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EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
Regions of the body:Anterior – referring to the front or near itPosterior – referring to the hind or near itDorsal – referring to a part or near or toward
the backVentral – toward the belly or near it
ANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROGANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING
Location relative to the center of the body:Distal – away from the origin or main mass of the body
or farther from the middleLateral – side or near it. Toward the left, sinistral
toward the right, dextral Medial/central – middle part of the body toward the
belly (midpart)Proximal – near the origin/middle reference or the
main mass of the body
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROGANATOMICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANING
Planes:Frontal (median) – dorsal or ventral portionSagittal (longitudinal) – into right or left sectionTransverse (cross) – into anterior or posterior section
location with reference to the directions of the body:Caudal – tailCranial/cephalic – headPectoral – chestpelvic - hips
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROGBody of the frog
AXIAL REGION
Head (snout, nostrils (external nares),
nictating membrane, eyes and tympanum)
trunk
APPENDICULAR REGION
forelimbs, hump, anus, hindlimbs, foot, ankle, and webbed -
toes
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG Head:
Snout – anterior prolongation of the triangular headExternal nares – paired openings located at the snout
connected to internal nares (breathing)Mouth – lined with ventral and dorsal foldEars – tympanic membrane – covering of the eardrumEyes – located posterior to the nostril
Upper eyelid – borders the dorsal side; immovableLower eyelid – borders the ventral side; immovable; thinner
than upper eyelidThird eyelid (nictating membrane) – allows the frog to see
underwaterBrow spot – circular spot at the anterior level of the eyes
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
Trunk Mid – dorsal line – prominent line that divides the
body symmetricallyHump – prominent protrusion in the mid part of
the trunkCloacal opening – common to both digestive tract
and urogenital system.
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FROG
Trunk – merges with the body- bears a forelimbs and hind limbs
Cavities in the bodyCranial cavity – houses the brainOrbital cavity – encloses the eyeNasal cavity – pair which open into the mouthBuccal cavity – encloses tongue and teethSpinal cavity – encloses the spinal cordThoracic cavity – encloses heart and lungsAbdominal cavity – encloses visceral organs
RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG
Based on this respiratory system of the frog can be divided into three main types
• Cutaneous respiration• Buccal respiration• Pulmonary respiration
RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG
Cutaneous respiration is the gaseous exchange between the skin of the frog and the external environment –water and air.
The skin of the frog is supplied with blood capillaries. The skin contains glands called the cutaneous glands,
which secrete mucous. This keeps the skin always moist and retains a thin
film of water underneath the surface of the skin.
RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG
This condition enables the exchange of air between the blood vessels and the outside environment.
They also resort to cutaneous respiration when they undergo either hibernation or aestivation.
RESPIRATORY PARTS OF THE FROG