Fabrication of Highspeed Reciprocating

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PNEUMATIC OPERATED

AUTOMATIC HACKSAW


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CONTENTS


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER

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TITTLE PAGE

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1 INTRODUCTION 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3

3 ELEMENT OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM 8

4 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

4.1 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER 13

4.2 SOLENOID VALVE 18

5 SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN AND DRAWING 22

6 WORKING PRINCIPLE 29

7 MERITS 31

8 DEMERIT

TS

33

9 APPLICATIONS 35

10 LIST OF MATERIALS 37

11 CAUSE OF LEAK 40

12 COST ESTIMATION 41

13 CONCLUSION 44

14 BIBLOGRAPHY 46

15 PHOTOGRAPHY 48


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LIST OF FIGURES


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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

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PAGE

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1 ELEMENT OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM 8

2 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER 14

3 SOLENOID-VALUE 19

4 HANDLE 23

5 VICE 24

6 HACKSAW SET 25

7 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER 26

8DRAWING FOR FABRICATION OF

HIGHSPEED RECIPROCATING

HACKSAW MACHINE

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SYNOPSIS


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SYNOPSIS

The hacksaw is a metal cutting machine tool designed to cut metal by applying

pneumatic pressure.

The machine is exclusively intended for mass production and they represent

fasten and more efficient way to cut a metal.

Hacksaws are used to cut thin and soft metals. The operation of the unit is

simplified to a few simple operations involving a cylinder block and piston

arrangement.

There are numerous types of cutting machines in Engineering field, which are

used to fulfill the requirements. We are interested to introduce pneumatic system in

Hacksaw machine. The main function of Pneumatic hacksaw is to cut thin and soft

metals by pneumatic power.

The pneumatic has gained a large amount of importance in last few

decades. This importance due to its accuracy and cost. The pneumatic reciprocating high-

speed hacksaw machine has an advantage of working in high pressure the hacksaw used in

this is reciprocate such that required shape can be cutted according to the requirement.


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CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

The hacksaw is the metal cutting machine tool designed to cut metal by

applying pneumatic pressure. The machine exclusively intended for mass production and they

represent fasten and more efficient way to cut a metal.

Hacksaws are used to cut thin and soft metals the operation of the unit

is simplified to a few simple operations involving a cylinder block and piston

arrangement.There are numerous systems in hacksaw machine .the main function of

pneumatic hacksaw is to cut thin and soft metals by pneumatic power.


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CHAPTER: 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: PNEUMATICS:

The word pneumatics originates from greek word (pneuma) which in

turn originates from (pneuma) meaning air organ which in turn comes from (pneuma greek

for air).

Pneumatic is a huge topic of science and engineering dealing with the

mechanical properties of air and the therotical foundation for pneumatics which focuses on

engineering uses of air properties, pneumatic topics range through. It is a branch of

technology, which deals with the study and application of pressurized gas to effect

mechanical motion. Pneumatic systems are extensively used in industry, where factories are

commonly plumbed with compressed air or compressed inert gases. This is because a

centrally located and electrically powered compressor that powers cylinders and other

pneumatic devices through solenoid valves is often able to provide motive power in a

cheaper, safer, more flexible, and more reliable way than a large number of electric motors

and actuators. Pneumatics also has applications in dentistry, construction, mining, and other

areas.


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Pneumatic systems are widely used systems in industry. While they are

used widely in the industry, the system components like pumps, valves, cylinders are always

became investigation topics in the history. Pneumatic cylinders are one of the most common

components of the pneumatic systems used in many engineering applications like; automatic

manufacturing and montage lines, heavy construction equipments, control systems, sensitive

measurement and test systems. They are used for producing linear motion in the pneumatic

systems and they convert pneumatic energy to mechanical energy.

Most science and engineering disciplines and cover concepts such as

pipe flow dam design air and air control, computional fluids called dynamics.flow

measurment ,river channel ,behaviour and erosion ,however if used incorrectly ,pneumatic

instrument can result in weird occurrences because of the nature of high pressured air .

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2.2: PNEUMATIC POWER:

Pneumatic pressurised airs are a large group of air used as the motive

medium in pneumatic machinery. Air types include synthetic compounds of air and the

mixtures .The air are found in machinery and equipment.to back holes , pneumatic systems

are very common in aircraft flight control systems air is medium of power transmission in a

pneumatic systems.

2.3: SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual

effort by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low cost

mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations. Many factories and

plants already have a compressed air system, which is capable of providing the power

(or) energy requirements and the control system (although equally pneumatic control

systems may be economic and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually

economic and simplicity the later reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have

out standing advantages in terms of safety.

2.4: OXIDATION STABILITY:


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Oxidation is taken place due to chemical action between oil and

oxygen when oxidation of air take place impurities like dusts, moistures, dirts, etc.oxidation

stability is defined as the air is ability to resist oxidation.complete preventation of oxidation is

impossible but it can be reduced.

2.5: PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSEDAIR:

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which

must be made available, in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the

system. However it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air

supply.

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The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means

using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a

certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure.Compressor capacity is the actual

quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air

at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature.

2.6: REST AND CORROSION PREVENTION:

The moisture entering into the system along with air produces rusting

the rust if passed through the precession components like values pump.


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CHAPTER: 3

ELEMENT OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

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ELEMENT OF THE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Figure no: 1

Compressor:a pump which compresses air, raising it to a higher pressure, and delivers it

to the pneumatic system (sometimes, can also be used to generate a vacuum).

Control valve:one-way valve that allows pressurized air to enter the pneumatic system,

but prevents backflow (and loss of pressure) into the compressor when it is stopped.


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Solenoid value:controls the flow of pressurized air from the source to the selected port.

Some valves permit free exhaust from the port not selected. These valves can be actuated

either manually or electrically (the valves typically provided in the FIRST kits use dual

solenoids to change the direction of the valve, based on input signals from the control

system).

Actuator:converts energy stored in the compressed air into mechanical motion. A Linear

piston is shown. Alternate tools include rotary actuators, air tools, expanding bladders, etc.

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COMPRESSOR:

The compressor feeds air into a main tank, the main tank's pressure is

higher than the pressure required by any single pneumatic animatronic. The main tank outlet

should have an adjustable regulator, which reduces the tank's pressure to that required by the

rest of the pneumatic system. On the regulator are two gauges used to read both tank pressure

and the output pressure of the regulator.

The compressor's output line should be coupled with a filter/drier trap

unit which is designed to remove oil and any foreign particles that may have been introduced

by the compressor. It is also intended to collect any water which condenses out of the air as it

passes through. (As the pressure and temperature of the air drops when passing into this

larger enclosure, water vapor passes into its liquid state.) Water and debris - including tiny

metal particles shed by the compressor's mechanism - contribute to rust, corrosion and wear,

while oil causes deterioration in rubber parts and seals. Thus, a filter can be important for

reliable system operation. These devices consist of a perforated cylindrical, housed inside a

glass or plastic cup which is often covered with a mesh or cage to prevent injury to the

operator in case the enclosure shatters. At the bottom of the glass is a tap valve, which may

be opened during operation to

The trap/filter are typically rated for pressures between 100 to 200 P.

S. I. The unit should be checked regularly, and the excess water must be bled off before it

reaches the level of the filter. In humid climates, this can occur frequently if the trap is

small.As air hoses run to multiple applications, they branch by means of splitters and valvesfrom the main line. The valves allow any single animatronic be shut off.


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The master air storage tank at the compressor holds a surplus of air as a

buffer. At each pneumatic animatronic location a small inline reservoir tank is installed

nearby (within 10 feet or so). This way air does not need to travel a long distance through a

restricted conduit to reach the pneumatic animatronic. Air flow is slowed when it must travel

through a long hose. Without reservoirs, the pneumatic animatronic might work slowly and

unpredictably, especially if they are triggered often, or if several devices are triggered at once

a secondary regulator is required at this point. The pneumatic animatronic feed pressure must

be limited to a lower pressure than the reservoir tank feed pressure, as this is a usually higher

than the pneumatic animatronic

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requires or can safely handle. Spooky pneumatic animatronics work on ultra low air pressures

for safety, efficiency and slightly quitter operation compared to pneumatic animatics sold

elsewhere.

Buy an electrically powered air compressor as gas powered

compressors are often much too noisy and the fumes and the fuel are hazardous. We suggest

getting an oil-less and direct drive (not a belt drive) unit. Oil-less compressors are more or

less maintenance free and you do not have to worry about keeping the compressor level or

about leaking oil. The following suggested parameters are based on spooky animatronics.

Pneumatic animatronics from other companies consume for more air and you should contact

them for their recommendations.

Just to run the one of our animatronics, you will need a compressor

with at least a 2 gallon tank or bigger. 1/4 horse power or more and 1.5 cfm of air flow or

more.Double these if you plan on 2 of our animatronics triple.

We have very air efficient designs. Other companies an imatronics require even more. If you

are running 3 or 4 pneumatic animatronics on a periodic basses (as most home haunters do) a3/4 horsepower compressor with a 10 gallon main tank should work fine and you probably

will not need to use reservoir tanks. If you are running 5 to 10 on a periodic basses you may

need to use reservoir tanks. If you are operating a large haunted house with 300 to 700 people

a night and 4 or more pneumatic animatronics you will need at least a 1 horsepower

compressor with a 10 gallon main tank and reservoir tanks for each animatronic unit.

When comparing compressors it is best to use the air delivery rate as

basics of comparison. In higher the cfm rating is better. Be aware that the cfm (cubic feet per

minute) will vary depending on the regulated pressure as which it is operating. For example,


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a compressor that delivers 6.0 cfm when set at 40 psi might only produce 4.8 cfm at 90psi so

when comparing ratings make sure the ratings are given for the same air pressure reading.

Dont use electric compressors with extension cords. Instead, use a

longer air hose. Compressors use a high amount of amperage and can put too much of a strain

on long extension cords.

Empty the water from the tank after each day of use. This is to prevent

the tank from rusting.

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Dangers in a pneumatic system can come from:

o Poorly maintained compressor with a faulty relief valve

o Devices operated at excessive pressures which may cause them toexplode

o High pressure systems with bad connections or fittings, which could allow. Ahose to spring loose, jump around and hit a nearby person.

o Electrically related heat from power cables or from too little air circulatingaround the compressor.

CONTROL UNIT:

It is used control the solenoid by ON and OFF valve. To the requirement of air flow

in further way to in and out for the working of pneumatic cylinder.


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CHAPTER: 4

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

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DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

4.1. PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

CYLINDER TECHNICAL DATA

Piston Rod:

M.S. hard Chrome plated

Seals:

Nitrile (BunaN) Elastomer

End Covers:Cast iron graded fine grained from 25mm to 300mm

Piston:

Aluminium

Media:

Air

TemperatureRange:

0oc to 85oc

Parts of Pneumatic Cylinder:

Piston:

The piston is a cylindrical member of certain length which reciprocates

inside the cylinder. The diameter of the piston is slightly less than that of the cylinder bore

diameter and it is fitted to the top of the piston rod. It is one of the important parts which

convert the pressure energy into mechanical power.


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The piston is equipped with a ring suitably proportioned and it is

relatively soft rubber which is capable of providing good sealing with low friction at the

operating pressure. The purpose of piston is to provide means of conveying the pressure of

air inside the cylinder to the piston of the oil cylinder.

Generally piston is made up of

Aluminium alloy-light and medium work. Brass or bronze or CI-Heavy duty.

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Figure No: 2

The piston is single acting spring returned type. The piston moves forward when the high-

pressure air is turned from the right side of cylinder. The piston moves backward when the

solenoid valve is in OFF condition. The piston should be as strong and rigid as possible. The


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efficiency and economy of the machine primarily depends on the working of the piston. It

must operate in the cylinder with a minimum of friction and should be able to withstand the

high compressor force developed in the cylinder and also the shock load during operation.

The piston should possess the following qualities.

a. The movement of the piston not creates much noise.b. It should be frictionless.c. It should withstand high pressure.

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Piston Rod

The piston rod is circular in cross section. It connects piston with

piston of other cylinder. The piston rod is made of mild steel ground and polished. A high

finish is essential on the outer rod surface to minimize wear on the rod seals. The piston rod

is connected to the piston by mechanical fastening. The piston and the piston rod can be

separated if necessary.

One end of the piston rod is connected to the bottom of the piston. The

other end of the piston rod is connected to the other piston rod by means of coupling. The

piston transmits the working force to the oil cylinder through the piston rod. The piston rod

is designed to withstand the high compressive force. It should avoid bending and withstand

Shock loads caused by the cutting force. The piston moves inside the

rod seal fixed in the bottom cover plate of the cylinder. The sealing arrangements prevent the

leakage of air from the bottom of the cylinder while the rod reciprocates through it.

Cylinder Cover Plates

The cylinder should be enclosed to get the applied pressure from the

compressor and act on the pinion. The cylinder is thus closed by the cover plates on both the

ends such that there is no leakage of air. An inlet port is provided on the top cover plate and

an outlet ports on the bottom cover plate. There is also a hole drilled for the movement of the

piston.

The cylinder cover plate protects the cylinder from dust and other

particle and maintains the same pressure that is taken from the compressor. The flange has to

hold the piston in both of its extreme positions. he piston hits the top plat during the return


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stroke and hits the bottom plate during end of forward stroke. So the cover plates must be

strong enough to withstand the load.

WORKING:A pneumatic system is one in which power is transmitted from one

place to another place through the medium of an compressible air. Usually pneumatic system

have found versatile application in machine tool engineering .power transmission, by using

an air as medium is called by a name pneumatic.

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it is more compact and elimintes the mechanical complicated linkages like gears, came and

levers .It does not require any lubrication as aresult wear and tear of the moving components

are considerably reduced .

The Pneumatic system components are connected by pipe

lines .It provides flexibilty in locating the components at any desired place .by varying. The

quantity of air flow by means of a value any amount of step less speed can easily be obtained

.The air used in system, provides cushoning effect for the shock loads. The life of the

component is increased. Very large forces can easily be obtained and force multiplication is

also possible with the minimum changes and losses. Whenever the pneumatic systems are

over loaded the pressures immediately relieved. Thus the system components are protected

against the breakages and overstrain.

The pneumatic air is compressible the system is very sensitive for

instant operations. Thus backlashes in mechanical system will exist in pneumatic system.

This system requires very simple maintence cares. The heat generated in the bearings and

moving parts are carried away by the air itself. Thus the system does not require any cooling

arrangements. The system provides quick return motion of the components with the simple

arrangements. Thus idle times of machining operations are reduced. The pneumatic system

provides very high degree of dependability.

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CHAPTER: 4.2

SOLENOID VALVE

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4.2. SOLENOID VALVE

Technical Data:

Size : 5/2

Pressure : 0 to 10 kg / cm2

Media : Air

Purpose:

This valve is used to speed up the piston movement and also it acts as a

one way restriction valve which means that the air can pass through only one way and it

cant return back.By using this valve the time consumption is reduced because of the faster

movement of the piston.

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic

system commonly known as DCV. This value is used to control the direction of air flow in

the pneumatic system; the directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal

movable parts.

This value was selected for speeedy operation and to reduce the

manual effort and also for the modification of the machine into automobile machine by

means of using a solenoid value

A solenoid is an eletrical device that converts electrical energy into

straight line motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation which in

turn operates the valve mechanism. Solenoid is one which the plunger is pulled when the

solenoid is energized.

The name of the parts of the solenoid should be learned so that they

can be recognised when called upon to make repairs, to do service work or to install them.

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Figure no: 3

PARTS OF A SOLENOID VALVE:

1. COIL

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are

seprated by insulating layer.The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not

affected by solenoid moisture. Cutting oil or often fluids.coils are rated in various voltages

such as 115 volts AC, 230volts AC, 460volts AC,575volts AC. 6volts DC,12volts DC,24

volts DC,115volts DC & 230 volts DC. They are designed for such frequencies as 50Hz to 60

Hz.

2. FRAME

The Solenoid Frames Serves several purposes. Since it is made of

laminated sheets, it magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The magnetized

coils attract the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the mounting

they are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The frame has provisions for receviers the

plunger. The wear strips are mounted to the solenoid frame. And are made of materials such

as metal or imaginated less fiber cloth.

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3. SOLENOID PLUNGER

The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The

plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that

there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At the top of the

plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is

moved by a magnetic force in one direction and its usually returned by spring action.

Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either the

solenoid or the entire valve. It protects the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and

protects the actuator also. In many applications it is necessary to use explosation proof

solenoids.

WORKING OF SOLENOID VALVE:

The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of

5/2 valve. The spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position

the port get connected and disconected.

The working principle as follows:

POSITION -1

When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port P gets

connected toB and S remains closed while A gets closed to R.

POSITION -2

When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port P and A gets

connected to each other and B to S while port R remains closed.

3. CONNECTORS, REDUCER AND HOSECOLLAR:

In our pneumatic system there are two types of connectors used; one is

the hose connector and the other is the reducer. Hose connectors normally comprise an

adapter (connector) hose nipple and cap nut. These types of connectors are made up of brass

or Aluminium or hardened steel. Reducers are used to provide inter connection between two

pipes or hoses of different sizes. They may be fitted straight L or other configuration

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CHAPTER: 5

SPECIFICATION AND

DESIGN AND DRAWING

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SPECIFICATION

AND

DESIGN AND DRAWING

PneumaticComponents

Specification

The pneumatic m an ua l fe e d hi gh sp ee d hacksaw ma ch i ne

consists of th e f o l l o w i n g components to full fill the requirements of complete operation

of the machine.

1. Flow control Valve2. Connectors3. Hoses4. Pneumatic cylinderTechnicalData

1. Solenoid Valve

Port size : 0.635 x 10 m

Pressure : 0-8 x 10 N/m

Media : Air

2. Connectors

Max working pressure : 10 x 10 N/m

Temperature : 0-100

Fluid media : Air

Material : Plastic

3. Hoses

Max pressure : 10 x 10 N/m

Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 m

Inner diameter : 3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 m

4. Pneumatic cylinder

Max pressure : 12 x 10 N/m

Size : 40 x 75 mm

Inner diameter : 10 mm = 10 x 10 m

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DESIGN AND DRAWING

1. HANDLE

Figure no: 4

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2. VICE

Figure no: 5

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3. Hacksaw Set

Figure no: 6

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4. CYLINDER

Figure no: 7

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DRAWING FOR PNEUMATIC RECIPROCATING

HIGHSPEED HACKSAW MACHINE

Figure no: 8

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CHAPTER: 6

WORKING PRINCIPLE

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WORKING PRINCIPLE

The compressed air from the compressor reaches the solenoid valve.

The solenoid valve changes the direction of flow according to the signals from the timing

device. The compressed air passes through the solenoid valve and it is admitted into the front

end of the cylinder block.The air pushes the piston for the cutting stroke. At the end of the

cutting stroke air from the solenoid valve reaches the rear end of the cylinder block.

The pressure remains the same but the area is less due to the presence

of piston rod. This exerts greater pressure on the piston, pushing it at a faster rate thus

enabling faster return stroke. The weight attached at the end of the hacksaw frame gives

constant loads which lower the hacksaw to enable continous cutting of the work. The stroke

length of the piston can be changed by making suitable adjustment in the timer.

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CHAPTER: 7

MERITS

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ADVANTAGES:

The cutting speed can be varied according to our needs by adjusting thetimer.

It is portable. It does not have any prime mover like eletric motor. Simple in construction than mechanical hacksaw. It is compact one. Less maintenance.

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CHAPTER: 8

DEMERITS

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LIMITATION:

Only smaller size and soft metal can be cut. It is costiler than the mechanical hacksaw because of compressor unit. Less efficiency when compressor to mechanical device. Leakage of air affects the working of the unit.

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CHAPTER: 9

APPLICATIONS

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APPLICATION:

It is used in small scale industries and in large scale industries. It useful when materials need to be cut in hazardous areas such as oil &

gas refineries, chemical factories or oil rigs as well as dusty and wetenvironments where electric tools are not effective.

It is valuable tools in production environments such as pallet repair,shipbuilding or fiberglass workshops, because they will last longer than

electric tools.

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CHAPTER: 10

LIST OF MATERIALS

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LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of materials are discussed below

1. PROPERTIESThe materials selected must posses the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied.Can be weight, surfacefinish,

rigidity, ability to with stand environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability,

etc...

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively

affect their selection

PHYSICAL MECHANICAL FROM MANUFACTURING POINT OF VIEW CHEMICAL

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

conductivity, specific heat, co-efficent of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical

conductivity, magnetic purposes, etc

The various mechanical properties concerned are strength in tensile

load, compressive shear, bending, and torsion, and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact

of elasticity, hardness, wear resistence and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

Castability Weldability Surface properties Shrinkage Deep drawing, etc...

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2. MANUFACTURING CASE

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtained by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the

use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

thematerial. For example: it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of

components which can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging

the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL

Some materials may be scare or in short supply it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other materials which through may not be a perfect

substitute for the materials designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery of materials

and the delivery date of the products should be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION

Some times high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitation are there.

6. COST

As in any other problem, in selection of material cost of material plays

an important part and should not be ignored. Some times factors like scrap utilization,

appearance, and non-maintence of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.

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CHAPTER: 11

CAUSE OF LEAK

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CAUSE OF LEAK:

Almost all pneumatic system leaks occuring after extended service from three

conditions:

Loosening of fittings and connectors by shock and vibrations.

Wear of dynamic seals and mating parts especially in pneumatic cylinders.

Support allpipe lines with damped mountings to absorb both shock and vibrations.

Reduce shock with low-shock valves or accumulators.

Use pressure controls with low override and strategically placed to protect all parts ofthe system.

Use a minimum number of fitting and connectors. Use weld joints wherever pratical.

Use parallel thread connectors, tees and elbows in place of tapered pipe threads.

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CHAPTER: 12

COST ESTIMATION

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COST OF ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST : 7000

2. LABOUR COST : 2200

3. MACHINING COST : 2600

4. OVERHEAD CHARGESThe overhead charges are arrived by Manufacturing cost

Manufacuring cost = Material cost + Labour cost

= 7000 + 2200 + 600

= 9800

Overhead charges = 2% of manufacturing cost

5. TOTAL COST :TOTAL COST =Material cost + Labour cost + overhead charges

= 7000+ 2200 + 200

= 9400

TOTAL COST FOR THIS PROJECT =

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Rs. 9800


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CHAPTER: 13

CONCLUSION

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ADVANTAGES

There is no need of giving feed during every cut due to the presence ofweight.

The cutting speed can be varied according to our needs by adjusting the timer. It is portable It does not have any Prime mover, like electric motor related to the unit. As the air is freely available, we can utilize the air to cut the metal and hence it

is economical.

Simple in construction than mechanical hacksaw It is a compact one Less Maintenance

LIMITATIONS

Only smaller size and soft metal can be cut It is costlier than the mechanical hacksaw because of compressor unit. Less efficiency when compressed to mechanical device. Leakage of air affects the working of the unit.


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CONCLUSION

Today, buyers are demanding quiet machines because of their concern

about meeting in dustys noise limits. Vickers is helping to meet this demand by


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supplying quiet pneumatic components. Sound levels of some pumps today, for example,

there are fifty percentage of lower than the same model pumps of a few years ago. In the

pneumatic the one major problem is leakage. In future we can avoid this leakage by

taking proper activities.

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CHAPTER: 14

BIBLOGRAPHY

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BIBLOGRAPHY


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1. Material selection : Myer kutz2. Materials and design of art and science : Michael F. Ashby,Kara Johnson3. Compressor and principle ,pratices : Tony Giampaolo4. Pratical pneumatics : Chris Stacey5. Machine shop practice: Volume 1 : Karl Hans Moltrecht6. Machine Shop Tools & Operations : Rex miller, Mark richard miller7. Popular Mechanics : LH Houck8. Basic machine technology : C. Thomas Olivo9. We thank our college library for giving refrence book of our old projects.10.We thank our lab assistants for giving ideas and for there helps.11.We have refered some detail by help of internet source.

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http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=G&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+F.+Ashby%22&ei=9goiT8PlIYm8rAeplYidCA&ved=0CHIQ9Ag&biw=1366&bih=664http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=G&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+F.+Ashby%22&q=inauthor:%22Kara+Johnson%22&ei=9goiT8PlIYm8rAeplYidCA&ved=0CHMQ9Aghttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Tony+Giampaolo%22&sa=X&ei=mAwiT-iqBIrirAfWoaTECA&sqi=2&ved=0CEAQ9Ag&biw=1366&bih=664http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=N&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Chris+Stacey%22&ei=jDpOT-HDCcHZrQfD3cmuDw&ved=0CD0Q9Ag4Cghttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=7eaCQoBKFnkC&pg=PA459&dq=power+hacksaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FjtOT5DsJpDKrAfan-ymDw&sqi=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQhttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&tbo=1&biw=1024&bih=643&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Karl+Hans+Moltrecht%22&sa=X&ei=FjtOT5DsJpDKrAfan-ymDw&sqi=2&ved=0CD0Q9Aghttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=vc_ZJPmG4d8C&pg=PA1&dq=power+hacksaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FjtOT5DsJpDKrAfan-ymDw&sqi=2&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBAhttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=WNkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA197&dq=power+hacksaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lTxOT4LUIc2HrAeIs-2TDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwADgKhttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=N&tbo=1&biw=1024&bih=643&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22C.+Thomas+Olivo%22&ei=Rj1OT8OrAYnkrAfljLmgDw&ved=0CGEQ9Ag4Cghttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=N&tbo=1&biw=1024&bih=643&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22C.+Thomas+Olivo%22&ei=Rj1OT8OrAYnkrAfljLmgDw&ved=0CGEQ9Ag4Cghttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=WNkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA197&dq=power+hacksaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lTxOT4LUIc2HrAeIs-2TDw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwADgKhttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=vc_ZJPmG4d8C&pg=PA1&dq=power+hacksaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FjtOT5DsJpDKrAfan-ymDw&sqi=2&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBAhttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&tbo=1&biw=1024&bih=643&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Karl+Hans+Moltrecht%22&sa=X&ei=FjtOT5DsJpDKrAfan-ymDw&sqi=2&ved=0CD0Q9Aghttp://books.google.co.in/books?id=7eaCQoBKFnkC&pg=PA459&dq=power+hacksaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FjtOT5DsJpDKrAfan-ymDw&sqi=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQhttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=N&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Chris+Stacey%22&ei=jDpOT-HDCcHZrQfD3cmuDw&ved=0CD0Q9Ag4Cghttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Tony+Giampaolo%22&sa=X&ei=mAwiT-iqBIrirAfWoaTECA&sqi=2&ved=0CEAQ9Ag&biw=1366&bih=664http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=G&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+F.+Ashby%22&q=inauthor:%22Kara+Johnson%22&ei=9goiT8PlIYm8rAeplYidCA&ved=0CHMQ9Aghttp://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&sa=G&tbo=1&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Michael+F.+Ashby%22&ei=9goiT8PlIYm8rAeplYidCA&ved=0CHIQ9Ag&biw=1366&bih=664


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CHAPTER: 15

PHOTOGRAPHY

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Fabrication of Highspeed Reciprocating