provides the aged continued
educational courses, self-study and chance to meet people in
same ages.
5. Library Services provide the aged chance to release tension by
reading and to develop brain power
3. Continuity Theory Disengagement Theory and Activity Theory
lead to the development of Continuity Theory by taking the two theories into analysis
to find a new conclusion. Continuity Theory explains that the aged who ever have
social roles will be happy when they have chance to participate in activities like
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young people, and the aged who never appreciate social activities will be happy when
they withdraw themselves from the society.
According to the theories and concepts regarding the aged and the
retired, the researcher has concluded that there should be any activity to support the
retired because the retired means those who are or are going to become old people.
Having daily activities, the retired will have a high level of satisfaction in life, feel
they have value and release their tension. Some activities can obtain incomes.
Therefore, activities after retirement will be useful to the aged and the retired.
2.5.6 Factors associated with life patterns
In the study of several factors associated with life pattems, the
researcher divides those factors into three groups i.e. 1. lndividual, 2. Economy, 3.
social Psychology. Each group is divided into small factors as follows:
1. Individual
Sex According to the reality of life we always see, from the way to
bring up children, male and female, in every age, experiences become part of life
behaviors that make difference between man and woman in physical and
psychological conditions. In the physical matter, it is found that male has muscles
stonger than female and that affects a choice of occupations in each period of life.
There are also dif;lerences in the psychological matter e.g. expression, decision, etc.
Umaporn Udomsappayakul (1993: 73) mentioned the matter of sex in
his research that is sex is not associated with life satisfaction of the aged. Diflerently
Chantana Kanchanapanang found that sex has a type of positive relationship with tife
satisfaction and activity involvement of the aged. Particularly, the male aged is
happier in life than the female aged. As well, the study by Sprietzer and Snyder and
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Miller and Russell found that sex is associated with life satisfaction of the aged and
that the male aged has a level of satisfaction higher than that for the female aged. The
reason may be that most of the aged living in Supanburi province had ever been
farmers, therefore there is no difference between sex because they had to help each
other.
Previously, the society divided male and female by family roles,
particularly male works to afford family while female looks after family and children.
However, it changes presently because both male and female have to work to afford
family, therefore impacts after retirement take place. The study by Norris and Murrel
found that the aged in Kentucky, USA, the female aged sufflered from greater
depression compared to the male aged and a higher level of tension according to the
statistic. (Ampha Vorawattanachai, 1989:. 99)
Prarnod Wangsaard (1987:99) made a study on the aged in Kanlasin
province and found that the male aged possessed psychological conditions better than
the female aged. Khemika Yamarat (1984: 74) made a study on Minisry of Agriculture
and Agricultural Cooperative's retired govemment offrcials and found that the male
aged felt happier in their lives than the female aged.
Komalin Satra (1988:79) analyzed his research work that male and
female had a level of depression that showed the significant statistic of difference at
the .05 level. The difference iri depression causes difference in other matters as well
e.g. hopeless, uncertainty and failure.
Spreitzer & Synder (1974:454 - 458) made a study on life satisfaction
of the aged in the United States of America and found that in the early stage of life,
1.8-64, female reached a higher level of life satisfaction compared to male. After that,
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male possessed a higher level of life satisfaction. Miller & Russell (1980 cited by
Daranee Khamcharoen, 1998: 37) made a study on the association of variables with
life satisfaction of the aged in Home for Elderly People and found that sex is
associated with life satisfaction of the aged. Or, male is happier than female, or four
out of six males are happier in their life while only seven females out of fourteen are
happy.
According to the study on concepts and researches regarding male and
female who are approaching to retirement and old age in several sides, tradition,
culture, satisfaction of retired people and psychology for the aged, it is found that
male and female in the period of old age adopt different concepts and practices.
Therefore, the factor of sex should be associated with life pattems in dif[erent ways
after participating in the early retirement.
Marital Status Marasri Nudsaengplee (1989: 93) made a study on
factors that influence life satisfaction of the aged in the Bon Kai community,
Bangkok, in 1989, and found that marital status causes effects on life satisfaction of
the aged, following incomes, health, education level, frequency of interaction with
children and grandchildren and hobbies.
Komalin Satra (1988: 80) concluded from the research that marital
status is associated with depression in difference, according to marital status e.g.
married, widow, divorced, separated and single. If each marital status is taken into
consideration, it is found that different marital status gives impacts on life satisfaction
e.g' negative feeling against oneself, self-blame, social escape, uncertainty and
distorted ideas about oneself. These impacts are serious in different levels and cause
effects on life patterns in diflerent ways as well.
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Suvimol Panathanyakul (1992 cited by Daranee Khamcharoen, 1998:
40) made a study on self-concept and self-caring capability and life qualtty of the
aged. Suvimol evaluated the quality of life in terms of happiness and life satisfaction.
The study found that the aged whose marital status is "married" have a higher level of
happiness and life satisfaction compared to those with "single", 'lridovf', oodivorced"
and o'separated".
Suvimol Panathanyakul (1991 cited by Thitipom Promthong,lgg2 31)
found that marital status is associated with activity involvement and self-caring
capability of the aged. The aged whse marital status is "married" have more activities
than those with "widow". It can be said that marital status is a factor that influences
Iife patterns, particularly emotion, idea and decision confidence.
According to the study of researches regarding marital status of the
aged which is similar to the retired, the marital stafus 'omarried", "single", 'lridou/',
"divorced" and o'separated" is associated with a decision to participate in activities or
on self-satisfaction and different levels of decision confidence. Therefore, the factor
of marital status should have association with life patterns after participating in the
early retirement.
Education Level Surakul Jenorbrom (1991: 43) said that n 1974
the National Aging Commission of the United States of America made a study on the
aged 's education background. The Aged is divided into three groups according to
education attained i.e. 0-12 years, totaling 12 years, and another 4 years in colleges.
The study found that the group that attains a high level of education spends their free
time with leisure activities e.g. recreation activities, hobbies, sports, club activities,
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political activities, volunteer activities or reading while the group with a low level of
education spends free time with watching television or doing nothing.
Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995:34) said the factor of education is
one factor that has connection with life pattems in several aspects because education
levels cause impacts on occupational type, income level, health, value, fashion, idea
about oneself and attitude to future education.
Napapom chayowan (1989: 165 - 17g) made a study on preparation
for old age and found that the aged who attains a higher-than-primary level of
education sees that preparation is important while those who have a lower-than-
primary level or primary level of education do not see the same.
Supatra Suparp (19SS: 39) said education plays a significant role in
the development of life quality because education helps develop idea, knowledge,
capability and make people understand the society in which they are a member and
adjust themselves to go along with others in the society.
The study found that a level of education is associated with life pattem
in several aspects and those who have a higher level of education will be associated
with life pattem that is different from that of those who have a lower level of
education. Therefore, the factor of education should have association with life pattem
after the early retirement.
The state of health, Need rheory and Herzberg's two-facto by
Frederick Herzberg, he proposes two motivation factors i.e.
Motivation Factor means the factor that motivates people to work i.e.
achievement, praise, acceptance amid colleagues, high responsibility, chance of
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progress, promotion, recognition, etc. Such factors make people feel good with
organizations.
Hygiene Factor means the factor that protects people from
dissatisfaction with present work. The Hygiene Factor is associated with physical
needs, safety and a need to be a group's part.
Harving Hurst cited by Suwat Wattanavong (1981: S - t0) said that the
aged has five development tasks i.e.
1. Learning and adjusting in part of physical deterioration, strength and
general health conditions.
2. Self-adjustment in part of retirement and a lower level of incomes
3. Self-adjustment to the state that his/her life partner leaves or being
widow.
4. Having role and relationship with people who have the same interest
and age.
5. Meeting and discussing people in the same age or making social
activities together sometimes
Becker (1977:348 - 366) made a study on the pattern of awareness or
belief on health when being ill, consisting of several parts as follows:
1. Motivation on Health According to the pattern of belief on health by
Becker, motivation means interest on one's own health, including intention to take
and give cooperation in practicing. The motivation is a type of external forces and
personal background of each person. A person who is interested in his/her health will
go for medical checks. It can be said that motivation on health is the factor persuades
people to follow medical treatment plans.
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' 2. Awareness of Chance to Have Illness Risks Becker said a patient who
knows his/her own result of medical check will have a chance to be aware of the
existence of diseases and others. They are different from those who do not know their
own result of medical check and general patients who are healthy. It is said that when
a person is ill and knows his/her own results of medical check, the awareness of a
chance to have risks will change in following ways:
A. Belief in diagnosis A person who does not believe in diagnosis or
respect a physician or have an inappropriate belief in health will wrongly be aware of
a chance to have illness risks.
B. Estimation of chance to have illness risks or having a chance to be
ill again if a person has ever been ill before.
C. People who are ill will have a higher level of awarenoss of chance
to have illness risks and a good feeling that they have more chance to have
complicated disease risks. According to several researches, it is found that the
a\ryareness of chance to have illness risks puts effects on illness protection, treatrent
and health promotion. The study of Becker and his party found that a mother's
awareness that her child has a chance to easily have illness risks when over weighted
is associated with cooperation in controlling food and causing a lost in the child's
weight.
3. Awareness of Serious Degree of Diseases Becker said that a person
will only aware. of that he/she has a chance to have illness risks is not enough to
motivate individual behaviors. However, that person has to believe that a disease
causies effects against health, mental and family relationship. Individual's professional
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potential and hislher role in social environment. This encourages the patient to
respond collaborating feedback. The patient reacts with over-depress to his illness.
4. Awareness of positive results from practice and medical treatment
Awareness of positive results from medical treatment is one of important factors
which enables a patient to voluntarily keep on medical instructions. Thouglr the
patient is fully aware of illness risks and seriousness, his/her collaboration is
prompted by following conditions. He/she will evaluate whether medical treatrnent
can relieve the serious degree of illness and is worth spending his time and money as
well as uncomfortable lifestyle demanded during hospitalization. Also, unclear
medical advice deters cooperative reaction to treatment scheme.
5. Awareness of obstacles to medical practice Awareness of obstacles
to medical practice is an individual's prediction that put negative effects on health
adjustment. The negative efflects include expenses, time, satisfaction, inconvenience,
difficulty in practice, time consumption in practice, or against daily lifestyle. If there
are a lot of these effects, appropriate practice will be rejected and avoided.
Kanokwan Silapakampiset (1984: 69) concluded from the research
that retirees' good health is associated with self-adjustnent after retirement. Retirees
with sound health conditions will have a better level of self-adjustnent compared to
those with poor health conditions. The latter get depressed with their illness.
According to the study on the elderly 's behaviors and self-adjustment
in term of health, it shows the elderly puts efforts to adjust or develop themselves to
seek an appropriate balance with their retreating health conditions, especially those
with chronic conditions will desperately avoid daily routines harming present health
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conditions. Therefore, the factor of health conditions should be associated with an
individual's life pattern after the early retirement.
Job titles and responsibilities engaged Wanida Seanasuthiphan and
Pomsri Sri-adsadapom (1992: 13) said that job titles represent existing social statuses
and roles associated with education levels and incomes. Social status and role is a
constituent that put efflects on an individual's self-perceptiqn i.e. ide4 emotion, belief,
auitude and value that an individual have to themselves.
Flanagan (1978 cited by Siriwan Sinchai, 1988: 36) showed a concept
that job fulfillment means acceptance, interest and achievement are a constituent that
builds life satisfaction.
Khemika Yamarat (1984) studied contributing factors in association
with life satisfaction of pension retirees from Ministy of Agriculture and Agricultural
Cooperatives. It is found that the last job title the retirees held is somewhat in
connection with life satisfaction i.e the retirees who held high-ranked titles, for
exarrple deputy director or senior inspector achieve a high level of life satisfaction
while those with general official titles obtain a low level.
Uthai Hiranto (1982:87) said that how many personnel to be hired as
officials in organizations depends depend on duties and work responsibilities as well
as work loads and work types. Failure of appropriate manpower allocation leads to
low profile administration. Manpower shortage will definitely cause overloaded
conditions and low morale to personnel.
Positions and responsibilities held by school teachers in public schools
1. Teaching Line Generally, the work aspects include learning,
teaching, educating, haining, giving advice and educational and occupational
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Teacher I
Teacher 2
Profiled teacher 1
Profiled teacher2
Profiled teacher 3
Assoc professor
Professor
M.A. (Population Education) / 59
consultation to students, including solving problems, providing academic knowledge
to community, contributing to religious activities, culture, research, analysis,
academic evaluation, initiating and revising curriculum, writing text books,
introducing innovative technology to learning and teaching process with an ambition
to increase efficient learning and teaching process and related activities.
Positions in teaching line are as follows:
D entitled to 1 - 3 salary level.
entitled to 2-4 salary level.
entitled to 3 - 5 and 6 salary level.
entitled to 6 - 7 salary level.
entilted to 6 -8 and 9 salary level.
entitled to 6-8 salary level.
entitledto 8-10 and 1l salary level.
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2. Administration in academic institutions Generally,the work aspect
includes strategic planning, assigning jobs to personnel in the institutions, controlling
and pursuing academic-related work e.g. teaching and learning, personnel training,
teaching and learning evaluation, portfolio preparation, educational projec!
' preparation of handbooks and equipment for teaching, building care, financial issues,
enrollment, documentation as well as supervising teachers, students and staff in
schools. Additionally, the scope of work extends to procuring welfare for teachers,
students and staff, enhancing relationship among school parents and people in the
community, boosting quatity education and taking further step in institution
development and providing multi-channeled education i.e. academic and vocational
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Positions in administrative work are as follows:
l. Assistant to headmaster entitled to 4-5, 6 salary level.
2. Headmaster entitled to 5-6, 7 salary level.
3. Assistant to principal entitled to 5-6,7 sdary level.
4. Principal entitled to 6-7 ,8 salary level.
5. Assistant to school director entitled to 6-'1,8 salary level.
6. School director entitled to 7-8, 9 salary level.
(Departrnent of Government Teachers, 1994 : l-28)
Position ranking and responsibilities held produce both positive and
negative effects to personnel before and after retirement. If an official is
overwhehned with various assignments, he/she will become low-spirited and
discouraged. Job titles and duties in charge are likely to affect participants' lifestyle
after enrolling in early retirement project.
Somluck Wachirapatanaphum conducted a survey on requirements of
over 500 employees and obtained 10 requirements as follows:-
1. The need to be led by good leaders.
2, The need to be convinced of goal.
3. The need to be treated with digmty and understanding in their need
and work-related problems.
4. The need to initiate motivation and progressive career.
5. The need to freely contact with people around them and freedom to
create relationship with people in workplace.
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6. The need to be accepted and to have socializing activities.
Avoidance of mental conflicts.
7. The need to be secured and deniable to inational changes.
8. The need to receive reasonable salary.
9. The need to be successful in profession and be accepted by society.
10. The need to be justly treated in all aspects.
clifford (1961 cited by Sathien Lueng-alarm, 1976: 65) conducted
survey on work ambitions of around 4,000 employees and found that the higher
education they received, the higher a:nbition they have. Hersy & Blanchard (1972
cited by Prieb Panyawanich, 1978: 106) reached a conclusion that supervisors or
contollers consider job security and career progress of employers and employees
most important to work life while operation staff see satisfaction of achievements,
concentration and understanding to work-related problems and job security as crucial
factors.
Suporn Khammuang (1982:60-61) studied means that support morale
and career spirit of officials in state enterprise Metopolitan Electricity Authority and
reached conclusion that the staff have perception that their present job neither
encourages job promotions nor training both in and outside the enterprise. The
employees' satisfaction to job promotions is minimal. However, they consider job
permanent, salary and fringe benefits are determinations for secured life. Their
satisfaction in job security ranges from medium to high.
Nitaya Rasmeethad (1977 125-126) conducted a study on satisfaction
to career of employees in Family Planning Work, Health Centre, Bangkok and found
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that ageing ofFrcials with good education and long years of profession are very
satisfied with their career advance and promotions.
Pussadee Satayamaan (1974:337-339) stated that government offrcials
perceive that job promotions i.e. higher rank and respectable titles lead to better career
and more responsibilities taken upgrade their economic status, however, the sfudy
does not cover salary increase which is considered as annual promotions. Criteria
applied forjob promotions are as follows:
1. Suggested poticy to internally recruit personnel with
appropriatequalifications.
2. Suggested trial or probation period for high-ranked officials.
3. Provide equal opportunities for eligible candidates.
4. In case of limited promotions, approved promotions should bring
positive results to institutions.
5. Flexible criteria to be applied as much as possible.
6. Junior heads are advised to contribute to setting up effective system
for tracking and recording job profile.
' Pussadee Satayamana suggested criteria for promotions of civil
servants as follows:
1. Comparision of achievements.
2. Seniority
3. Result from examination.
4. Probation period.
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According to Teacher Enforcements No. 20 (8.E. 2540) imposed in
accordance with Government Teachers Regulations B.E. 2543 on' salary increase
item no. 3, annual salary increase is to be effective as of October 1. Item no. 4 states
that maximum salary increase of government teachers does not exceed the job title
appointed, except for teachers designated to title lower than previously held. To this
exten! exceptional group receive salary as previously did and their eligible salary
promotion does not exceed maximum level stipulated.
Annual salary promotion categorized as follows:
1. Annual semi-Promotion.
2. Annual promotion.
3. Annual one and half Promotion.
4. Annual double promotion.
Principles and procedures to evaluate government teachers'
achievements comprise of
1. Quality of work
2. Quantity of work
3. Practical achievement
4. Years of civil service.
5. Students' achievements.
Administrators could consider teachers' ability in administration job
i.e. planning, work pursuant, ordering instructions, decision making, manpower
utilization, creativity, self-development, work approaches for promotions. Below
factors are brought to evaluation.
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l. Knowledge and ability to work.
2. Disciplinary.
3. Diligence.
4. Responsibility.
5. Self-adaptation to teaching career.
Advancement in profession is a key indicator to teachers' enthusiasm.
Professional advancement influences job security. Title promotion brings permanent
honor to promoted teachers. Therefore, advancement in profession produces effects to
teachers' life after participating early retirement project.
2. Economic Factors
Minor Job after retirements refers to activities including regular,
temporary or ad hoc bringing income to those who take it. Puanpaka Chuensaengnet
(1995) conducted a study on family cortact, self-care and satisfaction of aging people
in EIdery Association in Eastern Coast Chonburi. She found that personal income
statistically brings satisfactory life. The more they earn, the happier they are. Ageing
people with sufficient income and savings live happier life than those who do not.
Jarunand Somboonsidh (1980) researched on population study,
activities in life and satisfaction of 306 senior citizen - members of Health
Development Club, Lopburi Nurse Collage. She concluded that income statistically
indicates level of satisfaction of ageing life.
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Bumside (1976:605 -606) briefed that income planning before and
after retirement is a must and it must be prepared long before retirement. Eqioyrng
luxurious social life after retirement badly needs good planning long before
retirement. Secured economic life means good health and sound personality.
Leedy & Wynbrandt (1987: 85-36) provided guidelines for financial
planning as follows:
1. Settarget ofprofession.
2. Record all expenses after retirement.
3. Keep record of big possible expenses after retirement.
4. Keep record of assets and debt to be taken care.
5. Study whether income received after retirement is sufficient or not.
6. Investigate possible expenses possibly born before retirement.
7. Estimate expenses of living.
8. Keep tracking of funds and related income will receive during 55-
65 years ofage.
9- Preliminary management funds, assets, heritages, insurance
pension incurring after retirement.
10. Estimate benefits based on years of service.
ll.Estimate income from second career taking after retirement and
interest from bank deposit.
12. Carefully investigate benefits received upon retirement.
13. Assess ovrn ability to earn income after retirement.
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Minor job plays a very important role in retirees' Iife as it is a source
of income besides the regular pension. So, if retirees can find second career before
retirement, their way of living after retirement is much different that those who don't.
Therefore, second career is another mean taken for decision making whether to take
part in the early retirement project or not.
Economic status and personal debts According to a report
from Council of Teachers cited by Thitima Phromthong(1992:145), teaching career
is not likely to provide opportunity for teachers to take minor job, compared to those
with other occupations. Most of teachers cannot make their end meet.
Somchao Ketprathoom (1999: 5) Secretary to Council of Teachers
stated that the government can help solve teachers' debt problem by improving
teachers' learning and teaching skills. They need to be trained on thinking, writing
and practising process in order to generally improve quallty of education which will
directly benefit children's learning. This improvement can be recorded and treated as
an academic achievement submitted for job and salary promotion in addition to job
titled allowance. The solutions will help relieve obstacles in teachers' life.
Nobparat Watanasingh (1993: 87 -98) said that it concluded that 18.8
percent of retirees earn income from minor job in addition to regular pension and
17.7 percett receive financial support from their children and grandchildren while
12.3 percent obtain income from unidentified sources. Around 51.2 percent of retirees
do not have second source of income after retirement. And 86.7 percent of all live
their life without economic difficulties while 13.3 percent do and ease themselves by
selling their hard-earned assets as well as struggling to find a new job.
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Surakul Jenorbrom (1991: 74) below gave guidelines for ling good life
after retirement.
l. After retirement, control your spending in limited budget for I
month, review your assets and draft an effective spending plan.
2. Find a minor job. Presently, a number of American retirees
voluntarily join the early retirement plan said that they prefer to
refresh themselves and well prepare for minor job after retirement.
3. Find ways to decrease unnecessary expenses and add value to
assets presently held i.e. interest from saving and estate lease.
4. Set aside a sum of money for unexpected i.e. health care and
prepared for possible inflation.
5. Acquire different forms of low-risk saving e.g. bonds, health and
insurance policy. If the retirees want to invest in security
exchange, they need to have sufficient capital and intact E.Q.
In conclusion, retirees need secured economic stafus that will bring
happy and comfortable life. To reach the goal, retirees have to early start their plan
years early before retirement. Sound financial balance and well-managed expenditure
encourage excellent health, restful lifestyle and pleasure to planners.
Anyway, personal debt takes away happiness and security. Debt and
personal economic status are related to decision to participate in early retirement plan.
Social and psychological factors
Family Influence Sanith Samak-karn (1976: 5) defined that
family is a close-contact group of members living under the same roof.
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Sanur Indarasooksri (1983: l) defined that family is built up by father,
mother, children and relatives considered as members. Elderly members i.e.
grandparents or senior are considered important members.
Supatra Suparp (1982: l) adapted Burgess and Locke's theory that a
family comprises of people engaged with marital status. Family members can either
gather under the same roof or detach. Individual member designated with specific role
performs two-way communication. Their in-house culture mingles with non-family
members, building up their unique response to outsiders.
Aporn Sooksawas (1991: 2l) referred to Shanas and Sussman, 1981:
2l tlra;t for ageing people, family consists of ageing members grouped by lineage
relationship, legal bound, or marriage. Besides married couple, children and
grandchildren, family also includes in-laws and relatives.
Chaweewan Kaeuphrom (1987 : 45) viewed responsibilities of individual
member in family as follows:
l. Close relationship producing warmth and security among
members.
2. Sharing responsibilities, exchanging experience, information,
thoughts and admiration among members.
3. Caring to babies and ageing parents.
Aporn Sooksawas (1991: 22) stated that human being are social
creatures with relationship that primarily generates in family. Family relationship is
a natural phenomenon. Family is built up from members i.e. father, mother, siblings
with close affection and care, resulting social adaptation and individual role learning
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and inter-exchanging as well as assisting among family members. This fulfills atl
members'need.
Kamala Saengseethong (1983: t16) refened that farnily is a result of
relationship performed by members in accordance with roles given. Caring and loving
relationship means sound family while controversial and conflicts brings opposite.
Srithabtim (Ratanakosol) Panichphan (1984: lt6) said that family
relation is love-bounded care and close contact among parents, children, relatives and
other close members living under the same roof. The relationship can generate
positive and negative to members.
Grandall (1980 cited by Aporn Sooksawas, L99l: 23) stated that
family relationship is primary relationship consisting of
1. simple and complex roles e.g. parenthood, instuctorship, care
taking, helper. Family members have inter-communication
developing values, belief and personality of individual members.
2. Primarily open communication i.e. free opinion exchange.
3. Primary emotion of different members brings affection" self-
bounded relation, emotional yearning, conflicts or even anger.
4. Emotional expression of an individual member in the family cannot
be easily transferred to another member. It is particularly self-
rooted feeling.
Two farnily cores :re Family relationship can be supportive and discouraging to way
of living of family members.
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2. Having ageing members means more responsibilities for the rest
members. Have or have-not senior members in family inevitably affect retirees, life
after retirement.
Social influence Prathoom Paensuwan (1976: 20-23) stated tha!
based on I inter-personal theory of psychological behavior, the theory developed from
multi-academic knowledge i.e. political, economic, sociology, psychology, social
psychology and humanitarian study and formed up a hypothesis that man is social
product. Personal value and behavior are influenced by social value through
socializing procedure. While employees in govemment sector are constantly in
emotional swing due to inconsistent circumstance in government sector,
psychological impact on the employees depends on how well individual build up their
self-protection process.
Prathoom Paensuwan added that social structure consists of different
social units e.g family, education, religious, economy. Each has its own disciplinary,
nouns and intercommunication which enhances social civilization and supportive to
people's way of living. Society is a group of people residing in the same place with
intercommunication. Each member is to conserve taditions, culture and being
disciplined in order to bring peice to their society. Therefore, every society requires
nonns which build up value of members. Norms unlike laws can be violated by
members of society but norms influence members to follow traditions and directions.
Allen (1965 cited by Prathoom Paensuwan,1976: 150-151) stated that
pressure will drive members of society to behave in the same direction. Normally,
when a new society is building up, its members will expect basic norms be followed
by members. According to a study by New Comb, (1952) it revealed that social
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behavior will change to comply with norms. Negative and positive individual's
behavior can be developed, however, group's behavior will control individual's
behavior.
Based on social psychology study, social environment indicates
alterations to individual's behavior. Influential factors relatively related to life pattem
of employees after joining in early retirement plan.
Satisfaction in teaching occupation Occupation, according to
Intemational Committee of the United Nations, refers to job that individual does
regardless of types and status of doers.
Definition of o'attitudes" covers evaluation or judgement to objects,
incidents or persons, reflecting expression of person to surroundings. Attitudes are
built up by 3 means of perception i.e. understanding, emotion and behavior.
Understanding refers to knowledge and comprehension of person to
incident.
Feeling refers to emotion
Behavior refers to intended behavior of person to something or
somebody.
Attitude like value is influenced by parents, teachers and friends.
Individual observes behaviors accepted in family as well as behavior committed by
people around them and develop his/her own attitude to others. Attitude will not last
long. Current situations will change people's attitude against products and services
available in certain period.
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Attitudes play significant role in organizations. It affects work culture.
If operation staff are convinced that their administrators join hands to shoulder them
with hard work without salary increase, they will develop bad attitude to their career
and could switch to newjob.
Auitudes are variable. This study focuses on work attitudes by
evaluating employees' positive and negative attitudes to work. Attitudes to work
environment comes in 3 aspects, satisfaction, cooperation and loyalty to organization.
1. SatisfactioninjobSatisfaction in job means attitude of person to
his/her job. People very satisfied with their job have positive attitude to their career
while those opposite don't. When study conducted on attitude, it normally focuses
on positive side. Varied attitudep of employees against their job can be observed
through their expression i.e. satisfaction, dissatisfaction, fulfillment, intention, thought
and concentation. Basically, job satisfaction includes individual employee's attitude.
Group's satisfaction is regarded as morale and will power. Satisfaction in job can
generally be interpreted through attitudes both from group and individual's attitudes.
However, this way of interpretation also has disadvantages i.e. unknown reason
hidden. Therefore, study of employees' satisfaction in job should be focused on
specific aspect e.g. wages, leadership, group working, work environment. Job
satisfaction comes in different facets. Administators should be keen on close
observation to measure employees' satisfaction.
Vulnerable satisfaction or dissatisfaction develops from employees'
awarenoss on information regarding the organizations they work for. Satisfaction is
time-consuming process while dissatisfaction is fast-dwindling process.
Administrators take years to build up satisfaction in employees' mind because job
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satisfaction is life satisfaction. Employees' background indirectly affect degree of
satisfaction. Job responsibilities are part of employees' pride. Job satisfaction brings
satisfaction to life. Thus, to create job satisfaction, administrators need to consider
factors i.e. work responsibilities, family, living environment, political background,
religion" recreation and hobbies bringing satisfaction to employees' life as well as
those bringing satisfaction in career.
2. Attitudes against cooperative working covers ability of awareness.
Employees Cooperatively contributing to work are very careful about their
responsibilities. They record minimal leave and unlikely quit their job. They dedicate
time, energy and will power to their job and consider their job as first priority. To
them, job responsibilities are pride and good reputation.
A research on cooperative behavior found that negative behavior in
one way relates to leave taking and resignation i.e. employees consider themselves as
part of organization and cooperative staffseldom take leave or quit their job. Loyalty
to organization is positive attitude and is a more ef[ective indicator to assure job
satisfaction, comparing to evaluation method. Feeling of dissatisfied with their job
does not mean dissatisfaction against the whole organization structure. However, ifan employee's feeling of displeasure tums to be against the organization, resignation
could be their choice.
3. Loyalty to organization defines degree of requirement to fully join
hands for sake of enterprises. This includes roles with which they cooperatively play
in order to bring achievements to organization. Employees highly loyal to enterprises
feel they are part of the organization.
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Effects on employeeso attitudes reflect employeeso behavior, indicating
foreseeable behaviors. Positive behavior creates intact behavior, the opposite fails
creativeness.
Both positive and negative behavior directly affect development of
organization" depending on degree of behavior. High negative degree inevitably
produces serious effects to the organization and its employees could express their
dissatisfaction through day dreaming, absent-minded working, taking leave without
permission, early quit routine, taking unusually long break, sluggish performing and
resignation while those who hold positive highly dedicate to their job and sometimes
are very pro-active. (Siriwan Seareerat, et al., 1998: 95-105)
Paul & Hung (1975 cited by Damrong Thandee, l9g4: 5g-59) study
that occupations generate classes in society. This can reflect through
1. Stable income and wealth.
2. Occupation.
3. Education
4. Declaration of social class
A research recently conducted classified 90 different occupations.
First top-eight occupations are as follows:-
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Supreme courtjudge
Medical doctor
Nuclear physicist
Scientist
Rank
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Government scientist 5
Government official 6
University lecturer 7
Member of Congress 8
* Teachers in primary school 9
* Teachers in primary school ranked 2g.5th from total 90 careers.
Satisfaction in occupation is the relation of person and occupation.
People with good work attitude have faith to their career while those who don't could
have degrees of dissatisfaction ranging from aggressive expression to resignation.
Satisfaction in teaching career affects pattem of living after retirement.
2.6 Related researches
Researches concerning early retirement so far have not been widely
conducted. However, the researches relating to timely retirement were considerably
conducted and can be brought for comparision study. Summaries of researches on
timely retirement are as follows:-
Thitima Phromthong (1992) studied on preparation for retirement of primary
school teachers approaching retirement age in wealthiest and poorest provinces of the
country. The study was performed with 170 teachers aged betrveen 58 and 59 in the
richest province Bangkok with 53 teachers and the poorest Srisaket with 54 teachers.
It focused on economic statuso health, social contact and population factor.
The conclusion obtained from the study stated that different forms of
preparation i.e. application for pension, second career and expenditure budgeting. It
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was for:nd that teaching career discourages teachers from finding second career,
therefore, most of them couldn't find a new job after retirement.
On health issue, the teachers were reasonably prepared for future deteriorating
health by taking regular exercises and seeking medical consultancy. On housing issue,
they profoundly realized on need of housing and were well prepared for this aspect.
Leisure and pastime activities Teachers in both provinces already
prepared for their pastime e.g. social club for senior citizen established by
Deparhnent of Social Welfare, ageing people association, and religious-related clubs.
On population factor study Marital status i.e. single and divorced
from both groups had potential in preparing necessities for living after retirement and
well-planned.
Jarunand Somboonsidh (1992) conducted a study on interaction of
population factor, daily activities and satisfaction of ageing people. She reached the
conclusion that health condition, daily routine, housing, income, education, marital
status have influences on living satisfactory life. However, gender and age do not
determine satisfaction.
Regarding relation between population and daity activities, it was found that
good health considerably brings positive effects to daily life. Various factors have
influences on good life except gender which did not respond to hypothesis initiated.
Women are assumed to shoulder house works i.e. cooking, cleaning and errands while
men tend to enjoy social activities.
This study responded to activity theory stating that senior citizen taking part in
social activities are quite satisfied with life after retirement. However, deteriorating
health barred them from their favorite.
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Nobparat Watanasingh (1993) conducted a study on self-adjustment of retired
teachers from primary schools in Ubonrachathanee province. The data was randomly
collected from 90 retirees previously registered with The National Council of Primary
Education in 4 districts of Ubonrachatanee i.e. Muang, Trakanpuedpol, Muangsamsib
and Kongiiem.
It was found that 5l.l of the random retirees had bad health i.e. high blood
pressure, joint ache, minor pain and mental problems. All of them are insomnia
prompting dullness, unstable emotion and loneliness. Most of them tumed to
meditation and senior citizen club.
Self-adjustment to changing economic status is practical among them. The
retirees kept expenditure down. However, the research found that 13.3 percent of the
retirees faced financial constaint, therefore, they looked for second career. Regarding
self-adjustment on social environmen! retirees have good housing and live married
life live smooth lifestyle as all of them enjoy living in extended family and club
activities. Most of them could afilord housing ownership and well prepared for it.
Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995) conducted a research on lifestyle of
retirees from civil service life by focusing on pensioners of Bangkok Metropolitan
Administration. She found that some pensioners had been advised of ways to manage
their life after retirement including pastime, health care, income planning and
housing. Their relationship with spouse and children appeared sound with fair
economic. status. Most of the income after retirement was pension and from second
ctueer. The retirees have positive attitudes after retirement. Health problems were
widely found in spite of desire of good health for vacation trip.
Their leisure includes writing, planting, taking care of pets, house worlq handcraft
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aPrayod Chamkham Literature Reviewr 78
and travelling, Sixty-seven point seven percent had leisure and were happy with their
life more than those who don't.
Daranee Khamcharoen (1998) performed a study on related factors affacting
pensioners of Bangkok Metropolitan Admiiristration. The study concentrated on
members of Senior Intellectual Association. Daranee found that the pensioners are
well planned for their pensioned life. They regularly took physical exercises and
perfomred domestic and social activities. Sixty-five point nine percent of them were
engaged with taking care of grandchildren, house reparing and cooking. Generally,
the pensioners lived on pension, insurance allowance, money given by their
grandchildren and income generated from errand jobs. However, these were not as
much as salary received during the late years of work life and higher expenditure was
predictable
The pensioners' social life is intact through various activities i.e. offering food
to monk, listening to Apidham recitation, meditation and participating in various
recreations provided by different social organizations.
They had good health plan. Most of them had second career and enjoy social
activities, considering themselves as valuable members of society.
'From results of all researches and sfudies conducted, researchers concluded
that there are five factors relating to lifestyle of people joining early retirement project
i.e. planning, living easy life, social contributions, independent career and taking a
second career. Also, they found that there are still independent factors affecting
retirees' way of living i.e. marital status, education background, job position held,
responsibilities engaged, cateer progression and health. Related economic factors
are second career, economic stafus and personal debt. Sociological and psychological
a
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aFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ.
factors are family influence,
career. The researches and
secondary factors.
Gender
Marital Status
Education Level
Position Level
Responsibility
Occupation Progress
Health
Minor Job
Economic Level
Family Influence
Social lnfluence
Satisfaction at Occupation
O fTeacher
M.A. (Population Educatiofl 179
social influence and level of satisfaction in teaching
studies were based on relation between primary and
Concepts and theories related
Rational comprehensive theory
A decision to choose anything is based on
positive and negative results of each choice.
Theories related to pushing force and attracting
force
Pushing force is dissatisfaction with works,
dissatisfaction with colleagues, dissatisfaction with
operational systems
Attracting force is a family size that is taken into
responsibility, greater opportunity for advancement,
illness
Theories of Resignation
Types of resignations are as following:
1. lndividual Qualifications
2. Attitude on Works
3. Estimation on Work Results
4. Considering Assigned Roles
5. Possibility to Change Job
6. Payment
7. Job Satisfaction
t
Conclusion on variables, concepts and theories related
X'ree Variables
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conclusion on variables, concepts and theories related (conr)
t Prayod Chamkham
Following variables
Life pattern after early retirementl. Planning2. Relax3. Charity or public activities4. Independent careers5. Employment
Literature Review/ 80
Concepts and theories related
The phases according to the concept byAtchley
First Phase Remote phase
Second Phase Near phase
Thfud Phase Honey MoonPhase
Fourth Phase DisenchantPhase
Fifth Phase ReorientationPhase
Sixth Phase Stability phase
Seven Phase TerminationPhase
Disengagement TheoryThere are two concepts i.e. the first
concept provides young people a chancefor replacement and prepares for old age.The second concept is that everyone hasto experience the state of disengagemen!either quickly or slowly.
The Activity TheoryThe concept is that activities are
necessary for every dEa, particularlythose who are entering to the state of oldage because activities help the elderlymaintain social roles.
Continuity TheoryThe elderly who has ever held social
roles will be happy when participating inactivities like young people, and theelderly who has never appreciated socialactivities before will be happy whenwithdrawing themselves from thesociety.
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CIIAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This research is a tlpe of surveys studyng on factors related to the patterns
of life after early retirement: a case study is a group of teachers of the Oftice of
National Primary Education Commission in the central region. Methods of this study
are as follows.
3.1 Population
Population in this research is a group of teachers in teaching and
administration in the central region schools of the Offrce of National Primary
Education Commission who joined the early retirement program on October l,
1999. There are three educational areas that were used to sfudy; the educational
areas 1, 5, and 6, including 19 provinces. There are 2,146 teachers who joined the
early retirement program.
3.2 Sample size
3.2.1 The sample size of this research uses the systematic method of
Yamanc. The Yamanc's method is:
Formula n
t
a
a1+1r1sz
simple sizeThen Copyright by Mahidol University
I Prayod Chamknam Methodology I 82
N = size oftotal population
@ = error of random sampling
The significance level was fixed at 0.05.
The size of total populations in this study is 2,146 teachers. The
replacement in the formula is as follows:
= 2146
t+2t46(0.05)2
= 399.91
Simple size = 400.00
3.2.2 The methods of sampling: The research uses the systematic method
of the simple random sampling according to probability research by taking the list
of provinces for eleven times. The provinces that were taken are Nakhon patom,
chainat, Angthong, suphanburi, Ayudthaya" petchaburi, Ratchaburi, uthaithari,
Nonthaburi, Parthomtany, Samutpragan and Samutsakhol.
3.3 Research instrument
The research instrument used to collect the data is a type of questionnaires
the researcher designed in accordance with concepts, theories and other
researches, including advice and reviews by a party of advisors and scholars. The
questionnaire is divided in to two parts as follows:
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3.3.1 The first part of questionnaire consists of close and open questions. It
includes following independent variables i.e. sex , marital status, eduoation level,
position level, duty, progress, health level, minorjob, wealthy level, and own.
3.3.2 The second part of questionnaire contains ratting scale questions. It
includes questions related to dependent variables and independent variables as
follows: family influencg social influence, and attitude.
The measure ratting scale used Liket scale measurement by providing for 5
levels with positive and negative items. The positive items are l, 2,3, 4, s, and
negative items are 5,4,3,2,1. The meaning of different levels is provided below.
Retting scale Scoring
Positivestatement Negativestatement
Very much lYery agree 5 I
Much /Agree 4 2
Middle /Mddle 3 3
Few /Disagree 2 4
VeryFew I Yery disagree I 5
3,4 Test of instrument
3-4.1 Consulting several documents / researches concerned as a guideline
to design the instrument.
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3.4.2 When the researcher completes the preparation of questionnaires, the
questionnaire was submitted to the party of highly qualified advisors who have
experienced for examining the consistency of contents and appropriate revision.
3.4.3 Test the newly revised questionnaire on the 40 early retirement
teachers in Samut-Sakhon province. The result was taken into the process to find the
value of reliability of the questionnaire by using the formula of Cronbach Alpha
Coeffrcient.
C
Ir n ( 1-Sr')
when
n-r (si)
Reliability value
Number of questionnaire
Proportion ofwrong answer for each item
Proportion ofwrong answer for all item
3.4.4 Thevalue of reliability is as follow.
The value ofreliability of family influence is 0.751.
The value of reliability of social influence is 0.781.
The value of reliability of attitude is 0.748.
3.5 Data collection
3.5.1 The researcher requested a recommendation letter from Mahihol
University in order to use the letter to ask for assistance and cooperation from
fs
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Department of Teachers in the central region of the Office of provinces primary
Education Commission.
3.5.2 The researcher collected data by mailing about 1,292 mails in May
2000. Returned are 512 mails in June, 2000. Thereforg the number of mail is
enough for the simple size of 400 mails.
3.6 Data analysis
This researcher made the data analysis by the program Statistical package
of Sooial Sciences for Windows version 9.01.(SPSS/PC). The steps are as follows:
l. To correcttotal data
2. To design code
3. Make code book
4. Coding individual in-depth on scripts
5. To make descriptive analysis to carry out independent variables by
- Thefrequency
- Mean values
- Percentage
- Standard deviation
- Maximum-minimumvalues.
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t Prayod Chamkham
6. The arulyzed.
and dependent variables uses
0.05.
Methodology/ 86
relationship between the independent variables
Chi-Square test. The significance level was fixed at
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CHAPTER TV
RESt]LTS
This research investigated the factors related to the patterns of life after
havingjoined the early retirement progftrm: a study on teachers in the cental
region under the Office of National Primary klucation Commission. The factors
were divided in three types i.e. personal factors, economic factors and social
psychology factors" The samples were a number of 512 teachers. The study results
are as follows:
In the frst section, to study characteristics of the samples, the data
descriptive analysis is example, the frequency, mean values, percentage, standard
deviation, morimum - minimum values.
In the second section, to test the hypotheses by studying the relationship
between the independent variables and the dependent variables. The analysis is
Chi-Square.
4.1 X'irst Section: Characteristics of the samples
4.1.1 The characteristics of the samples
The samples consist of a 60.4 percent ratio of female arrd a 39.6
percent ratio of male. The present ages between 44-49 years account for 8.1 percent,
between 50-54 years account for 19.2 percent, between 55-57 years accounts for 24.6
percent. The age of 58, 59 and 60 years accounts for 10.7 percent, 18.2 percent and
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I Prayod Chamkham Results / 88
l9.l percent respectively.The average age is 56.14 years. The maximum age is 60
years old and the minimum is 44 years.
Regarding the marital status of the samples, it is found that 80.3
percent of the samples are in the stafus of oomarried",13.9 percent in "widow" and 5.9
percent in "single". A31.6 percent ratio of the samples is found to have an education
level of 'ounder bachelor's degrees", 67.2 perceil has "bachelor's degrees" and 1.2
percent has "diplomas".
The educational level of the samples before early retirement is
divided into "under bachelor's degrees" of 31.6 percent, oobachelor's degrees" of 67.2
percent and'ograduated diploma" of 1.2 percent. (See table 4)
Table 4 Number and percentage distribution by sex, age, marital status and
education level
Characteristics of the samples Number Percentage
t
eSex
Age
Female
Male
44-49
50-54
55-57
58
59
60
60.4
39.6
309
203
a
42
98
r26
55
93
98
Min:44 Max: 60
8.2
19.2
24.6
10.7
t8.2
19.1
S.D.:3.77Mean : 56.14Copyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad . Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 89
Table 4 Number and percentage distribution by sex, age, marital status and
education level (Cont.)
Characteristics of the samples Number Percentage
t
Marital status
Manied
Widow
Single
4tt7t
30
80.2
13.9
5.9
o
Education level
Under bachelor's degrees 162 31.6
Bachelor's degrees 344 67.2
Graduated diploma 6 1.2
Major subjects
Mathematics, Science,
English and Social Study 118 23.0
Physical Education, Thai
.Primary Study, Art, etc. 394 77.0
The duty of the samples was that 19.7 percent in school administration
line and 80.3 percent in teaching line.
The samples' position levels are as follows: the last positions
before early retirement include the level 7 of school administration line equivalent
to 19.7 percent and the level 7 of teaching line equivalent to 80.3 percent.a Copyright by Mahidol University
t Prayod Chamkham Results /90
The occupation progress of the samples was divided into three
t1pes. First, tlre samples in high occupation progress are 48.2 percent. Second, the
samples in medium occupation progress are 34.8 percent. Thhd, the samples in low
occupation progress arc 17.0 percent.
The occupation progress accords to the study result of the
samples who obtain teaching awards. Therefore, 59.2 percent of the samples
obtain teaching awards and 40.8 percent did not obtain the awards.
The sarnples' hgalth in this study was divided into four t5pes.
The sarnples who had a very good condition of health were 46.1 percent, a good
condition of health were 33.6 percent, illness were ll.3 percent and permanent
illness were 9.0 percent.
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Table 5 Number and percentage distribution by dutyo position, occupation
progress and health
Characteristics of the samples Number Percentage
I
o
Duty
Administration
Teaching
Arvards
Received
Not received
First position
Tee (Ku-Tee)
To (Ku-To)
Teacher I level3
Last position
Teacher 2levelT
Administration level T
Occupation progress
High occupation progress
Medium occupation pro gress
Low occupation progress
Health
Very good health
Good health
Illness
Permanent illness
101
4tr
303
209
418
9l
3
413
9l
247
178
87
236
172
58
46
t9.7
80.3
s9.2
40.8
81.6
17.8
.6
80.7
17.8
48.2
34.8
17.0
46.1
33.6
1 1.3
9.0
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4.1.2 Economic status of the samples
In this study, the samples who have minor jobs are 25.6 percent and
do not have minor jobs are 74.4 percent.
a
sarnples who
level equal to
have debts are
Economic levels in this study are divided into three groups. The
have a good economic level equal to 6.1 percent, a middle economic
81.6 percent and a poor economic level equal to 12.3 percent.
Debts in this study are divided into two $oups. The samples who
14.3 percent and do not have debts are 85.7 percent. (See table 6) .
Table 6 Number and percentage distribution by minor jobs, econoniic
leve\ and debts
Economic Status of the Samples Number Percentage
Minor jobs
Minor jobsNon-minor jobs
Money savings
Savings 5 numberSavings 6 numberSavings 7 numberNon-savings
Economic levels
GoodMiddlePoor
Debts
Non-debtsDebts
131
381
25.674.4
t2.s40.6t4.t32.8
6.1
81.612.3
85.714.3
o64
20872
168
31
41863
43973
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tPIQS:fqs=,,rffiu.Y\
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4.1.3 Social psychology
Family influence in this study is divided into five levels i.e. very
mucb, much, middle, little, very little. The results of this study is as follows:
The question is "How much do you consult with your relatives
about the patterns of life?" The answer with very much and much is 47.g percent,
with middle is 38.1 percent and with little and very little is 14.1 percent.
The question is "How much of time do you want to spend for your
family?". The answer with very much and much is 63.8 percent, with middle is 25.2
percent and with little and very little is 11.0 percent.
The question is "Does your family want you to do your own
business?" The answer with very much and much is 23.3 percent, with middle is
20.3 percent and with little and very little is 56.4 percent.
The question is o'Do your family members want you to work until 60
years old?" The answer with very much and much is 10.1 percent, with middle is
21.1 percent and with little and very little is 68.7 percent.
The question is "Do your family numbers agree with your pattem of
life that your have chosen?" The answer with very much and much is 73.2
percent, with middle is 19.7 percent and with little and very liule is 7.0 percent. (See
table 7)
*
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Prayod Chamkham
Table 7 Percentage distribution by family influence
Results /94ll
l}
Question Very Much much Middle Little Yery Little Average
1. Howmuch do you consult withyotr relatives about the patternsof life. 19.9 27.9 38.1 B.Z 5.9 3.5
2. Do you want to spend the timewith your family? 16.8 37.5 35.9 7.0 2.0 3.6
3. Do you decide for the patternsof life by yourself? 9.0 22.3 25.5 23.8 16.4 Z.g
4. Does your family want you totake a rest? 30.5 39.8 19.7 4.5 5.5 3.9
5. Does your family want you to doyour own business? 9.2 l4.l 20.3 19.1 37.3 2.3
6. Do you choose the patternof life in the present becauseyou want to spend the timefor your family? 24.2 39.6 ZS.2 5.3 5.7 3.7
7. Do your family members wantwant you to work until 60 yearsold? 3.7 6.4 zt.r 27.3 41.4 2.0
8. Does your couple agree with youin order to be volunteer? l4.l 24.6 39.1 8.6 13.7 3.1
9. Do your family members wantyou to work in the company? 1.8 2.5 I 1.3 23.0 61.3 1.6
10.Do your family membersagree with you about yourpattem of life that youhave chosen. 29.3 43.9 lg.7 3.1 3.9 3.3
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t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 95
Social influence in this study is divided into five levels i.e. very
mucb" much, middle, little, very little. The results of this study is as follows:
The question is *Have the pattem of life that you chosen is
recommended by some people?" The answer is very much and much of 7.6percent,
middle of 14.3 percen! very little and little of 78.1 percent.
The question is "Do you think your neighbors influence your decision
making?" The answer with very much and much is7.6 percent, with middle is 14.3
percent and with little and very little is 78.1.1 percent.
The question is "Do you think your pattern of life that you
choose is influenced by the media?'The answer with very much and much is 10.2
percen! with middleis t7.4 percent and with litter and very little is72.5 percent.
The question is 'oDo you think your pattern of life that you
choose is influenced by the monks you respect?'o The answer with very much and
much is 10.1 percent, with middle is 13.5 percent and with little and very little is76.4
percent.
The question is ooDo you think you are influenced by your friends?,,
The answer with very much and much is 5.1 percent, with middle is 14.3 percent and
with little and very little is 80.6 percent.
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Prayod Chamkham
Table 8 Percentage distribution by social influence
Results /96t
a
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little Average
1. Is the pattern of life thatyou chosen recommendedby some people? 1.2 6.4 14.3 20.3 57.8 1.7
2. Doyouthinkyourneighbors influenceyonrdecision making? 1.2 6.4 14.3 203 57.8 1.5
3. Do you think your pattemof life that you choose isinfluenced by the media? 2.0 8.2 17.4 2l.l 51.4 1.9
4. Do you think your patternof life that you choose isinfluenced by the monksyou respect? 3.5 6.6 13.5 16.6 9.8 1.8
5. Do you feel anxious whenyour neighbors ask you aboutyour pattern of life after earlyretirement? 0.4 2.0 8.4 18.0 57.8 1.4
6. Do you think you areinfluenced by your friends? 2.0 3.1 14.3 22.9 57.8 1.7
7. Do you choose the patternof life because you imitatethe respecting one? 0.8 2.5 7.8 20.9 68.0 1.5
8. Do you consult with someonebefore making decision? 5.5 8.4 13.3 20.1 52.7 1.9
Job attitude in this study is divided into five levels i.e. very much,
much, middle, little and very little. The results of this study are as follows:
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The question is "Do you have a good experience in your career? The answer
with very much and much is 83.2 percen! with middle is 12.3 percent and with little
and very little is 4.5 percent.
The question is ooDo you join the early retirement progftrm because you are
successful in your career? The answer with very much is 61.0 percen! with middle
is12.3 percent and with little and very little is 4.5 percent.
The question is "Do you feel bored in your career?" The answer with very
much and much is 19.5 percen! with middle is 28.9 percent and with little and very
little is 51.6 percent.
The question is Do not you agree with the administative system? The
answer with very much is 39.1 percent, with middle is 29.3 percent and with little
and very little is 31.6percent.
The question is *Have you chosen the present pattem of life at the present
because you did not get justice ?. The answer with very much and much is
28.7 percent, with middle is22.5.percent and with little and very little is 48.8 percent.
The question is "In the period time of working, did you feel free for working
and decision making?' The answer with very much and much is 46.4 percent, with
middle is 38.3 percent and with little and very little is 15.3 percent.
The question is "Is the transportation between your house and the place
you work comfortable? The answer with very and much is 72.3 percent, with middle
is 20.1 percent and with little and very little is 7.6 percent.
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Table 9 Percentage distribution by job attitude
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very tittte Average
1. Do you have a good experiencein your career? 36.5 46.7 12.3 2.5 2.0 4.1
2. Do you join the early retirementprogram because you are successful
tin your career?
3. Do you feel bored in yourcareer?
24.0 4r.0 12.3 2.s 2.0 3.7
7.2 t2.3 28.9 28.1 23.4 2.5
t
4. Do you still go to visit yourfriend that your work with? l2.S 36.3 39.7 g.2 4.3 3.5
5. The pattem of life that youchoose at the present becauseyou have no friend inin your office. 2.1 1.8 13.5 18.4 64.3 1.6
6. Do not you agree with theadministrative system? 20.9 lg.2 29.3 17.2 14.5 3.1
7. Have you chosen the patternoflife at the present becauseyou did not get the justice ? 13.3 tS.4 225 Z3.g 2S.O 2.7
8. Do you close up with yourboss? 8.4 18.9 47.7 13.7 11.3 3.0
9. At the period time of working,did you feel free for working anddecision making? 9.8 36.7 38.3 tO.Z 5.1 3.4
10.At the period time of working,did you have opporrunity to dothe best thing for your work? lg.7 4t.6 29.5 4.9 4.3 3.7
l l.Do you have to work hard butget a little salary? 8.6 21.7 45.5 12.5 ll.7 3.0
12.Is the transportation betweenyour house and the place you worka comfortable? 38.9 33.4 20.t 2.5 5.1 4.0Copyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Educanon) I 99
4.1.4 The Attitude of Early Retrelent Program
The questions of the attitude of early . retirement program were
divided into three parts as follows: The questions from number I to 5 concern
attitude about early retirement program. The questions number 6-14 were life
attitude about the samples after early retirement. The questions 15-20 were attitude
about deparhnent impact.
The results of this study revealed that a majority of the sample has a
good attitude about the early retirement program.
The life attitude about the samples after early retirement revealed
that the majority of the sample had a good auitude about their lives after early
retirement.
The attitude about deparhnent impact, there were about 50 percent
agreed that their department will be better than before, but the another didn't agree
withthat.
Table 10 Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
t
cEarly retirement programl. Do you understand the information
of early retirement program? 32.2
2. Do you have enough time to decidebefore you chose the early retirement
t.40.69.656.3
program?
3. Which benefits you haveis good enough?
s4.7 10.5 2.0 0.8
s5.7 14.5 9.6 2.0
58.2 11.9 2.9 1.6
32.0
18.4
4. Have you really got benefitsas said in the information? 25.4a Copyright by Mahidol University
t Prayod Chamkham Results / 100
Table 10 Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude
(Cont.)
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
Life attitude after early retirement
l. Do you think that the early retirementprogftun has a good chance forthe officers ? 31.8 55.5 10.4 1.0 1.4
2. Do you plan your patternof life before you choose the earlyretirement program? 21.9 48.8 23.8 23 2.8
3. Have your life after early retirementbecome better than before? 43.4 46.5 8.0 1.0 1.2
4. Is your pattem of life before choosingthe early retirement pro$amooworking"? 33.0 49.4 I4.3 2.3 1.0
5. Because you have to spend moneydo you go to this progmm ? 5.9 14.3 11.7 3l.l 37.1
6. Have your life after early retirementbecome better ? 32.6 51.8 13.3 1.4 1.0
7. After early retirement do your lifehave more freedom? 60.4 37.5 1.4 0.6 0.2
8. After early retirement do youlose your power ? 2.3 7.6 12.3 36.5 41.2
9. Do you waste your life afterafter early retirement ? 1.2 3.1 8.0 34.6 53.1
l0.Still did you want to go to the earlyretirement program if you couldchoose it again? 52.1 37.3 5.5 2.3 2.7
t
t
a Copyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad . studies, Matridol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / l0l
Table 10 Percentage distribution by early retirement program attitude (Cont.)
Question Very much Much Middte Little Very little
The Attitude about department impact
l. Do the early retirement program wastedepartments ? 9.8 18.2 39.6 20.7 ll.7
2. Do departments lose good officersbytheearlyretirementprogram ? 17.2 37.7 26.7 12.7 5.7
3. Is the early retirement programgood for the country ? 17.0 35.7 38.9 5.1 3.3
4. Can the early retirement progfttmreduce government offrcers? 29.7 56.1 10.0 3.1 1.2
5. Does the early retirementprogramlead to officer reductionprograms? 24.6 53.7 17.2 2.9 1.6
6. In fact, does the early retirement programhave many good things rather thanbad things? 26.8 43.0 24.8 3.7 1.8
t
a
o Copyright by Mahidol University
t Prayod Charnkham
Table 11 Number and percentage distribution by patterns of rife
Results / 102
Question Number Percentage
62298479510
]
Pattern of life
PlanningRestingReligion volunteer and social workingOwn businessWorking
The reasons
To changejobHealth problemNo justiceBenefitsTo take care of familySystem boring
'Others
1041306758333089
t2.t58.29.2
18.6
2.0
20.3
25.413.1
1 1.5
6.45.9
17.4
t
4.2 Second section: Hypothesis testing
The significance level of the hypothesis testing is fixed at 0.05 and the
pattems of life gathered from five patterns are rearranged to three patterns as
follows: first : planning, second : resting and third : working. The results of testing
are as follows:
Sex The results revealed that there is different between male and female
for selecting the pattern of life. According to the table 12, male,s selecting in
planning and working is higher than female. On the other hand, female's selecting in
resting is higher than male. So, this testing accepts the hypothesis at the significance
level 0.05.o Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 103
T
Table 12 The relationship between sex and the patterns of life
Patterns of life
Sex PlanningNumber (Percent)
Resting Working TotalNumber (Percent) Number (Percent)
C
Male
Female
Total
37
(18.2)
25
( 8.1)
62
(12.1)
103
(s0.7)
242
(78.3)
345
(67.4)
63
(31.0)
42
(13.6)
105
(20.s)
203
(100.0)
309
(r00.0)
512
(100.0)
-
t:42 .271 df:2 Sig: 0.000
Age This studying divides the ranges of sample ages into four groups,
such as 44- 49 years old, 50-54 years old, 55-57 years old afi 57-60 years old.
The results found that there is difference between the ranges of sample ages in
selectingthe patterns of life. According to the table 13, thesamples whoarein
the lower ranges of ages chose the patterns of life i.e. planning and working in a
higher ratio than those who are in the higher ranges of ages. On the other hand, the
samples who are in the higher ranges of ages chose the pattern of life i.e. resting in a
higher ratio than those in the lower ranges of ages. So, the testing accepts the
hypothesis at the significance level 0.05. (See table 13)
a Copyright by Mahidol University
Prayod Chamkham
Table 13 The Relationship between age and the patterns of life
Results / 104t
Patterns of life
Age PlanningNumber (percent)
RestingNumber (percent)
Working TotalNumber (percent)
.Age M-49 years 8
(1e.0)
Age50-54 years 15
(1s.3)
Age55-57 years 16
(1s.3)
Age58-60 years 23
(r2.r)
t8
(42.e)
58
(se.2)
86
(68.3)
183
(67.4)
t6
(38.1)
25
(2s.s)
24
(1e.0)
40
(20.s)
42
(100.0)
309
(r00.0)
126
(100.0)
246
(100.0)
a
x2:20.440 df :6 Sig:6.9,
Marital status This studying divides marital status into three types
i.e. married, widow and single. The results show that there is not difference
between each type of marital status. According to table 14, it shows that the
percentages of each type of marital status: married, widow and single are not far
different among them. For example, the samples who are married selected the
resting pattern of life or 66.2 percent.
The marital status of widow selected the same pattem at a ratio of 70.4
percent and that of single also select the same pattern at a ratio of 76.7 percent.
Therefore, this testing doesn't accept the hypothesis at the significance level
0.05.a Copyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 105
Table 14 The relationship between marital status and the patterns of life
Patterns of life
Marital status PlanningNumber (percent)
RestingNumber (percent)
Working TotalNumber (percent)
aMarried
Single
Window
Total
46
(11.2)
t2
(16.e)
4
(13.3)
62
(12.1)
272
(66.2)
50
(70.4)
23
(76.7)
345
(67.4)
93
(22.6)
9
(12.7)
3
(10.0)
105
(20.s)
4tl(100.0)
7l
(100.0)
30
(100.0)
512
(100.0)
a
X':6.878 df. -4 Sig.:0.142
Education level This studying divides education level into two types
i.e. below bachelor's degrees and bachelor's degrees. The results show that there
is not difference between the two types of education level. According to table 3, it
shows that 65.4 per cent of the samples whose education level is below bachelor's
degrees selected the resting pattern of life. Those of bachelor's degrees selected the
same paffern at a ratio of 68.3 percent. Those of below bachelor's degrees selected
the pattern of life i.e. planting at a ratio of 13.0 percent, those of bachelor's degrees
selected the same pattern at a ratio of l2.l percent. Those of below bachelor's
degrees selected the working pattern of life at a ratio of 2L.6 per cent, those of
bachelor's degrees selected the same pattern at a ratio of 20.0 percent.a Copyright by Mahidol University
aPrayod Chamkham Results / 106
Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of
0.05. (See table 15)
Table 15 The relationship between education level and the patterns of life
aPatterns of life
Education Planning Resting Working Totallevel Number (percent) Number (percent) Number (percent)
Below graduate 21 106 35 162
(13.0) (6s.4) (21.6) (100.0)
Graduate 41 239 70 350
(11.7) (68.3) (20.0) (100.0)
Total 62 345 105 512
(r2.1) (67.4) (20.s) (100.0)
a
t =.416 df : 2 Sig:0.812
Position level This studying divides position level into two tlpes i.e.
Level 7 teachers and Level 7 administrative teachers. The results show that there
are not difference between the two types of position level. According to table 16, it
shows that the percentages of each type are not much different. For example, the
samples who are Level 7 teachers selected the pattems of life i.e. resting at a ratio of
68.8 per cent, working at a ratio of 20.8 percent and planning at a ratio of 10.4
percent.
o Copyright by Mahidol University
I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 107
The samples who are Level 7 administrative teachers selected the patterns
of life i.e. resting at arutio of 61.6 percent, working at a ratio of L9.2 percent and
planning at a ratio of 19.2 percent. There is difference only at the resting pattern of
life. Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance
level of 0.05. (See table 16)
Table 16 The Relationship between Position Level and the Patterns of Life
Patterns of Life
t
Position level PlanningNumber (Percent)
RestingNumber (Percent)
Working TotalNumber (Percent)
Teacher 2levelT 43
(10.4)
Administration
level T
Total
t9
(re.2)
62
(12.r)
284
(68.8)
6l
(61.6)
345
(67.4)
86
(20.8)
t9
(re.2)
10s
(20.s)
413
(100.0)
99
(100.0)
512
(100.0)a
a
x2 = 5.793 df :2 Sig = 0.055
Duty This studying divides duty into two types i.e. teaching and
administration. The results show that there is not difference between the two
typesofduty. Accordingto table 17, it shows that the percentages of each type
of duty are not much different. For example, the samples whose duty is teaching
Copyright by Mahidol University
I Prayod Chamkham Results / 108
selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 68.4 percent, working at 2}.9percent and
planning at 10.7 percent.
The samples whose duty is administration selected the pattems of life i.e.
resting at 63.4 percent, working at lg.g percent and planning at l7.g percent.
Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05.
(See table l7)
Table 17 The relationship between duty and the pattern of life
t
Pattern of life
Duty PlanningNumber / Percent
RestingNumber / Percent
Working TotalNumber / Percent
a
Teaching
Administration
Total
l8
(17.8)
44
(10.7)
62
(t2.r)
64
(63.4)
28t
(68.4)
345
(67.4)
I9
(18.8)
86
(20.e)
101
(100)
4tt(100)
512
(100.0)
105
(20.s)
o
12 : 3.868 df:2 Sie 0.14s
Occupation progress This studying divides occupation progress into
three types i.e. high progress, middle progress and low progress. The results
According to table 18, it shows that the percentages of each type are not much
Copyright by Mahidol University
a Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 109
different. For example, the samples who attain high progress selected the patterns of
life i.e. resting a|65.2 percent, working at2l.9 percent and planning at 13.0 percent.
The samples who attainmiddle progress selected thepatterns oflife i.e.
resting at 70.2 percen! working at 18.5 percent and planning at 11.2 percent. The
samples who attainlow progress selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 67.8
percent, working at20.7 percent and planning at 11.5 percent. Therefore, this testing
does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 18)
Table 18 The relationship between occupation progress and the pattern of life
Pattern of life
t
OccupationProgress
PlanningNumber (Percent)
RestingNumber (Percent)
Working TotalNumber (Percent)
o
High progress
Middle progress
Low progress
Total
32
(r3.0)
20
(11.2)
10
(1 1.s)
62
(r2.r)
t6l(6s.2)
125
(70.2)
59
(67.8)
34s
(67.4)
54
(2r.e)
33
(18.s)
t8
(20.7)
105
(20.5)
247
(100.0)
t78
(100.0)
87
(100.0)
5t2
(100.0)
o
X2 = 1.237 df : 4 Sig :0.872
Health This studying divides
good, ill and permanently ill. The results
health into four types i.e. very good,
show that there is no difference among
Copyright by Mahidol University
t Prayod Chamkharn Results / 110
these types of health. According to table 18, it shows that the percentages of each
tlpe of health are different. For example, the samples whose health is very good
selected the life patterns i.e. resting at 60.6 percent, working at28.4 percent and
planning atl 3.0 percent.
The samples whose health is good selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at
71.5 percent, working at 15.7 percent and planning at 12.8 percent. The samples
whose health is ill selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at74.l percent, working at
12.1 percent and planning at 13.8 percent. The samples whose health is permanently
. ill selected the pattems of life i.e. resting at 78.3 percent, working at 8.7 percent and
planning at 13.0 percent. Therefore, this testing accepts the hypothesis at the
significance level of 0.05. (See table l9)
t
t
o Copyright by Mahidol University
I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / l l1
Table 19 The relationship between health and the patterns of life
Patterns of life
Health PlanningNumber @ercent)
RestingNumber @ercent)
Working TotalNumber (Percent)
IVery good
Good
u
Permanently ill
Total
26
(l1.0)
22
(12.8)
8
(13.8)
6
(13.0)
62
(t2.1)
t43
(60.6)
t23
(71.s)
43
(74.1)
36
(78.3)
345
(67.4)
67
Q8.4)
27
(rs.7)
7
(t2.r)
4
(8.7)
105
(20.s)
236
(100.0)
172
(100.0)
58
(100.0)
46
(100.0)
5t2
(100.0)
t
X2 : 17.951 df=6 Sig: 0.006
Minor job This studying divides minor job into two tlpes i.e.
minor job and non-minor job . The results show that there is difference between
the two types of minor job. According to table 20, it shows that the percentages of
each types of minor job are different. For example, the samples who have minor jobs
selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 35.1 percent, working at 55.0 percent and
planning at9.9 percent
The samples who have non-minorjobs selected the patterns of life i.e. resting
a Copyright by Mahidol University
I Prayod Chaml*ram Results / 112
at78.5 percent, working at8.7 percent and planningat l2.9percent. Therefore, this
tesfing accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (see table 20)
Table 20 The relationship between minor job and the patterns of life
aPatterns of life
Minor job Planning Resting working TotalNumber (Percent) Number (percent) Number @ercent)
Minorjob 13 46 72 l3t(e.e) (3s.1) (ss.o) (100.0)
Non- minorjob 49 2gg 33 3g1
(12.e) (7s.s) (8.7) (100.0)
Total' 62 345 105 St2(12.1) (67.4) (20.s) (100.0)
a
X2:129.80 df =2 Sig=6.00,
Economic level This studying divides economic level into three types
i.e. good level, middle level, and poor level. The results show that there is not
difference among these types of economic level. According to table 21, it shows
that the percentages of each type of economic level are not much different. For
example, the samples who have good economic level selected the patterns of life
i.e. resting at65.2percent, working at22.6percentandplanningat3.2percent.
a Copyright by Mahidol University
I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / 113
The samples who have middle economic level selected the patterns of
lifei.e.resting at67.7 percen! working at2O.3percent and planning atl2.Opercent.
The samples who have poor economic level selected the patterns of life
i.e. resting at42.5 percent, working at 20.6 percent and planningat 17.5 percent.
Therefore, this testing does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level
of 0.05. (See table 21)
Table 21 The relationship between economic lever and the patterns of life
t
Patterns of life
Economic PlanningLever Number (Percent)
RestingNumber @ercent)
Working TotalNumber @ercent)
o
Good
Middle
1
(3.2) .
50
(12.0)
1l
(17.s)
62
(12.1)
23
(6s.2)
283
(67.7)
39
(42.s)
345
(67.4)
7
(22.6)
85
(20.3)
13
(20.6)
105
(20.s)
31
(100.0)
418
(100.0)
63
(100.0)
5t2
(100.0)
Poor
Total
o
x" :4 .089 df :4 Sig : .394
Debt This
The results show
According to table 20,
studying divides debt into two types, non-debt and debt.
that there is diflerence between the two types of debt.
it shows that the percentages of each type of debt areCopyright by Mahidol University
t Prayod Chamkham Results / I 14
different. For example, the samples who have no debts (non-debt) selected the
patterns of life i.e. resting at69.2 percent, working at 19.8 percent and planning at
11.0 percent.
The samples who have debts selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 56.2 1
percent, working atz3.ipercent and plannin g at lg.2percenL Therefore, this testing 1
accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 22)
Table 22 The relationship between debt and the patterns of life
a
t
Pattern of life
Debt Planning Resting Working TotalNumber (Percent) Number (Percent) Number (Percent)
Non-debt 48 304 87 439
(r 1.0). (6e.2) (1e.8) (100.0)
Debt t4 41 18 73
(te.z) (s6.2) (24.7) (100.0)
Total 62 345 105 512
(r2.r) (67.4) (20.s) (100.0)
7"2 :9.892 df = 2 Sig : 0.055
Family influence This studying divides family influence into three types
i.e. low influence, medium influence and high influence. The results show that
there is no difference among these types of family influence. According to table23,a Copyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulationEducation) / 115
it shows that the percentages of each type of family influence are not much
different. For example, the sarrples who receive high farnily influence selected the
patterns of life i.e. resting at 62.5 percent, working at 16.7 percent and planning at
20.8 percent.
The samples who receive medium family influence selected resting at
69.1 percent, working atl9.9 percent and planning at 10.9 percent.
The samples who receive low family influence selected resting at 63.5
percent, working at 27.0 percent and planning at 9.5 percent. Therefore, this testing
does not accept the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 23)
Table 23 The relationship between family influence and the patterns of life
Patterns of life
t
Family Influence Pldnning RestingNumber @ercent) Number (Percent)
Working TotalNumber (Percent)
o
Hish
Medium
Low
Total
l5(20.8)
40(10.e)
7(e.s)
62(r2.r)
45(62.s)
253(6e.1)
47(63.s)
34s(67.4)
t2(16.7)
73(le.e)
20(27.0)
105(20.s)
72(100.0)
366(100.0)
74(100.0)
5t2(r00.0)
o
x,' :8.068 df : 4 Sig:0.089
Copyright by Mahidol University
I Prayod Chamktram Results / 116
Social influence This studying is divides social influence into three tytrles,
low influence, medium influence and high influence. The results show that there
is difference among these types of social influence. According to Table 24, it shows
that the percentages of each tlpe of social influence are different. For example, the
samples who receive high social influence selected the patterns of life
i.e. resting pattern of 72.6 percent, working at 21.4 percent and planning at 6.0
percent.
The samples who receive medium social influence selected resting at 69.0
percent, working at L9.3 percent and planning at 1 1 .8 percent.
The samples who receive high social influence selected resting at 55.1
percent, working at 23.6 percent and planning at 21.3 percent. Therefore, this
testing accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 24)
Table 24 The relationship between social influence and the patterns of life
a
Patterns of life
o Social lnfluence PlanningNumber @ercent)
RestingNumber (Percent)
Working TotalNumber (Percent)
High
Medium
Low
Total
7(6.0)
36(l r.8)
t9(2t.3)
62(12.1)
85(72.6)
211(6e.0)
49(ss.1)
345(67.4)
25(2r.4)
59(1e.3)
2t(23.6)
10s(20.s)
tt7(100.0)
306(100.0)
89(100.0)
512(1oo.o)
oX2 :13.217 df :4 Sig = 0.010Copyright by Mahidol University
I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulationEducanon) / ll7
Job attitude This studying divides job attitude into three types i.e
aversive attitude, medium attitude and complacent attitude. The results show that
there is different among these three tlpes ofjob attitude. According to Table 25, rt
shows that the percentages of each type ofjob attitude are different. For example, the
samples who have aversive attitude selected the patterns of life i.e. resting at 54.1
percen! working at 3l.l percent and planning at ll.Bpercent.
The samples who have medium attitude selected resting at 66.8 percent,
working atz}.2percent and planning at l3.l percent.
Table 25 The relationship between job attitude and the patterns of life
a
Patterns of life
Job Attitude PlanningNumber (Percent)
RestingNumber (Percent)
Working TotalNumber (Percent)
a
Aversive
Medium
Complacent
Total
9(r4.8)
48(l 3. l)
5
(6.0)
62(12.t)
33(s4.1)
245(66.8)
67(7e.8)
345(67.4)
t9(3 r.1)
74(20.2)
t2(14.3)
105(20.s)
6l(100.0)
367(r00.0)
84(100.0)
512(r00.0)
t
x2: 11.770 df = 4 Sig : 0 .019
Copyright by Mahidol University
a Prayod Chamkham Results / 118
The samples who have complacent attitude selected resting at 7g.8
percent working at 14.3 percent and planning pattern at 6.0 percent. Therefore, this
testing accepts the hypothesis at the significance level of 0.05. (See table 25)
a
o
o Copyright by Mahidol University
I Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Education) / I 19
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
The research is on the factors related to the patterns of life chosen by retirees
after having joined in the early retirement program : the case study is government
officials under Nation Primary Education Commission in the central region.
Questionnaires were applied for data collecting. The research was conducted on,5l2
teachers in charge of administration and teaching under National Primary Education
Commission in the central region with the aim of
1. Studying characteristics of govemment teachers having joined the
early retirement program.
2. Studying the related factors affecting the patterns of life after
having joined the early retirement pro$am i.e. gender, martial
stafus, education level, work experience, position level, duty,
occupation progress, healtlq minor job, economic level, debt,
family influence, social influence and satisfaction in teaching
profession.
3. Studying the patterns of life after having joined the early retirement
progmm.
5.1 Teachers' qualifications
From the results obtained from 512 samples i.e teachers registered with the
National Primary Education Commission in the central region to join the program,
t
o
aCopyright by Mahidol University
ll Prayod Chamkham Discussion / 120
300 out of 512 were female or 60.4 percent. The rest of 203 were male or 39.6
percent' These figures presented 20.8 percent of female dominating male sarnples.
From the overall sampres, their ages were grouped as follows:
8.1 percent was between4449 years old
19.2 percent was between 55-57 years old.
24.6 percent was between SS-57 years old
10.7 percent was between 58 years old
18.2 percent was between 59 years old
9.1 percent was between 60 years old.
The sampled group's minimum and maximum ages were between 44 to 60
years. The averaged age was 56.1 years (for precise counting, one year needs to be
deducted upon participation.) If considered the sample group of 58-60 years old, the
figure contributed to 48.0 percent , indicating that 52.0 percent of participants was
not approaching normal retirement age.
Marital status The married status represented 80.3 percent. Divorcees and
widodwidower or separated represented 13.9 percent while 5.9 percent lived alone.
All live in extended family which reflected strong family relationship in Thai society.
Members of the family rely on one another.
Education level The sampled group's education background classified into 3
levels i.e. 31.6 percent lower than bachelor's degrees,67.2 percent with bachelor,s
degrees and 1.2 percent with master's degrees. The major group holding bachelor,s
degrees was put in ageing and intellectual group. They were the most valuable group
ofsociety, being sophisticated and honorary. Seventy-seven percent out ofthe total
C
C
aCopyright by Mahidol University
t Fac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. @opulation Educatiot) I l2l
taught general subjects i.e. health exercise, basic learning, education adminishation,
Thai language, art" agnculture while 23.0 percent was in charge of teaching
mathematics, science, social sfudy and English.
When taking view on education levels, 23.0 percent of the samples was
sophisticated and honorable and assigned for teaching subjects in manpower-shortage
field.
Responsibilities assigned From the total samples, 19.7 percent was school
administrators while 80.3 percent was engaged with teaching work. Their last
positions were assistant to headmaster (C7), headmaster (C7), assistant to principal
(C7), principal (C7), assistant to director (C7) and director (C), compiled up to 19.7
percent while 80.3 percent or 411 teachers titled with Teacher II (C7). Most of the
samples held Teacher II (C7) during late years of service in trvo different fields -.
teaching and adminisfiation - prior to retirement.
Occupation progress was divided into 3 levels based on salary promotion
during last 10 years before participating early retirement plan. Forty-two point trvo
percent of the teachers sarnpled received double promotions more than twice while
34.8 percent received double promotions more than once and 17.0 percent never
received double promotions. During the last 10 years before participating the projec!
73.0 percent earned progress in career. In addition, the study found tt;p1t Sg.Zpercent
of the teachers was granted with educational honour. This confirmed that over 50
percent of the samples with profound experience was well recognizedby society.
Health It was reported that79.7 percent of the samples had good health while
11.3 percent of them intermittently got sick and 9.0 percent had chronic illness.
Though the proportion of the officials with good and bad health was not remarkable,
I
o
tCopyright by Mahidol University
t Prayod Chamkham Discussion / 122
it was worth taking to consideration as health conditions relatively connected with
economic and living pattems of the teachers before and after retirernent. Health
problem was one of reasons contributing to decision making on participation in the
early retirement project.
Minor job Out of 512, l3l people or 25.6 percent had second career during
years of servjce while 381 or 74.4 percerrt did not. After retirement, 105 retirees or
20.5 percent with second career replaced their first career with the second while the
rest were considering whether they could turn in the same direction. Job mostly
chosen by the retirees was agriculture-related. The retirees having second job before
retirement could turn their second job into full-time immediately upon retiremen!
eaming income in addition to pension.
Economic level Six point one percent of the participants in early retirement
project lived in sound economic conditions and 81.6 percent lived moderate
condition while 12.3 percent was in difficulties. Clear evidences supporting the study
were their saving balances i.e. 67.2percent of the teachers had saving with breakdown
details as follows:
12.5 percent had five-digit saving figure.
40.6 percent had six-digit.
14.1 percent had seven-digit
32.8 percent said they had no saving.
The no-saving group lived on pension and stated that they could live on
pension alone provided that careful spending was met. Some of the retirees said they
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could not solely depend on pension and they needed to earn additional income. All in
all, majority of the retirees was grouped in moderate economic status.
Debt The researcher classified retirees into two groups i.e. debt and non-debt.
Eighty-five point seven percent of the studied samples was non-debt while 14.3
percent was in debt. This conclusion was in agreement with economic level i.e. most
of the retirees neither had difficulties on living cost nor financial constraints. Most of
their income came through pensioning and interest from savings. Only minimal
number of the sampled retirees stuck in financial difficulties. This research supported
another conducted by Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995: 74-76) - Study on Patterns
of Life of Retirees: Case Study on Pensioners of Bangkok Metropolitan
Administation. Rachanee found that 86.0 percent of the retirees could make their
end meet while 14.0 percent could not.
5.2 Factors affecting patterns of life
The sampled goup was 512 teachers of National Primary Education
Commission in the central region. In the theoretical application, the researcher set
convincing criteria of 95 percent or 0.05 statistics mean. The researcher minimized
five living patterns to three i.e. l. planning stage, 2. vacationing (leisure and charity
work) 3.second career (freelance and employed). The study was conducted on the
following factors.
Gender Gender had influence on living patterns of early retirees. Based on
statistics mean of 0.05, male retirees were more active in planning and working than
their female counterpart. The latter preferred leisure and charity work. This was
probably because of society's focus on male and they are recognized as family leader.
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Therefore, earning income is designated to male retirees. Related statistics revealed
that female retirees were more prone to sickness and this could contibute to reason
why female retirees preferred leisure and charity work. The research conducted by
Pram6d Wangsaard (1987: 99) supported the conclusion obtained. Pramod launched
a study on elderly people in Kalasin Province and he found that elderly men scored
higher in sound mental health than elderly women. Khemika Yarnarat Q98a:74)
conducted a study on retirees of Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural
Cooperatives and concluded that male retirees were more satisfied in life than women.
Komalin Satra (1988: 79) revealed data obtained from her study that male and female
retirees became drowzy in diflerent degree based on statistics mean of 0.05. Different
degrees of drowsiness brought desperation, uncertainty and hopelessness to the
retirees.
Age Independent means were not set up for this study because the researcher
had no clues of age gaps of participants in early retirement project, The researcher
later found that the participants' ages ranging from 44 to 60 years old. Therefore,
she/he launched a study on relation between ages by dividing alt participants into four
groups i.e. 44-49 years old, 50-54 years old, 55-57 years old and 58-60 years old.
The result from the study revealed that people with different age lived
different lifestyle. Younger scored high in planning for retirement while the older
scored higher in leisure. The study was based on statistics mean of 0.05 and in
agreement with Disenagagement Theory explaining that absence from social affairs
caused by two reasons i.e. stepping down to provide opportunity for the younger
intellectual and adapting themselves to ageing which was a rule of live.
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Marital status The study combined marital status from four to three i.e.
married, divorced/widodwidower/separate and single. It was found that marital
status played no significant roles in living patterns. Based on negative hypothesis of
statistics mean of 0.05, the married retirees chose different patterns i.e. planning stage
with 11.2 percen! leisure taking 66.2 percent and working group representing22.6
percent. The divorced/widod widower/separate came in different answers i.e. 16.2
percent saylng they were in planning stage, 70.4 percent stating they preferred leisure
and 12.7 percent was in second career. The single retirees represented 13.3 percent,
76.7 perce* and 10.0 percent of planning, leisure and work respectively.
If studied in respective factors, difterent marital status produced slightly
different living patterns. The numbers of members in leisure and work group were
slighfly different. Probably, most of the participants were married - 80.2 percent -
deterring sample blending. Therefore, clearer conclusion could not be reached. Only
career pattem was found in low degree. The married group considered second career
while widodwidower and single group ended with leisure and planning for
retirement. The married group scored highest for second career among all. This
conclusion strengthened Thitima Phromthong's (1992:31) study that maried couples
participated in various activities more than widodwidower group did. Mariage is a
crucial mean af[ecting living pattern.
.Education level Three levels of education were studied namely, below
Bachelor's degrees, bachelor's degrees or equivalent and master's degrees or
equivalent however the three levels were combined into two i.e. 1. below bachelor's
degrees bachelor's degrees and master's degrees. Due to limited number of retirees
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with master's degrees six participants, the data obtained from this particular group
showed no relation between education level and the patterns of life during years of
retirement. The hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05 was rejected to this specific
goup. All retirees' average age was 56 years old and left school for decades
therefore the participants of the two education levels were mostly graduated with
diploma and bachelor's degrees. The result of the study was not in agreement with the
hypothesis imposed.
The result of hypothesis studied in this research was not similar to the one
obtained by Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995: 34) which indicated that wider
education gap for exarnple, lower education received (elementary and secondary
school level) affected the patterns of life.
Position level Position level did not relate to the pattems of life, refusing
hlpothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. The ratio of Teacher II (C 7) and Administrator
(C 7) was presented as follows:
Participants inplanning state group 10.4:19.2 - slight difference
Participants in leisure preference soup 68.8 : 61.6 - slight difference
Participants running second career Soup 20.8:19.2 - close results
Because the retirees' last position levels held came in close ranking - Teacher
II, the data obtained confirmed no relation between position levels and the patterns of
life. Howev"t, th" remark lied betrveen administrator group and teacher group. As a
result, the position level was in no connection to the pafterns of life, refusing
hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05.
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This research was not in line with the one conducted by Khemika Yamarat
(1984) focusing on factors of satisfaction degree of pensioners of Ministry of
Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives. Khemika claimed that the last position
level held before retirement affected degree of satisfaction i.e. the higher position
held, the more satisfied they became. Khemika's work involved low profiled and
high profiled levels, as a result, her conclusion indicated different levels of
satisfaction in life. This research was conducted on similar sampled group.
Duty This research concentrated on two different t)?es of duty i.e.
administation in education institutes and teaching. The hypothesis studied found that
duty engaged did not relate to the patterns of life after retirements, refusing the
hlpothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. Significant reasons are that two groups of
retirees assigned with two different types of duty were similar in education level,
position level and work experience. Though particular duty was noted, the general
view was still perceived i.e. both groups were regarded as teachers. As a result, the
duty engaged did not affect the pattems of life in retirement years.
Occupational progress Occupational progress does not put effects on the
patterns of life chosen by early retirees, denying the hypothesis of statistics mean of
All the retirees sampled chose three similar patterns of life. The result was conhast to
the hypothesis due to similar education level, work experience and position level. The
retirees obtained similar levels of work promotions. This study focusing on the last
10 years of civil service did not reflect real occupational progress, contrasting to the
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hypothesis set up. Comparison between first promotion and last promotion
recommended to the researcher in order to secure more accurate data.
Health Health could affect the pattems of life of early retirees, following
with the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. Retirees with good health likely have
minor jobs while the opposite Soup did not. The latter group preferred leisure
activities to minor jobs. That proves that health in some way related to the patterns of
life because the retirees with bad health usually sustain unsound mental and become
worried about their illness.
The above conclusion responds to Frederick Herzverg's Two-factor Theory
saying that hygiene puts effects on physical and mental health. The theory also agrees
with the research conducted by Kanokwan Silapakampiset (1984: 69) claiming that
health conditions related to self-adjustment after retirement. Retirees with good
health have a better level of self-adjustment than those who appear in opposite.
Minor From the hypothesis studied, minos jobs career related to self-
adjustnent after early retirement, following the hypothesis of statistics mean of The
number of retirees with minor jobs said they were in planning stage or leisure scored
less than those without minor jobs. The minor job group scored higher in job finding
than those who had not minor jobs, representing a ratio of 55.0 : 8.7. The result
confimred that those with minor jobs adopted the minor jobs as their full-time after
early retirement while those having no minor jobs were in planning stage and taking
leisure. This conclusion responded to Burnside I.M., (1976:605 - 606) stating that
income planning for living before and after retirement was very essential and those
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who would like to enjoy upper social class after retirement were suggested to very
early plan for themselves prior to retirement.
Therefore, finding minor jobs before retirement is very important especially
those who aim to work in retirement years. Learning and experiencing minor jobs
during years of service help the soon-to-be retirees for income planning and when
they come to the retirement age, they will find it easy to adjust themselves with the
changes. They will have low risk in minor job investrnent and will be able to eam
stable income which would bring good physicat and mental health as well as social
recognition.
Economic level From the collected dat4 economic level was classified into
three i.e. well-off, moderate and low. The economic level did not affect the patterns
of life in retirement years, denyrng the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05.
According to the data 81.6 percent belonged to moderate while 6.1 percent
was in well-off group aad 123 percent lied in poor group. The majority was in
moderate. As a result, the patterns of life chosen were slightly different. The
researcher was recommended to apply more accurate indicators to measure economic
stafus of the retirees.
Debt The retirees were grouped into two i.e. debt and non-debt. From the
study, no relation between debts and the patterns of life after retirement was found,
following to the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. The non-debt group had less
preference to have minor jobs than those who were in debts.
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Leisure The largest group of leisure planners fell in debt-free group, beating
those who were in-debt. Both $oups scored close in planning stage. In conclusion,
slight difference was found in three pattems of life - minor job, planning and leisure -of retirees possibly due to 85.8 percent of the retirees was non-debt while 14.3 percent
ran into debt.
This conclusion responded to the research conducted by Rachanee
Fonthongmonkol (1995: 74-76) that focused on The Patterns of Life of Elderly after
Retirement : Case Study on Pensioners of Bangkok Mehopolitan Adminishation.
Rachanee found that 86.0 percent of the pensioners had sufficient income while 14.0
percent did not. Those with insufficient income or in-debt looked for second career
and special income earning.
Family influence From the hypothesis studn it found that family influence
has no efflects on the pattems of life after retirement, denying the hypothesis of
statistics means of 0.05. A number of retirees slightly affected by family influence
was lower than those relatively to severely affected by the same influence.
However, both groups scored close in leisure patterns. The less-affected group
stating they were in planning stage and scored higher than those relatively to severely
affected.
When studied in details, we found that the patterns of life chosen by both
groups were slightly different. This probably was because both groups received
family influence in form of consulting and morale support. However, when came to
the decision making on the patterns of life, retirees in both groups made the decision
by themselves. This study therefore did not comply with the hypothesis.
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Social influence. From the study, social influence related to the patterns of life
of early retirement, following the hypothesis of statistics means of 0.05. The number
of early retirees receiving mild to moderate social influence scored less than those
who received strong influence. The slighfly-influenced group was the largest number
in leisure pattern, followed by relatively-influenced group. The strongly-influenced
group came last in leisure pattern. Anyway, the percentage of retirees slightly
influenced by society saying they were in planning stage scored lower than those
receiving moderate to stong influence.
From the study, we could conclude that social influence affected the patterns
of life chosen i.e. severely-influenced retirees chose opposite to those who were
slightly-affected, complying with theory of relation between personal psychology and
behavior, claiming that people's value and behavior were influenced by social value.
Satisfaction in teaching career
rt
From the hypothesis, the degrees of
satisfaction in teaching career related to the pattems of life in retirement years. This
explained that degrees of satisfaction in teaching career had effects on the patterns of
life of early retirees, following the hypothesis of statistics mean of 0.05. On the
contary, those having low degree of satisfaction scored highest in the minor job
Broup, followed by moderately satisfied and very satisfied group.
Retirees with lower degree of satisfaction who chose leisure scheme scored
the lowest while those with moderately satisfied degree scored higher. The retirees
with very satisfied degree rated the highest in leisure scheme.
The research concluded that degrees of satisfaction affected the pattems of life
of retiiees in retirement years i.e those with lower degree of satisfaction chose
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pattems.that opposite to the one chosen by those with highest degree. This conclusion
was in line with the study conducted by Siriwan Seareerat and others (1988: 95 -105) stating that positive attitudes of relationship and being parted of the organization
indicated creative behavior from employees while negative attitudes expressed though
inappropriate expression i.e. absent-minded, aggressive and resigning.
Teachers having lower degree of satisfaction in teaching career left their job
for new career. The number of this Soup scored higher than the very satisfied group.
The study on the hlpothesis on related factors found that marital status,
education level, position level, duty, career promotions, economic level, family
influence do not have effects on the patterns of life chosen by early retirees, rejecting
statistics relation mean of 0.05. Gender, age, health, minor job, social influence and
satisfaction in teaching career have effects on the patterns of life of early retirees at
statistics mean of 0.05.
5.3 Patterns of Life
From the study conducted on the 512 soon-to-be retiree teachers of National
Primary Education Commission in the central region participating the early retirement
program, it was found that l2.l percent was in planning stage for the retirement while
58.2 percent, 9.2 percent, 18.6 percent and 2.0 percent stated they were planning for
leisure time, social activities, charity work, minor job and find a hired job
respectively.
Planning stage. Twelve point one percent of the sampled teachers said they
were planning for the retirement, responding to the reasons they previously gave i.e.
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13.3 percent reasoned they had less time for making decision to participate the
progftm. This proved that this group of samples did not intend to join the project
therefore during their retirement years they possibly face related difficulties,
especially regarding economic stability. This group of people aimed to find a second
job and they were in job finding and decision making stage. It was not easy for them
to find a new job and it takes time for self-employed.
This conclusion responded to the study prepared by Surakul Jenorbrom
(1991: 57-58) claiming that after retirement, the retirees' income and special earnings
declined while their expenditure was soaring owing to increasing health care. These
led to economic difficulties. Rachanee Fonthongmongkol (1995) obtained similar
conclusion from her study on living conditions of retirees. She found that the retirees
not having prepared for years of retirement were little satisfied with their life, causing
unhappy years of retirement.
The retirees saying they were planning for retirement probably were in mental
suffer after honeymooning. Atchley viewed that the mental suffer caused by
economic constraint, failing in finding a career, self-adjustment to new environment
and social role changing. Therefore, the retirees should regain self-esteem to recover
from mental suffer.
Leisure pattern. The study reported that 58.2 percent of the samples
belonged to this group, rejecting The Activity Theory by Havighurst claiming that
social activities were essential to life and needed by people of all ages. The activities
ware important for elderly people, bringing high satisfaction to their life and helped
maintain the elderly people' s roles and status as well as created feeling of being
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Discussion / 134
accepted by society. The two groups of retirees choosing leisure activities came with
different determinations i.e. fully and temporarily taking leisure.
Data collection was performed eight months before the actual retirement,
responding to Atchley's conclusion stating that from six months to one year after
retirement was the honeymoon of the retirees i.e. work free, free from time schedule,
free to take activities. This was a very happy time. Howevero it was remarked that the
samples taking leisure perhaps were in early honeymooning and when the
honeymooning ended, they would adjust their living patterns. This was supported by
the data collected from retirees in leisure goup. It revealed that this group consisted
of people with different ages i.e. rg percent of 44-49,59.2 percent of 50-54, 6g.3
percent of 55-57 aad67.4 percent of 58.60 years old, choosing leisure activities. The
data confirmed that some elderly in leisue group were not really elderly therefore it
was possible that they would adjust their pattems of life later. The other crucial'mean
worth taking consideration was the existing low bank saving interest rate. The retirees
depending on this source of income could not make their end meet. Seventy-nine
point seven percent of 345 with moderate economic level lived on saving interest and
pension, not having second career. The situations could force this group of retirees to
adjust their pattems of life after honeymooning.
However, most of early retirees aged between 58-60 tended to leisure activities
due to their sound economic status and age, responding to the Disengagement Theory
indicating two related reasons i.e. 1. stepping down to give opportunities to younger
and preparing for late years of life 2. Disengagement was natural phenomenon and no
one could escape from it.
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Another group of retirees really needed leisure was people with chronic
illness, representing 9.0 percent of all samples. Their choice responded to Becker
K.H. 'view that illness affected physical and mental health and individual's social
roles. Retirees with illness avoided potential activities affecting their health. In
conclusion, retirees with sound economic level and those with illness participated the
early retirement because they really need rest. Related means namely economic, age
and health had influences on the patterns of life of the retireei.
Charity work and public activities. From the study, it was found that9.2
percent of participants chose this pattern. Their frequency of activities participation
escalated. They lived their life in accordance with the Activity Theory stating that
social activities were essential for people of all ages, especially elderly as it brought
satisfaction to the elderly people.
Daranee Khamcharoen (1998) reached a similar conclusion that retirees who
had satisfaction in life were those who participated religious activities i.e. offering
food to monks, listening to Buddhist recitation and taking meditation.
Career patterns. Eighteen point six percent of the samples said they had
minor jobs. From the actual data collected, it was found that retirees having minor
jobs prior to retirement could develop the minor job to their fuIl time. Yet, the
retirees without minor job in service years said they were planning for the retirement.
This convinced that second job taken during service years was essential as it could be
adapted as fulI time after retirement. The soon-to-be retirees should consider a minor
job at least two years prior to retirement and they should seriously study the feasibility
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of having minor jobs or early try it otherwise, they would encounter more difficulties
dwing retirement years. If they are well prepared, they will not become mentally
suffered.
Most of the retirees in minor job pattern entered agriculture section complying
to geographical environment - in the Central Area of Thailand. Only 2.0 becarne
employees. Two factors influencing career choosing were early preparation for what
to do after retirement and having minor jobs prior to retirement which help encourage
quick self-adjustment. Atchley stated that quick adjustrnent helped retirees skip the
mental suffer stage.
Notice: Remarks that should be taken to consideration were that the
participants of the early retirement project were qualified senior who contibuted to
good use of the nation and society for many years. Nevertheless, after they
participated in the project, most became unemployed. It was suggested that concerned
parties should provide opportunities or support to the retirees participating the early
retirement program by a:ranging public and social activities or giving them
opportunities to reenter the civil service with previous job title which would enable
the retirees to continue contributing not only to society but also the nation.
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CIIAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AI\D RECOMMENDATION
' This research is the study on the factors related to the pattems of life after
having joined the early retirement program: a study on teachers in the cental
region under the office of National Primary Education commission.
According to the literature review, there are five patterns of life i.e.
planning, resting, religion volunteer or social working, own business, and
working. These pattems of life are the dependent variables. Also, there are 13
independent variables as follows : sex, marital status, educational level, position
level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic level, debt, family
influence, social influence, and job attitude.
The Objective of this study
1. To study the characteristics of teachers in the central region under the
Office of National Primary Education Commission who have joined the early
retirement program.
2. To study the patterns of life of teachers in the central ,"gio, under the
Office of National Primary Education Commission after have joined the early
retirement program.
3. To study the relationship between the independent variables and the
patterns of life of teachers in the central region under the Office of National
Primary Education Commission after having joined the early retirement program.
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I Prayod Chamkham Conclusion and Recommendation / l3g
The researcher has collected data by posting about 1,292 mails in May
2000. Returned are 512 mails in June, 2000. Therefore, the number of mail is
enough for the simple size of 400 mails.
This researcher made the data analysis by the program Statistical package
of Social Sciences for Windows version 9.01. (SPSS/PC) The data analysis of
characteristics of samples used the descriptive analysis, such as the frequency,
mean values, percentage, standard deviation, maximum - minimum values.
The analyzed relationship between the independent variables and the
dependent variables used Chi-square test. The significance level was fixed at 0.05.
6.1 The conclusion of this study
The conclusion of this study result is as follows:
Sex There was 60.4 percent female and 39.6 percent male.
Age The goup of sarnples whose age is between 44-49 years equals to 8.2
percent, between 50-54 years equals to 19.2 percen! between 55-57 years and at 58
years equal to 10.7 percent, at 59 years equals to lg.2 percent and at 60 years
equals to 19.1 percent. The minimum age of the samples is 44 years and the
maximum is 60 years. The average age of the samples is 56.1 percent.
Marital status The marital status of the samples is ma:ribd - 80.3 percento
widow - 13.9 percent and single - 5.9 percent.
Educational level The educational level of the samples before early retire-
ment is that below bachelor's degrees - 31.6 percent, bachelor,s degrees - 67.2
percent and diploma- 1,2 percent
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Position level The last positions before early retirement of the samples are
Level 7 school administration - 19.7 percent, Level 7 teachers - g0.3 percent.
Duty The duty of the samples is school administrati on at !9.7 percent and is
teaching at 80.3 percent.
Occupation progress This study divides occupation progress into three
types' First, the samples in high occupation progress equal to 48.2 percent. Second,
the samples in middle occupation progress equal to 34.8 percent. Third, the samples
in low occupation progress equal to 17.0 percent. The occupation progress is in
line with the study results of the samples who have granted teaching awards. The
samples who have granted the awards equal to 59.2 percent and do not have granted
the awards equal to 40.8 percent.
Health This study divides health of the samples into three t1pes. The
samples whose health is very good equal to 46.1percent, good equal to 33.6 percent,
ill equal to 11.3 percent and permanently ill equal to 9.0 percent.
Minor job This study shows that the samples who have minor jobs equal to
25.6 percent and do not have minor jobs equal to gl.6 percent.
Economic level This study divides economic level into'three types. The
results is that the samples who have good economic levels equivalent to 6.1
percent, medium economic levels equivalent to 81.6 percent and poor economic
levels equivalent to 12.3 percent.
Debt The samples who have debts equal to 4.3 percent and who do not have
debts equal to 14.3 percent. The samples who have money savings eq;rtl to 67.2
percent.
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Family influence This study divides family influence of the sarnples
into five levels i.e. very high, high, medium, low, very low but changed to
three levels later i.e. high, medium and low. The results of this study are that the
samples whoreceivelowfamily influence are 14.1 percent, medium influenceare
71.5 percent and high influence are 14.5 percent.
Social influence This study divides social influence of the samples into
five levels i.e. very high, high, medium, low, very low, but changed to three levels
later i.e. high, medium and low. The results of this study were that the samples
who receive low social influence equal to 22.9 percent, medium social
influence equal to 58.8 percent and high social influence equal to 17.4 percent.
Job attitude This study divides job attitude into five levels i.e. very
high, high, medium, low, very low, but changed to three levels later i.e
aversive attitude, middle attitude and complacent attitude. The results of this study
are that the samples who have aversive attitude are 11.9 percent , medium attitude
are 71,7 percent and complacent attitude are 16.4 percent.
The Patterns of life In this study, the patterns of life are divided into five
Patterns. There are 512 samples. The results of this study are as follows: The
samples choosing the pattems of life i.e. planning equal to l2.l percent, resting equal
to 58.2 percent, religion, volunteer and social working equal to 9.2 percent, own
business equal to 18.6 percent and working equal to 2.0 percent. After having joined
the early retirement progftIm, the Pattems of life the sample groups choose most (or
the highest ratio of percentage)is relaxation and the one with the lowest ratio of
percentage is employment.
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6.2 Analytical results of relationship
In order to find out relationship between factors - sex, marital status,
education level, position level, duty, occupation progress, health, minor job, economic
level, family influence, social influence and satisfaction with job - and after-
retirement life patterns, the Chi-Square test of assumption at the significant level of
.05 found that the factors of sex, health, second career, social influence and job
satisfaction are associated with the choice of life patterns after early retirement. The
assumption is accepted at the statistical level of .05.
6.3 Policy Suggestions
6.3.1 The study found that a majority of government teachersunder Office of
National Primary Education Commission, Central Area, who participate in the early
retirement program, receive a bachelor's degree and have been ever given a certificate
in teaching. More important, they teach some rare subjects e.g. mathematics, sciences
?, Sociology and English, equivalent to 23.0 percent. It is found that the example
groups has a positive level ofcareer progress, considered that the group has a double
promotion of salary. In the past ten years, the example groups that has a double
promotion of salary account for 48.2 percent.
Most of the example groups have a good condition of health and do not have
any economic problem, with a medium level of economic status. About 14.3 percent
of the example groups sustain debts.
The conclusion is that most of those entering into the early retirement progtam
are well qualified and have financial security and capability and knowledge.
Therefore, there should be preventive measure to prevent the removal of these well
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aPrayod Chamkharn Conclusion and Recommendanon I 142
qualified people from the government system, otherwise the government system will
lose these well qualified people (Brain Lost). However, the early retirement is the
project requiring government officials who are willing to join the program. Therefore,
government organizations to which these qualified government officials belong
should play amajor role in promoting, encouraging and teating fair with every work
rank. That may maintain qualified personnel with the government system. What
should be a benefit for the government system at present is that those who join the
early retirement program should be given an opportunity to come back to work in the
former position, following the research result indicating that those who early retire are
well qualified, or there should be preventive measures to appropriately benefit from
these people who are the country and society,s value.
6.3.2 The study on "life patterns after retirement" found that the 58.2 percent
ratio of example $oups replies "relaxation", and the 56.1 percent ratio of them are
between 58 to 60 yeaxs. Therefore, the example groups who are of high ages want to
relax by discharging regular works. However, this group of retirees still has a long
period of living after retirement. Therefore, if we fully use knowledge and capability
of these people, these retirees themselves and the community will receive positive
results. For instance, volunteers, environmental concerns, community development,
education, etc. However, the retirees' readiness and willingness are required. Related
people should organize projects to give many opporflrnities to retirees. These projects
should be held in provinces as well with assistance from local cultures, natural
resources and environment.
6.3.3 According to the information, it is found that the l2.l percent ration of
exarnple groups is in the process of planning. It can be said that this goup of early
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retirement participants has not planned before what they would do after retired, or
planned life pattems may not be practical as expected. If the concept of Atchley is
taken into consideration, it will be found that this goup of retirees is in the forrth
phase i.e. Disenchant Phase in which retirees experience high tension and discomfort
from several changes e.g. no job, insuffrcient income, self-adjustnent to a new
society, declining social and tension. Though this group of early retirees is a small
number, people concemed should not ignore them. Therefore, those who are
responsible for early retirement programs should publicize, suggest and provide
information to those who are making decision to join early retirement prograrns for
them to consider reasons and practical reality. Planning before retirement is very
important for retirees because they can happily spend their life after retirement. There
are many researches on retirement that suggest the same.
In addition to suggesting retirees to make a plan before retirement, they should
be encouraged to have careers for extra incomes. That is important because the
analytical result of information shows that some of example $oups *t irt, choose the
life pattern of rela:ration accept relaxation for a while or those who are below 58
years because they are not too old. Additionally, the present economic crisis brings in
lower deposit rates but higher living costs, so retirees who receive incomes from
deposit rates will be seriously affected. Careers for extra incomes should mainly be in
line with the life style of retirees. The example groups this research studies include
government teachers in central provinces. Promotion for agriculfural careers or
processing of agricultural produces should be appropriate and support the life style of
exarnple groups. However, a careful study on retirees' desire and appropriateness has
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aPrayod Chamkham Conclusion and Recommendation I 144
to be done, and several other organizations, either government or private, have to take
involved as well.
6.4 Suggestion on family and society
4.1 The research result found that family and society influence a
choice of life pattems after early retirement. That shows family and society play a
significant role in living after retirement. Based on the information of marital status, it
is found that the 80.2 percent ratio of example groups are 'omarried'. It shows that
Thai social fundamentals are still strong. The institution of family still shows tight
relationship. Self-adjustment to roles and statuses of each in a family is what to learn
and act. Therefore, the researcher would like to mention the concept of Dr. Bunlu
Siripanich (1995: 4344) i.e. ooThai family is a type of expanding family, with the
elderly is closely looked after. Some families have got many children, and they all
cannot live together. The situation brings in the split of family but some children have
to take care of parents. When parents of closed people are old and not able to afford
family, children will take up the position of family head. Parents should reduce the
status to that of residents and consultants. It should not be supported that children
separate themselves like the western style of society because relationships will miss.
The elderly will be alone and lonely, No any other happiness for the elderly is better
than happiness with children.
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APPENDIX
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QUESTIONNAIRE
FACTORS RELATED TO PATTERNS OF LIFE AFTER HAVING ELECTEDTHE EARLY RETIREMENT PROGRAM: A STUDY OF TEACHERS IN THECENTRAL REGION OF THE OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL PRIMARYEDUCATION COMMISSSION
Instruction : Please insert information in the place, or give a check mark in the
bracket conesponding to the selected answer.
Section I Questionnaircs about the general characteristics
l.Sex []l.Male l)Z.Female
2. Age in currently years old.
3. Marital status
[ ] l.Married I 12. Separate
[ ]3.Widow [ ]4.Single
4. Education level
[ ] l.Under bachelor degree [ ] 2.Bachelor degree
[ ] 3.Graduated diploma
5. Major subject
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6. Your first position when you used to work as an officer.
t I l.Tee (asoiy | 12. To (ngIY')
[ ]3.Teacherllevel3
7. What was your last position?
t ll.Teacherllevel t l3.Teacher2level
[ ] 2.Administration level .......
8. What was yow duty whenyou were working?
t ll.Administration [ ]2.Teaching
9. How was your occupation progress ?
t I l.High occupationprogress
[ ] 2.Middle occupation progress
[ ] 3.Low occupation progress
t 10. Have you got award while you were working?
[ ]l.Receip [ ]2.Nun-receiP
I l. How was good yotr health in the past 12 months?
[ ] l.Very good health [ ] 2.Good health
[ ]3.Illness [ ]4.Permanentillness
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3Prayod Chamkham Appendix / 158
Section 2 Questionnaires about current economic status
1. Did you have the minor job before you having elected the early retirement
program?
[ ] l.Yes
If you say yes, what hind of the minor job
[ ] 2.No
2. Where did you get some money before you having elected the early retirement
[ ] l.Salary ..........batrVmonth
[ ] 2.Minorjob... ...baht/month
[ ] 3.Rent. ...........ba]rUmonth
[ ] 4.Interest......... .bahUmonth
[ ] 5.Others ......baht/month
3. Where do you get some money now?
[ ] l.Pensionpayment ...........baht/month
[ ] 2.Minorjob........ .............baht/month
[ ] 3.Rent. .....baht/month
[ ] 4.Interest............ ..bahVmonth
[ ] S.Others ............bah1/month
Do you have saving money?
[]l.Yes []2.NoIf yes, how many number do you have? Number.... ......... unit
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5. How do you think about your economic level in the present?
[ ]l.Good [ ]2.Middle
[ ]3.Poor [ ]4.Verypoor
6. What were the things that you have to spend for?
[ ] l.Interest of the loan......... . ... ...baht/month
[ ] 2.House......... .........bath/month
[ ] 3.Car.. ...........ba]rt/month
[ ] 4.Land .........baht/month
[ ] 5.Home eletricity appliances. .........baht/month
[ ] 6.Social activity..... .........both/month
[ ] 7.Others........... .......batrt/month
7. What do you think about you spending?
[ ] l.Enough and have saving [ ] 2.Enough but non-saving
t I 3.Not enough
8. Do you have the debt?
[ ] l.Non-debt [ ] 2.Debt
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Prayod Chamkham
Section 3 Questionnaires about the social psychology
Appendix / 160t
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Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
Family influence
t.Howmuch do you consult withyour relatives about the pattemsof life.
l. Do you want to spend the timewith your family?
I. Do you decide for the pattemsof life by yourself?
[. Do your family want you totake a rest?
i. Do your family want you to doyour own business?
i. Does you choose the pattemof life in the present becauseyou want to spend the timefor your family?
/. Do your family members wantwant you to work until 60 yearsold?
l. Do your couple agree with youin order to be volunteer?
). Do your family members wantyou to work in the company?
t0.Do your family membersagree with you about yourpattem of life that youhave chosen.
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aFac.of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.A. (Population Education) / 161
t
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
Social influence
1. Have the pattern of life thatyou chosen is recommendedby some people?
2. Do you think yourneighbours influence withyour decision making?
3. Do you think.your patternof life that you choose isinfluenced by the media?
4. Do you think your patternof life that you choose isinfluenced by the monksyou respect?
5. Do you feel anxious whenyour neighbours ask you aboutyour pattern of life after earlyretirement?
6. Do youthink you are
influenced by your friends?
7. Does the pattern of life thatthat you choose because youimitate the respecting one?
8. Do you consult with someonebefore making decision?
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Prayod Chamkham Appendix / 162
I
a
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
Job influencel. Do you have a good experience
in your career?
2. Do you go to early retirementbecause you are successful inyour career?
3. Do you feel boring in yourcareer.
4. Do you still go to visit yourfriend that your work with?
5. The patter of life that youchoose in the present becauseyou have no friend inin your office.
6. Don't you agree with theadministrative system?
7. You have chosen the patternof life in the present becauseyou didn't get the justice.
8. Do you close up with your boss?
9. At the period time of working,did you feel free of working anddicision making?
0. At the period time of working,did you have opportunity to dothe best thing for your work?
[1. You had to work hard buteot a little salary?
t2. Is the transportation betweenyour house and the place youwork comfortable?
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Section 4 The early retirement program attitude
Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
Early retirement program attitude1. You understand the information
of early retirement program.
2. You have enough time to decidebefore elected early retirementprogram.
3. The benefit ofwhich you haveis good enough.
4. You have got the benefit correctlyas say in the information.
5. You think that the early retirementprogrcm has a good change forthe officers
Life after early retirement attitude6. You have planed your pattern
of life before elected the earlyretirement program.
7. Your lives after early retirementhave become better than before.
8. Your pattern of life before electedthe early.retirement program isworking.
9. Because you have to spent themoney, so you go to this program.
l0.Your lives after early retirementbecome the better way.
l1.After early retirement your liveshave more freedom.
|2.After early retirement you havelose the yotu power.
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I Prayod Chamkham Appendix / 164
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Question Very much Much Middle Little Very little
l3.Your lives after early retirementis waste.
14.You still want to go to the earlyretirement program, If you couldchoose it again.
The attitude about departmentImpact
15.The early retirement program hasmade the department be waste.
l6.Deparhnent is lose the goodofficen by early retirement prognux
17.The early retirement program isgood for the country.
l8.The early retirement program canreduce the government officers.
19.The early retirement programpilots to officer reductionprogram.
20.In fact, the early retirement programhas many good thins more thanwaste things.
Copyright by Mahidol University
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Section 5 The patterns of life after early retirement
l. What is your pattem of live after early retirement ?
t I l.Planning
f. 1 2. Resting
t I 3. Own business
f, | 4. OwnBusiness
t I s.Working
2. What is the real reason that make you to decide early retirement?
t ] 1.To change of the job
I 12. Health problem
t I 3.Non-justice
I l4.Benefit
t ] 5.To take care of family
t I 6. System boring
I lT.Others
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Prayod Chamkham
NAME
DATE OF BIRTE
PLACE OF BIRTH
INSTITUTIONS ATTENDEI)
BIGRAPTTY
Mr. Prayod Chamkham
3 August 1961
Samut Sakhon, Thailand
Bigraphy/ 166CI
I
Bansomdej Chaopraya Teacher' s
College 1983-1987 Bachelor of
Education.
Mahidol University, I 998-200 I
Mater of Arts @opulation Education)
e
IJ
ffi
Copyright by Mahidol University