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MANAGEMENT PLAN
AIDJST 1988
Sul:mitted:
Reviewed:
Revi--1: ~Dare: 7-H-Pr'l
Approved:~ Jw~ Dat:s>: 7-'f-1'7
NWR
. ·' . MANAGEMENT PLAN lOllAY 11X1t NWR
Pl!GE
I . FROORN4 RELATION '10 REFU3E ce.mcrrvES
A. Pref ace 1
B. History 1
c. Refuge Cl:>j ectives 1
D. Obtaining Refuge Cl:>jectives 2
E. Wildlife and Tree Species to be Favored 3
F. Research Needs 3
II. FROORAM roLICIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE CDNrnCL
A. Fish and Wildlife Service Policy 3
B. Policy of Harvest 3
c. Cc:m.trol Records 4
D. canparanent Prescription 4
1. Natural Managanent Canpartment 4
2 . Hardwocd Developnent canpa.rtment 5
3 • Atlantic Wh.i te Cedar Managanent Canpartment 5
• E. Natural Area 5
F. Special Managanent Considerations ani Techniques 5
1 . Green Tree Reservoir Managanent 5
2 . Fire Managanent 5
3 . Archeological and CUl tura1 ResoUrce Management 6
4 . Aesthetics 6
G. Insect and Disease Control 6
H. Timber Marking and Th.inning Procedures 6
I . Policy and Mninistratioo of Sales 6
J . Sale Appraisal 7
K. Funds 7
III. FROORN4 DF.sCRIPl'ION, FRCBLEM3 AND SOLUTICNS
A. Sccpe of Forest Pr6gram 7
B. Description 7
1 . Acreage 7
2. Tq:>Ography 7
3. Drainage 7
4. Soils 7
5 . Prd:>lans 8
6 . Timber Type Classification 8
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MANAGEMENT PLAN IOeAY HCXlt NWR
PAGE
a. Natural Management Carpartment · b . Ha.rQ./ocxi Managanent Ccrnpartment
c. Atlantic White cedar Management CO'rlpartment
8 8 8
7 . Volunes 8 8. Grcwth and Maximun CUt 9
a. Natural Managanent Ccrnpartment 9 b . Hardwocxi Managanent Carp;utlrent 9 c . Atlantic White Cedar Managanent CCinpartroent 9
c. Program Effect on Local EcanaT!Y 9
N. PROORAM UNITS - HABITAT r.ww;EMENI' a:MPAR.'IMENI'
A. General 9 B. Miscellaneous !tans of Managanent Jirix:>rtance 10 c. Timber Managanent Ccmpartments 10
1. Natural Managanent Ccmpartment 10 2. Hardwocxi Management Caiq:iartment 11 3 . Atlantic White cedar Conpartment 11
V. mYSICAL AND EQUIFMENI' USE REQUIREMENI'S
A. Roads B. Miscellaneous i:quipnent c. Engineering Services
VI. FUNDS AND ~ REQUIREMENI'S
VII. MAPS
VIII. APPENDICES
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MANAGEMENT PLAN lOmY llXlK NWR
I. Program Relation 'lb Refuge Objectives
A. Preface
B.
Banbay Hook Naticra.l Wildlife Refuge is located in rural Kent Connty, Delaware. The refuge is bounded by State Route 9 and private rrarsh and fannland to the west, the Mahon River to the south and the Delaware Bay to the east. The tcwn of Leipsic Delaware lies near the western boundary. The nearest to.m with rrodem faciliti es is S'qy:tna, located eight miles nortlMest of the refuge.
The surrounding locality is characterized prinarily by agricultural land an which corn, soybean and wheat are the principal cash crq>s. Extensive salt rrarsh borders all uplands in the vicinity. The topography is very flat with roost of the refuge lying belcw the 10 foot mean sea level contour. The refuge currently canprises 15, 122 acres, of which awraximately 12, 250 are tidal salt rrarsh. Other refuge habitats include 986 acres of agricultural land; freslwater impoun:jments canprising 1100 acres; 41 acres of administrative lands; 500 acres of upland timber and 238 acres of brushland.
History
Banbay Hook was established urrler the authority of the Migratoi:y Bird canservation Act. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order en June 22, 1937 fannally establishing the refuge.
Prior to the refuge ' s' establishment, lard use was characterized by ~l fann family carmnnities. Fanning occurred oo upland areas with adjoining salt rrarsh areas being utilized far hunting waterf cwl and trapping muskrat. Fanning ard subsistence practices can be traced back to the original lard deeds during the 17th. centui:y.
Prior to white settlanent of this area during the 17th. and 18th. centuries , the area was occupied cy varioos indian cultures dating back to 9500 BC. The area had f&1 pennanent settlanents, but was used extensively far hunting, trapping and fishing.
c. Refuge Cl>jectives
The primal:y pirpose of the refuge when it was established was to prc:wide and preserve habitat far migrating and nesting waterfcwl . This remains the fundamental d:>jective of all refuge management. Secondary oojectives are protection of endangered species (bald eagles, peregrine falcons) 1 and enhancenent of habitat for marsh and wading birds; shorebirds and wildlife diversity. Secondary oojectives TOI also include prc:widing far wildlife-oriented p..iblic use, including envirormental education,
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MANAGEMENT PLAN BCM3AY RU NWR
interpretive programs an:i coosurptive recreation, providing these activities are canpatible with the primary cirj~tive.
D. Obtaining Refuge Cbj ectives
Banbay Hook is actively managed to achieve its primary goals of providing optimun habitat far migratoxy waterfcwl. Management programs inclu:le water level manii:ulatioos, prescribed burning, cropland managanent arxi aggressive nesting cover arxi nest box . programs. Forest management is a'lso considered to be a tool which we can utilize in meeting refuge objectives.
In recent years, special managanent ani;:ilasis has been directed tcward managing wetland habitat far ducks. waterfcwl prcduction, especially far black ducks and wocxi ducks has becane increasingly inportant.
Seccndary ci>jectives are. reached by a variety of neans. Interpretive trails, outdoor educational programs an:i an auto tour route are pro.rided far the visiting non-cansunptive public. Consurptive recreation in the fonn of waterfcwl, deer an:i sna.11 game bunting canprise a significant i;:ortian of the refuge's recreation program.
The forest management program at Banbay Hook is CC11Sistent with the overall refuge objectives. Specifically, the forest managanent goals are as follcws:
1. .to provide habitat far nesting and migratoi:y waterfcwl .
2. to pro.ride, maintain and enhance a diversity of tree species an:i age classes of f arest habitat suitable for a wide variety of indigenous species of wildlife an:i plants.
3 . to reestablisli Atlantic White Cedar rn the refuge in sna.11 exper~tal plots. A naturally reprcducing s~ of cedar is the long tenn objective.
4. to pro.ride canpatible cg:iortunities for wildlif ~oriented recreation.
5 . to pro.ride a protective stand of nature hardwoods around an active bald eagle nest site.
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MANAGEMENT PLAN JOmY 1U1t NWR
E. Wildlife an::i Tree Species to be Favored
Banbay Hook Refuge woodlands support a heal thy diversity of tree species. 'lbese inc:lu:ie various oaks, maples, tulip xx>plar, hickocy, locust, cheny arx3. red cedar. Historically, Atlantic white cedar was present en the refuge. Uixlerstory species vacy according to the species present in the o.rerstocy.
Many rnarmal and bird species utilize the current mix of f orestlaIXl on the refuge. These include white tailed deer, squirrel, raccoon, red fax, l::x:btihit e quail, wood duck and a variety of songbirds. Wild turkey have recently been introduced into the state of Delaware an::i are expanding into nany suitable habitats, sane quite close to the refuge bourXlal:y. It is felt that within five years we will also have turkeys utilizing the refuge.
This plan calls far nost of our forest mana~t to be directed at preserving the current mix of habitat."~"'H4r forests !Oil sezve as important buffer st.rips to benefit ma.I¥ species ar:rl rx> · management practices can inp.ro.re upon the natural succession already occurring. There are areas hcwever, that can be managed to irrpro.re mast prcxiucing species. Where this can be done, the species to be encouraged will be red am white oaks am hickory. There is also a tract identified as a future reintroduction site far Atlantic White Cedar •
F. Research Needs
An inventory of current woodlands has been caxiucted am is contained in Appendix ·A. Research needs can be properly addressed fran this baseline data. In coojunctioo. with the reintroducticn of the Atlantic white cedar, a strategy far m:mitaring the success of the program will be established. In appraxiirately five years it will be necessary far a forester to reevaluate the refuge's potential for ccm:nercial ha.z:vest.
II. ffiOORAM OOLICIF.S AID Ail-ON!SmATIVE c:omROL
A. Fish am Wildlife Service Policy
The xx>licy of the Service is to manage forest s in such a manner as to pro.ride a canbiJ)atian of wildlife habi tats which best meets the overall cbjectives of the 'refuge.
B. Policy of Harvest
Timber ha.z:vest can be ooe of the major managenent tools for developing an::i maintaining quality wildlife habitat in woodla.00.s . Follc:wing appropriate approvals of managanent prescripti ons, this managenent technique will be used to opt.imize the producticn of wildlife and wildlife rela ted rutp.its in the forest . In rx> case
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MANAGEMENT PLAN JO&Y 11X1C NWR
will wildlife values be sacrificed to facilitate ecooanic retw:n. Ar'!:( ix>tential carmercial timber hazvest at ~Y Hook Refuge will occur after the year 1992.
Service i:x>licy states that tree rem::wal will nonnally be accanplished through ccntract with local timber interests. Trees will be disposed of in accordance with established regional procedures. Contracts will be carefully written aIXi cutting m::ni tored by refuge perscnnel. Snaller and non-ccmnercial treat:ments may be perfonned under cooperative agreaoont with educational institutions, volunteer groops, yooth program persarmel or refuge staff.
Ccntrol Records
careful records of all timber management activities will be kept by refuge staff. Records will be utilized by refuge staff ~ assess the effectiveness of ma.naganent programs, a.r.d to make modifications to the management programs as necessary.
Canpart:ment Prescriptioo
The refuge ' s wcxxllands have been divided into 15 sections a.r.d subsections according to a timber inventory conducted by the Delaware State Forest Service (Apperxlix A). ?ttJst of these sections have no ccmnercial value or ix>tential far active managanent due to their snall size and/or importance as buffer zones. Only five sectians have carrrercial i:x>tential a.r.d in only three of these would 'ccmnercial hazvest be canpatible with refuge oojectives, since one unit has an active bald eagle nest site a.r.d the other unit is an ilrportant hlffer zooe between fields an:i marsh.
This ma.nagement plan divides the refuge into three canpartments based an the sections identified in the Delaware State Forest Service's Managanent Plan for Banbay Hook. Sections which were similar in managarent strategy were canbined to create these three canpartrnents which are: 1) Natural management canpartrnent., 2) Hardwood developrent carp:u-t:ment. , a.r.d 3) Atlantic White Cedar managanent canpart:ment. 'Ihese areas are identified oo Maps 1.- 7 .
1 . Natural Managarent Ccinp:gtment is canposed of 373 acres. These areas include buffer strips, anal.1 wooded sites a.00. the section surroozxling the bald eagle nest site. '!be primary puzpose for leaving this area alooe i s that it already meets refuge oojectives of diversity of habi tat suitable for a wide variety of species. There are no timber hazvest or other forest managanent :practices which wcW.d increase the i.rrportance of these areas to the wildlife resource; hcwever, they will be evaluated periodically (ai;:prax.imately cnce every
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MANAGEMENT PLAN JOmY 1a1e NWR
five years) to detennine if a change in management strategy is appropriate.
2 . HarQ.icx:xi Develc:pnent Conpa.rb:pent is canposed of 107 acres. These areas have the potential to be ccmnercially valuable, although their primacy importance to wildlife is as nature old grcwth forest, which can be managed to~ nesting cavities. No harvest of timber is planned at this tine in this canp:i.rt:mant. Trees of. l arge (greater than 20" Diarooter at Breast Height- DBH) size ~be girdled and left standing. This will allcw sunli ght to penetrate the understory encouraging the mast producing seedlings present there to nature. 'Ibis will also pro.ride dead standing trees which are important to cavity nesting species of animals such as woodpeckers, wcx:xi ducks, various saigbirds, raccoons and squirrels. '">
3. Atlantic Wbi.te Cedar Managane;it Q:Itprt:mant canprises 20 .· acres. 'Ibis area has been i dentified as having potential for the reintrcxluction of Atlanti c White Cedar. Cedar historically occurred en the refuge, but had been eliminated by the time of refuge establ ishnent. 'Ibis carp:ui:lrent has the proper ecologica:l characteristics to facilitate reestablishment of Atlantic White Cedar on the refuge •
E. Natural Area
Banbay Hook has appraXimately 120 acres of. t i dal sa1 t narsh identified as a Research Natural Area (Marshall Island RNA) . This site is canposed entirely of tidal salt marsh and ccntains oo upland plant species. No wocx:lland areas en the refuge are suitable for designation as Research Natural Areas.
F. Special Managanent Coo.sideratioos and Techniques
1. Green Tree Reservoir Managanent
Banbay H°* has oo current green tree reservoirs and there are no knam potential sites for the creation of green tree reservoirs en ~e refuge.
2. Fire Managanent
Prescribed burning is a beneficial wildlife managanent tool and is necessary to maintain certain habi tats, including opt:inn.Jn wocxlland habitats. A prescribed fire can reduce forest fuel loads and can be used to manipulate vegetatien to
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MANAGEMENT PLAN lDtiAY HX»C NWR
encourage species nost beneficial to wildlife. Fire used as a tcol in habitat management operations will always be designed
. to achieve refuge objectives. ·
Banbay Hook has an active prescribed burning program. The primlly purp:>se of corxiucting prescribed burning in upland areas is to re.tain fields in early successional stages, to raoove excess woody vegetative build-up a.n:i to stimulate QrCMth of uW.ersto:r:y species valuable to resident wildlife.
3. Archeological and CUl tural Resource Management
Banba.y Hook has maI'¥ historical sites located en the refuge. These areas are identified in AI:Peixlix B. It> forest management practices which would distu.tb these sites will be planned nor pennitted. If archeological or cultural sites are discovered while practicing a f crest management technique, the practice will be discontinued until the regional archeolqgist has teen notified. ·
4. Aesthetics
Where practical, forest management will be CCllducted in areas which will not be visible to the visiting p.iblic. Cl.ear cuts or other similar disturbances to the environnent will not be practiced .imnediately adjacent to public roadways except when designed as educational/derocinstratian sites •
G. Insect and Disease OJntrol
It> diseases or insect infestatic:ns have been reJ,X>rted in the forested areas an Baabay Hook. The only suspected J,X>tential problan is the gypsy rroth. Gypsy rroth nonitoring will be conducted according to guidelines established by the Delaware State Forest Sel::vice.
H. Timber Marking and 'Ihinning Procedures
All timber marking will be corxiucted by qualified refuge persormel or state foresters working with refuge anplC!{ees. Marking and thinning procerlures will be outlined in the cani;:artrnent prescription progr~. ·
I. Policy and Administration of Sales
Arr:! sales of refuge timber will be conducted in accordance with appropriate manuals. The refuge manager will be responsible for issuing and assuring canpliance with the special use pennit •
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MANAGEMENT PLAN BCJEAY llXIC NWR
J . Sale Appraisal
K.
All sales will be inspected by a qualified nsnber of the refuge staff, utilizing the assistance of a forester wl1en necessary. The refuge manager will have resp:msiliility for the final detenninaticn regarding appraisal of the timber sale.
F\mds
Funds to adninister the program will cane fran various sources. Expenses for timber sales ioonies (6860) will be utilized if carmercial harvests are con:iucted. caxlitions within the special use permit may enable sane of the oosts of the program to be defrayed. Other oosts which cannot be assimilated in the above marmer will be addressed in the annual work planning docunents .
III. FROORAM DFSClUPI'ION, FRCBLEM9 AND SCLUTIONS
A. Sccpe of Forest Program ·
The forest managanent program at Banbay Hook will encanpass all the refuge goals and objectives listed in Part I of this management plan.
B. Description
1 . Acreage
2.
The refuge contains approximately 738 acres of timber and brushl~ d:rnbined. Of this area, 500 acres have been identified as timberlands, and of these atl.y 127 have been identified as having the potential for active forest management.
Toi;x:>graphy
The refuge lies en the coastal plain of the Delaware bay. 'All of the refuge lies bel'a-l the 10 foot MSL centaur.
3. Drainage
The refuge ·drainage basin is sna.11 with atl.y cne river systan flONing through the area. This systan, Finis Branch, has been :irnpotmded into Finis and Shearness Pools, and is surrounded by buffer zones of woodla.OOs. Other wocxied areas of the refuge fonn transition zones between upland fields, and tidal salt marsh.
4 . Soils
Banbay Hook typically has very poorly drained soils of silty clay cir silty loam ccrnp:>sition. M:>st soils en the refuge are
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. . ' MANAGEMENT PLAN BCHSAY 1KXE NWR
classified as in the OthellcrMatapeake-Mattapex association.
5. Prcblems
The only concern with the ilTplanentaticn of this plan at the present time is whether brcwsing by white-tailed deer will have a negative inq:act ai the reintroduction of Atlantic white cedar. This cannot be predicted tm.til an experimental planting is made.
6. Timber 'fype Classification
a. Natural Management CcrrJ?artrnent
b.
Timber within this ccrnpartment is canposed irostly of mixed hardwcx:xis. '!be irost cc:moon species present are sweet gum, sassafras, ·red maple and scattered red and white oak. The understory is generally thickly. vegetated with i:oison ivy, greenbriar and berry brambles being present. Tree species occurring in the cancw also occur in the understory.
Hardwood Managanent canpartment
Timber within this canpartment is mostly cacq;:osed of tulip-!X)plar, red oaks, and white oaks. The und.erstory is sanewhat open with saplings of p:irent canow trees being distributed throughout. Although this area has sane pot~tial for future timber harvest, tree quality and quantity is for the irost part only fair to good. This coold result in problems in attracting interest in a cannercial harvest.
c. Atlantic White Cedar Managanent £anpartment
Timber within this canpu:-tment is canposed ma:;tly of red oak, sweet gun an:i cherry. Sane black gun are also present. The understory is clea.r of nruch vegetation with organic soils Ol/erlaying silt-clay soils. This soil cani:osition is a requiranent for Atlantic white cedar. '!he area also has a seasonally f locrled water table suitable for cedar grcwth.
7. Volunes
Volunes of the tree canpartments were :oot calculated althoo.gh sane estimates can be f oun:l in Appendix A for sane secticns. Volunes may be calculated at a later date when ccmnercial timber harvest becanes part of the plan •
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MANAGEMENT PLAN JDEAY IlllK NWR
8. Grcwth and Maximun CUt
a. Natural Managanent Canpa.rtment
This canpartnent will be without active managanent, and cutting of timber is not planned. Trees will be allcwed to grcw through natural selection, providing a diverse multiple aged stand of trees.
b. Hardwood Managarent Ccn!partment
Trees within this canpartment will be managed to attain diameters which will support suitable nesting cavity sites. Nozmally this will include trees of at least 16" DmI. Trees CNer 22" DBH will be girdled and left standing for wildlife species which utilize dead trees for foa:i or nesting cavities. '!his will also increase the volunes of the canpartment .cy encouraging. saplings to mature.
c. Atlantic Wbite Cedar Managanant carprrtment
Trees within this cx:mpartment will be allcwed to attain maximun grcwth. · Desirable mast-producing species such as black gum and CBks will be left standing undisturbed. All others, such as red maple, will be girdled and left standing. Trees will oot be girdled until seedling cedars are ready to be planted. Girdling trees will open the forest canOP.{ and thus encourage cedar seedling grcwth
c. Program Effect on Local Eccnagy
The local market for hardwcxxls is currently oot sug;:x:>rtive of timber hazvest in the vicinity of Banbay Hook. The outlook within fiv~ten years is sanewhat better. At that time it will be feasible to reevaluate the i;:ossibility of a timber sale. CUrrently there will be oo effect en the local eccnany fran activities proi;:osed in this managemerlt plan.
N. P.rogram Uni ts - Habitat .Managanent Conpartment
A. General
Refuge wocxllands will be managed with three separate goals according to each specific canpartment. The first managanent strategy will be to maintain certain portions of the forests in a natural state. CUrrent wcx:xllands serve as excellent buffer strips and transition zaies between croplands, woodlands and salt marsh. This mix of vegetative species prarotes wildlife diversity and prCNides sane benefit to all wildlife species oo ~ refuge. The secon:i strategy is to encourage hardwood mast producing trees for the benefit of wildlife; ultl.?ately a limited carmercial
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MANAGEMENT PLAN 1013AY HXJC NWR
harvest could be used to reach wildlife objectives. 'lhl.s will be done oo those areas of refuge woodlands which have nast producing species such as oaks arrl hickozy. Trees in ·this ccrrpart:rnent will be girdled and left standing as q:p:>sed to selectively cutting arrl ranoving trees fran the forest. '!his will lea.ve trees far nesting cavities and allc:w sunlight to reach nast producing trees in the : understo:r:y. The third strategy is to reintroduce atlantic white cedar to a suitable site. Certain tree species (&Weetgum, red maple) will be selectively girdled, leaving valuable mast producing trees intact. care will be taken to cnly girdle enough trees to open the caDOP.t far seedling grc:wth am not enough to stimulate the grc:wth of uniesirable understary vegetation.
B. Miscellaneous Itans of Managanent Irrp?rtance
Banbay Hook has historically suworted a nesting pair of bald eagles. '!be area which has historically supported the nest site is in the Natural Managanent Ccnpartment, thus activities un:ier this plan will rot affect the nesting pair. ·
Wild turkey have currently been reintroduced into the state. CUrrent reports reveal that there is a flock within two miles of our southern bouzx3a:r:y, and within brK> miles of the refuges zrost prcxluctive nast prc:xiucing forest. C\lrrent management plans should optimize turkey habitat in preparaticn far the not- toodistant tine when turkeys IIOJ"e ooto the refuge •
The refuge supports a large healthy herd of white tailed deer. Management plans call far maintenance of a stable i;:opulation. It is not a goal of the rarest managanent plan to increase deer habitat, and we do oot foresee that this will occur.
The refuge is important to many passerine species as a stopo1er point al their migrations. The current diversity of forest types and age classes are of benefit to many of these species. Managanent plans recognize the importance of diversity of habitat we will continue to strive far this diversity.
c. Timber Managarent Ccnq:iart::rnents
There are three managanent canp:rrtments al the refuge. They are the Natural Mana~t Carpart:ment, the Hardwoods Management Conpart::rnent and the Atlantic White Cedar Management Ccrrq:artment.
1. Natural Managarent Canpa.rtment
This canp:rrtment is canpose.d of 373 acres of mixed hardwoods of various age classes. M:>st of this ccrrpart:rnent is located along field edges and the salt marsh border. The soil is i;:oarly drained. Species in the ca.tlCP.:{ include red maple, &Weet gun, sassafras, black locust, oak am hicko:r:y. The
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MANAGEMENT PLAN BCJeAY uroc NWR
understozy teIXis to be thick with greenbriar, honeysuckle, blackberry and various saplings. Diversity is great with large airounts of "edge" habitat being present ccrrpared with Olferall acreage of \tJOOdland. '!here are oo large contiguous blocks of woods which would be attractive fran a carmercial harvest standpoint. 'lhis diversity of habitat is utilized by all animals present en the refuge. Since there is little potential for inprOlfing wildlife habitat through active managarent this block will be managed in its natural state.
Harcwcx:rl Managanent canpartment
This canpartment is characterized cy a daninance of mast producing species such as oak, hickm:y and beech. 'lbese species are also present in the understory. 'lhis canpartment has the greatest potential for a carmercial harvest since these hardwcx:rl species are used for l:x:>th sawtimber and furniture wcxxi. Even so, the quality of refuge trees is .. onlY fair to good canpared to other areas throughout the state. · 'Ibis, along with the a-nal.l sizes of the blocks makes the refuge at present an unattractive site for a timber sale. Timber managarent .still can be accanplished in this canparbnent without · a ccmnercial sale. M:>st of this canpartment is understocked, that is there are f 011 trees per unit area canpared with the areas potential. TO increase the stocking rate, the tree canow can be opened cy selectively ranO\fi.ng large diameter trees, there.by allcwi.ng trees in the understo:ry to mature. Ranoval can be done cy either of two methods 1 through ccmnercial timber sale and ranaval or cy girdling the tree$ and leaving than standing. The first awroach is oot feasible at this tima for the reasons nentioned al::x:Ne. '!be secon:i approach is feasible and preferred si~e it better meets refuge d:>jectives. Leaving the large diameter trees standing will provide J;X)tential den sites for all cavity nesting species.
3. Atlantic White Cedar Cgppartment
This canpartment is characterized cy an O\fersto:ry of black gun and oak with sane less desirable species such as red maple and sweetgun. · The understo:ry of this unit is open with little vegetation present. 'Ibe soils are organic and seasonally flooded. 0cca'.siona.l high tides fran the Delaware Bay also flcxxi this area. Based ai historic accounts and the habitat requiranents of the Atlantic white cedar, it is felt that a successful reintrcxiuction of this species can be made • .Appendix A identifies the possibility of introducing bald cypress to the refuge. '!his is oot addressed in the plan since historical accounts do not list bald cypress as a naturally occurring species. ·
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MANAGEMENT PLAN lDEAY 11X1C NWR
Little has · to be dooe in the way of site preparaticn for cedar planting. Girdling of the tlOOesirable tree species will be
· accanplished as described in the hardwood managanent canpa.rtment when seedling cedar trees are available for planting. Girdling the tree will take place the spring prior to the placanent of seedlings. A seed source is available ; fran the Great Dismal swamp NatiCllal. Wildlife Refuge. We have been offered as rran;y seeds as we care to collect, as well as any seedlings left CNer after they are through with their yearly planting. Planting of seedlings can be accanplished force account or the state of Delaware ney supply a tree planting cr01J.
FHYSICAL AID EQ{JIEMENI' USE RBJUIREMENI'S
A. Roads
Banbay Hook maintains awraximately 12 miles of graveled roaCi;'1ays. In addition, all refuge fields and consequently all forest · managanent canpartments are bordered by fann roads.
B. Miscellaneous Equiprent.
'!be ooly equii:m:mt necessary to implanent the forest managanent plan is hatchets and the chanical (Tordon) used when girdling a tree. 'lhe refuge has the hatchets oo hairl and the chanical will be supplied by the state forest sei:vice or bought with station funds.
c. Engineering Services ·
No engineering services are required to ilti>lanent the plan.
VI. FUNDS AID MANKWER RB;pIREMENI'S
Funds and manpcwer requiranents to i.nPlanent the forest managanent plan are as follcws:
Natural Managanent Canpa.rt:ment
Salary $0.00 Funis so.oo
Hard.vocd Managanent Ccni)artment
Salary $1000.00 Funds 200.00
(2 staff x 40 hours x 12.50 $/b:Jur) (miscellaneous supplies)
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MANAGEMENT PLAN BCM3AY RXIC NWR
Atlantic White Cedar reintrcxiuctian CCJnpart:nent
Salary Funds Per dian
VII. APIBNDICE'S
$2000.00 500.00 150.00
. (2 staff x 80 hcurs x 12.30 $hour) (miscellaneous supplies) (3 days ® $50/day to pick up . seedlings· at Great Disna:l swamp)
Apperx:lix A - Banbay Hook National Wildlife Refuge Forest Management Plan for Five Hundred Acres
Apperx:lix B - Distribution of Historic Structures as Recorded in Beer's Atlas
Apperx:lix c - Refuge Plant Species Lists
13
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APPENDIX A
BOMBAY HOOK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOR
FIVE HUNDRED ACRES
Robert Tjaden Sussex County Forester July 28, 1988
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OWNER
FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR
FIVE HUNDRED ACRES
Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge Route 1, Box 147 Smyrna, DE 19977 (302) 653-9345 ATTN: Charles A. Pelizza, Jr.
OBJECTIVE
To find out the condition of the forest, along with identifying the manageable tracts of timber.
WOODLAND DESCRIPTION
All boundary lines are clearly marked and visible. Soils range from well drained to very poorly drained. Most of the woodland is beneficial for buffers adjacent to marshes and streams. These areas have no real value for timber, however an uneven age stand should be maintained in the future to ensure these buffers still exist. These buffers serve as filter strips to prevent wind and water erosion, creating an edge effect for wildlife, allowing for a di verse habitat, and a transition zone from marsh to tillable field.
There is much brushland, that has no commercial value for timber at the present time. However these sections are identified as an early transitional stage, and if allowed to progress will develop into a mixed stand in the future. Not all of these sections are identified on the maps enclosed, only a few are located.
The only sections which have any commercial timber value are Section 3(51 acres), 7(37 acres), 8A(40 acres), 11(16 acres) and 12(55 acres). However, Section 12 is in the general vicinity of a Bald Eagle's nest, so basically this area should be taken out of the areas for forest management consideration. Also Section 7 serves as a valuable buffer zone, so this area should be taken out also. So all there is left is Section 3(51 acres), 8A(40 acres) and 11(16 acres) for a total of 144 acres of manageable area. As you can see very little of this woodland on the refuge is manageable or of any commercial value. The primary purpose of most of the woodland is to serve as a valuable buffer strip and wildlife habitat. All these areas are identified on the enclosed maps and a general description will be given in this plan.
There are also sections identified as potential sites to introduce cypress or Atlantic white cedar. These areas are explained in the plan in more detail. The description of the sections are as follows:
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Acres: 32
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SECTION I (Brushland)
Species: Sassafras, wild cherry, sweet gum and a few scattered red cedars and red maples.
General comments: This area is classified as brushland and has no commercial value at the present time. It is in the sapling stage. I recommend you cut strips 100-200' and plant white oak and hickory. Instead of cutting these strips, they could be chopped and maybe even burned, depending on many factors. If this option is of interest to you we can further discuss the details.
SECTION 2
Acres: 36 Species: Larger sassafras, red maple, choke cherry and sweet gum. DBH range: 2-10" Average DBH: 4" Basal area: 40 square feet/acre Regeneration: No desirable natural regeneration in understory. Mainly poison ivy, sassafras and cherry.
General comments: This section has no commercial timber value at the present time. I recommend cutting or chipping for firewood, then burn and replant with white oak, red oak, tulip poplar, walnut and hickory. If burning is not an option it could be sheared and piled and then planted.
SECTION 3
Acres: 51 Species: White oak, red oak, red maple, tupelo and tulip-poplar . DBH range: 4-20" Average DBH: 14" Basal area: 80 square feet/acre Average log/tree: 1-1.5 Condition: Good, no visible insect or disease damage, however some wind damage present from recent tornado passing through.
Understory: White oak and red oak seedlings.
Recommendations : I recommend you leave this section alone and in 10 years inspect for a possible harvest. Remove only the poorly formed trees and open up the canopy enough for the seedlings to grow. This section presents an excellent opportunity to manage· hardwood. It does not possess a good grade of timber but it still has an average to fair grade, meaning the quality {straightness, scars, taper and diameter) is fair. One word of caution, ~ven though there is no visible gypsy moth damage, I recommend you monitor very closely in future. With the high concentration of white oak and red oak the gypsy moth could devastate this section.
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SECTION 4
Acres: 120 Species: Red oak, sweet gum, and choke cherry DBH range: 2-8" Average DBH: 4 11
Condition: Poor General comments: This section has no real commercial timber value. Most of the area is poorly drained and could be classified as freshwater wetlands. The primary importance of this section is it acts as a buffer zone adjacent to salt marshes and fields.
SECTION 4A
Acres: 27 General Description: Same as Section 4, but tulip-poplar scattered
throughout stand.
Acres: 20 Average DBH: 10"
SECTION 4B
General Description: Basically same as Section 4, however in the interior of this section there are a few larger tupelo (Blackgum), red oak and red maple. I recommend you leave the tupelo and red oak, but girdle and poison the sweetgum, cherry and red maple. This will open up the canopy to allow sunlight to penetrate to the understory. Then plant cypress or Atlantic white cedar. It appears this area would be suitable for these two species. There is a fluctuating water level on this bottomland and I feel once these species are planted they will be able to regenerate naturally in future years. A brochure explaining cypress management is enclosed and this management scheme can be further discussed.
SECTION 5
Acres: 10 Species: Red maple, choke cherry, sweet gum and a few oaks DBH range: 4-12" Average DBH: 8" Understory: Heavy understory. in maple, poison ivy and sassafras.
No oak species present for mast material.
General comments: This section has virtually no commercial timber value at present nor in the future. The trees are of poor form and quality. The primary value of this section, as others, is a buffer strip adjacent to the existing stream. It also serves as a primary habitat protection area for deer.
it is not recommended There is no management
Just let grow and let stages creating a buffer
Some firewood could be cut out of here, but due to the soils being very poorly drained . for timber recommended on this section . mother-nature go through her successional strip and valuable wildlife habitat.
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SECTION 6
Acres: 2 Species: Sweet gum, red maple, red oak, and hickory. DBH range: 4-20" Average DBH: 12" Basal areas: 40 square feet/acre Condition: Fair (understocked) Volume: 2-4000 board feet/acre Understory: Red maple, cherry, hickory and sweet gum
Recommendations: I recommend to regeneration develop. It should development.
let grow be looked
SECTION 7
Acres: 37
and at
allow in 10
Species: Red oak, sweet gum, red maple, tupelo and hickory. DBH range: 4-24" Average DBH: 14" Basal area: 60 square feet/acre (understocked) Average logs/tree: 1-1.5 Understory: Sarne as Section 6 Condition: Fair-good
understory years for
Recommendation: I recommend to cut out all 22" and larger trees. These trees could be removed with minimal amount of damage to existing stand of timber. Once these are removed I reconunend just leave alone and let grow until the remaining trees reach 22" DBH and larger. A forester should inspect and look at this section in 10 years for further recommendation. It serves as a valuable buffer zone as the other areas previously mentioned. With this in mind minimal timber removal is recommended.
SECTION 8
Acres: 43 Species: Red maple, sweet gum, and red oak. DBH range: 4-16" Average DBH: 8 11
Basal area: 90 square feet/acre Volume: Approximately 2,000 board feet/acre and 20 cords/acre. Understory: No desirable natural vegetation.
Recommendations: There is no real commercial value here except for firewood. However I do not recommend a major harvest here due to the soils being poorly drained. I recommend cut 100 '-150' strips and replant white oak, red oak and hickory. The larger trees have good form and shape, giving this site the potential to grow a commercial hardwood species such as oak and hickory . This would produce mast material as well as a future timber product at harvest.
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SECTION SA
Acres: 40 Species: Yellow poplar, white oak, red oak, red maple, hickory and beech. DBH range: 4-22" Average DBB: 14" Understory: Poison ivy and a few scattered oaks and poplar Basal area: 90 square feet/acre Volume: 8-10,000 board feet/acre Average logs/tree: 1.5 Condition: Good
Recommendations: I recommend to cut the 22" and larger trees, which will open up the canopy and allow the existing regeneration such as poplar and oak to develop and grow to their full potential. It is very important you do not remove too much and allow a great amount of sunlight in the stand. This will allow undesirable species and bramble to develop and choke out the desirable species. The soils are moderately well drained. This section does possess an excellent potential for hardwood management. It should be inspected one way or the other in 5 years for further development and recommendations.
Acres: 2 Species: Primarily locust DBH range: 4-12" Average DBH: 8 11
SECTION 9
Soils: Moderately well-drained
Recommendation: Leave to grow.
SECTION 10
Acres: 9 Species: Red maple, sweetgum a few tulip-poplar and locust. DBH range: 4-20" Average DBH: 14" Basal area: 80 square feet/acre Volume: 2-4000 board feet/acre and 15 cords/acre. Condition: Good Understory: Relatively clear with no visible desirable natural vegetation.
Recommendations: I recommend you leave grow and look at again in 10 years. In the meantime some firewood could be cut. I might note this section is similar to Section 6, but the basal area here is 80 square feet. Also there are some areas where tulip-poplar stocking is heavier and the average diameter is larger (14" DBH) .
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SECTION 11
Acres: 16 Species: Tulip-poplar, red oak, sweet gum, red maple, and hickory. DBH range: 6-20" Average DBH: 14" Basal area: 90 square feet/acre Condition: Good
Recommendations: I recommend you leave this section alone to grow, and look at in 10 years for further developments. The existing trees have good form, shape and are very straight. Excellent potential for hardwood management.
SECTION 12
Acres: 55 Species: Tulip-poplar, white oak, red oak, sweet gum and red maple. DBH range: 6-22" Average DBH: 16" Basal area: 80 square feet/acre Average logs/tree: 2-2.5 Condition: Good Understory: Relatively clear. It appears as if a fire went through
a part of this section several years ago .
Recommendations: I recommend you leave this section alone and allow it to grow. The trees are of good form and shape. There appears to be no evidence of any insect or disease damage or threat at the present time. However, I would recommend a close periodic inspection to look for gypsy moths. Even though this site has an excellent potential for hardwood management, it is felt no active harvesting should take place due to an active Bald Eagle's nest located on this section. If any harvesting is to be done I recommend a forester work extremely close with the refuge manager to ensure proper harvesting. But for now this area will not be looked at for any commercial timber harvesting operation.
GENERAL COMMENTS
Overall, there is very little timberland on the refuge which is either of any commercial value or has a potential for any active forest management. I have attempted to identify the . most important sections of timberland. I may have overlooked some sections, but they are either categorized as brushland or buffer zones. For that reason I did not specifically identify all those tracts. This would account for the difference in 'woodland acreage; I came up with ( 500 acres) and what is on record as the refuge owning is (approximately 900 acres). I feel comfortable saying there exists another 400 acres of either brushland or scattered buffer strip along fields and marshes.
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Generally, there is no section of woodland that I feel needs any immediate · attention. After reviewing each section and its recommendations, if you feel a harvest of any type would fit into your schedule, a detailed cruise can be performed and more accurate information can be given to you. Remember the management : plan is only to be used as a very general guide in your overall management. I also recommend a periodic inspection, by your staff, for any gypsy moth damage, and an inspection by a forester every 10 years for management plan updates.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS
DBH - Diameter at breast height - 4.5' above the ground. A standard height for taking all tree diameter measurements.
Species - Species are listed in order of importants to stand; meaning the first mentioned has the most volume in the stand and the last has an occasional occurrence.
Basal area - The area of the cross-section of a tree its base, generally at breast height (4.5'). pressed in square feet measurements. It is lingo for figuring the volume of the stand.
stem near It is exforesters'
Desirable vegetation - Usually a commercially valuable tree species such as white oak, red oak, tulip-poplar, hickory etc.
Average logs/tree - A log is in 16' increments so one log equals 16' and 1.5 logs equals 24 feet.
Cords - Expressed as a 4' x 5' x 8' unit of measure or 160 cubic feet. l.Iost wood sold or bought by cords on the Delmarva Peninsula and expressed in a log cord 160 cubic feet instead of a standard cord 128 cubic feet.
Tree classifications - 4"-11" DBH - pulpwood 12"-21" DBH - sawtimber 22" and larger DBH - veneer
Chopping/burning - A means of site preparation. Usually done in spring and early summer. Cost for a private contractor is approximately $115/acre for chopping and $15/acre for burning.
Shearing/piling - A means of site preparation. Can be performed at any time of year. Cost for a private contractor is approximately $225-250/acre.
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•• r. APPENDIX B
INTRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PLAN BOMBAY HOOK
NWR
1. 2 . 3 . 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. l 7. l 8 • 19. 20. 21. 22. 23 . 24
The Distribution of ·Historic Structures as Recorded in B~er's
Atlas (1868)
Legend
E. Logan and Company Hotel 25. Dr. S.S. Gootee w.s. Hays 26. DR. B.S. Gootee H.N. Wicker:-sham 27 . N. Clever T. L. Sutton 28. Dr. B.S. Gootee P. Ford 29 . Dr . S.M. Fisler P.Ford 30. s. Hargadine c. & F. Register .. 31. s. Hargadine J.M . Voshell 32. s. Hargad ine J.M. Voshell 33 . R. Wilson Mrs. M. Cummins 34. A.G. Cummins J.A. Nicholson 35. A.G . Cummins J.A. Nicholson 36. H.T. Hoffecker A . Peterson 37. H.T. Hoff ecke c TL Rawley 38. W.H.Jones Peterson and Mustard 39. H.T. Hof fecker R. Rawley 40. A.G. Cummins J. Rawley 41. I\. G. Cummins ,J. Pleasanton 42. R. Wilson William Collins 43. J.H. Hof fecke c R. Rawley 44. H. Stout Est. William Collins 45. H. Stout Est. A. Peterson 46. w. Collins A. Peterson 47. William Collins J.A.N.
45
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?<form.an E. !tol ;arae:'l .; a r:ttu.;;•;r , 1~74
