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FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY
CENTERCreating Energy Independence Since 1975
A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
The Renewable Portfolio --- Defined & Refined
Florida Public Service Commission WorkshopJuly 26, 2007
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Definition by Technology
Absolute method Traditional method Focus on present or near-term technology Generally exclusive, Specifically inclusive
366.91(b) "Renewable energy" means electrical energy produced from a method that uses one or more of the following fuels or energy sources: hydrogen produced from sources other than fossil fuels, biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, ocean energy, and hydroelectric power. The term includes the alternative energy resource, waste heat, from sulfuric acid manufacturing operations.
377.803(6) "Renewable energy" means electrical, mechanical or thermal energy produced from a method that uses one or more of the following fuels or energy sources: hydrogen, biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, ocean energy, waste heat, or hydroelectric power.
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Definition by Attribute
Flexible method, emphasis on Results Allows future technologies Generally inclusive, Specifically exclusive Special “riders” to include a target method Specific “set-aside” for favored attributes
For purposes of this standard, “Renewable Energy" means electrical energy produced (or directly and quantifiably displaced) from a method with:1] No extraneous limits on the prime energy source,2] No environmental detriments from prime energy source acquisition,3] No net release of carbon dioxide or other pollutants.
Electric energy derived from “Acoustic Kryptonite Hyperdrive Technology” does not qualify as renewable energy under this standard.
Reductions (from 2007) by utilities in system operations energy losses also qualify as renewable energy under this standard.
No less than ten percent (20%) of the energy required by this standard shall be derived directly from solar energy.
For Example:
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Attributes: Electric Energy Production Technologies
Technology Prime Source Constraint?*
Environmental Detriment from Acquisition?*
Net Release Pollutant?*
Photovoltaic No No No
Solar (or Waste) Thermal-Electric No No No
Wind No No No
Photochemical, Photothermal (H2) No No No
Open Loop Biomass/gas No No No
Run of River Hydro No No No
Landfill Gas No No No
Comb Heat/ Power – “waste electricity” No No No
Hydro No Yes No
Municipal Solid Waste No No ??
Closed Loop Biomass/gas Yes Yes No
IGCC w/ Sequestration Yes Yes No
Ocean Current No ?? No
Nuclear Yes ?? No
* My opinion
Gen
eral
ly n
o is
sues
So
me
issu
es
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Attributes: Electric Energy Displacement Technologies
Technology Prime Source Constraint?*
Environmental Detriment from Acquisition?*
Net Release Pollutant?*
Solar Thermal Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)
No No No
Solar Assist Adsorption Chilling
No No No
Active Solar Thermal Space Heating
No No No
Solar Process Heat (product drying, etc)
No No No
* My opinion
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Utility Efficiency Technologies
Technology Prime Source Constraint?
Environmental Detriment from Acquisition?
Net Release Pollutant?
Low-Loss Distr Transf N/A N/A N/A
HPS-LED St Light Conv N/A N/A N/A
Distributed Generation N/A N/A N/A
Attributes not applicable…
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Renewables Refined
After initial screen, shades of green…
“...with a strong focus on solar and wind energy...”
--EXECUTIVE ORDER NUMBER 07-127
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Solar Energy: 2020
Single-Family Residential Economic Installations Only – no subsidies Assumed Net Energy for Load is 340,000 GWH
Quick Calculations - Reasonable Assumptions
Solar Thermal (DHW) brings 2% of NEL
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) brings 2% of NEL
4% NEL (20% of RPS) is Feasible and Economic!
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Solar Energy: 2020 -- Other Opportunities
PV Parity expected 2010-2012 & No Real Limits on Land Commercial PV (Big Box, malls, attractions, etc) State & Local Govt rooftops PV (schools, offices, conv centers) Parking Canopies PV (Shade asphalt for fee, market advantage) Linear PV farms: edge-of Transmission RoW Linear PV farms: edge-of & median-barrier, Interstate Highways PV Farms: Restricted-use (airports, brownfields, retention ponds) Rooftop Leasing: the “4&20” Plan-individual & utility joint venture
Natural Gas continues to climb Solar Thermal- Commercial (hotels, dorms, food processing) Reconfigure Multi-Family: Common SDHW sys, metered to units ST Assist for Adsorption Chilling – BIG potential in FL!
More than 10% of NEL is Likely
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Recommendation
Statutory and Regulatory Definition by Attribute
Technology Approval by Simple, Streamlined Regulatory Process Category or Scenario Approval Appeal & Dispute Resolution, etc. Monitoring, Verification and Reporting by state agency
20% of RPS as Solar Energy Set-Aside
(Our Suggested Definition of the Definition Process)
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Results-Based Realities
Awareness and Acceptance of Solar
Thermal Energy as a major RPS resource for Florida
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PERCEPTION
BECAUSE
etc, etc…
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REALITY
BECAUSE
1 KWHT = 1 KWHE
1 KWH = 1 KWHEVERY DAY, EVERY WAY
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ENERGY
1 1 kilowatthourkilowatthour (kWh) is the (kWh) is the Energy needed to raise the Energy needed to raise the Temperature of Temperature of 409409 gal gal of of Water by Water by 11oo F F
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Given: Result:
Subdivision w/o gas = Electric water heaters
Solar-Thermal WH = Less electric energy Metered Solar WH = Measured, verified
displacement of
electric energy
or: 1.0 kWhSTEEEC =* 1.0 kWhELEC !
* Actually, 1.0 kWhSTEEEC > 1.0 kWhELEC (Ask me why)
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Equality !! --Consider “Normal” PV:
Solar Energy
Thermal Energy to Tap
Thermal EnergyElectric Energy
Water Heater
PV Panel (AC Module)
M
M
M
Thermal Energy Meter
Electric Energy Meter
Electric Energy Meter
5100 kWh/yr
2940 kWh/yr
DGreen Energy Display
Electric Energy from Grid
“Green” Energy
3060 kWh/yr
Green Energy
6000 kWh/yr
900 kWh/yr
Standby Losses
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Now Place the “Green Shroud”:
Solar Energy
Thermal Energy to Tap
Thermal EnergyElectric Energy
Water Heater
PV Panel
M
M
M
Thermal Energy Meter
Electric Energy Meter
Electric Energy Meter
5100 kWh/yr
2940 kWh/yr
DGreen Energy Display
Electric Energy from Grid
“Green” Energy
3060 kWh/yr
Green Energy
6000 kWh/yr
900 kWh/yr
Standby Losses
“Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain..”
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Then Reveal:
Solar Energy
Thermal Energy to Tap
Thermal EnergyElectric Energy
Water Heater
Thermal Panel
M M
Thermal Energy Meter
Electric Energy Meter
5100 kWh/yr
2940 kWh/yr
DGreen Energy Display
Electric Energy from Grid
“Green” Energy
3060 kWh/yr
Green Energy
+-
900 kWh/yr
Standby Losses
(Undisputed, 100%, Grade A, Prime Choice)
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Submitted for your consideration:
“If the Inputs & Outputs are IDENTICAL, any two systems are
EQUIVALENT-- It doesn’t matter what is in the Black Box…”
How do we know they identical? – We Measure
the All-Important METER:the All-Important METER:
( Output Displayed in kWh )
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Concept Established– other direct electric offsets
Solar Thermal assist for Adsorption Chilling
Solar Thermal space heat
Solar Thermal Process Heat
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Renewables Portfolio Standards
State Goal
☼ PA: 18%¹ by 2020
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
CT: 23% by 2020
MA: 4% by 2009 + 1% annual in crease
WI: requirement varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal
IA: 105 MW
MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
*NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)10% by 2020 (co-ops)☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
CA: 20% by 2010
☼ NV: 20% by 2015
ME: 30% by 200010% b y 2017 go al - new RE
State RPS
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited RE requirement* Increased credit for solar or customer-sited RE
¹PA: 8% Tier I / 10% Tier II (includes non-renewables); SWH is a Tier II resource
HI: 20% by 2020
RI: 15% by 2020
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)*10% b y 2020 ( co-ops & larg e munis)
☼ DC: 11% by 2022
DSIRE: www.dsireusa.org June 2007
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
MT: 15% by 2015
*DE: 10% by 2019
IL: 8% by 2013
VT: RE meets load growth by 2012
Solar water heating (SWH) eligible
*WA: 15% by 2020
☼ MD: 9.5% in 2022
☼ NH: 23.8% in 2025
OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)5% - 10% b y 2025 for smaller util ities
*VA: 12% by 2022
MO: 11% by 2020
RPS & Solar Water Heating – now 7 states
Source: DSIRE, North Carolina Solar Center & Interstate Renewable Energy Council
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Florida Solar Energy CenterCreating Energy Independence Since 1975
A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida
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For Further Information
Bob Reedy, Director – Solar Energy [email protected]
(321) 638-1470
Philip Fairey, Deputy Director [email protected]
(321) 638-1005
James M. Fenton, Director [email protected]
(321) 638-1002
Main FSEC web site www.fsec.ucf.edu
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Solar Thermal-to-Electric Energy Equivalency Credit
(STEEEC):
“A standard unit of used and useful thermal energy generated from solar sources, directly displacing thermal energy otherwise generated from electric sources, and equal to the amount of electric energy displaced”
Appendix A: The Language
When Selling Energy...
Feedback to the Host Detect malfunction Quantify pollution reduction
Feedback to the Owner (if different) Detect malfunction Verify return on investment Record of generated STEECCs
Feedback to the Green Power Market Certify Green Power and Green Tags
The Meter is Critical !!
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the All-Important METER:the All-Important METER:
Important Note: Output Displayed in kWH !!
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Meter Costs are falling
No fuel burned Allows “no more than” approach Owner choice: more accurate meters for more credit
Utility Scale Volumes Solid State In-line flow meters coming available
No maintenance, no decline in registration Low Cost Temperature Sensors Read-by-email-digicam method (w/ spot audit) New FSEC Meter Method
Modeling of Standby Losses One more Temperature sensor (ambient) Eliminates electric meter of backup source
