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En este pdf se hace un pequeño estudio del tipo de canteras así como su características principales con el fin de dar un conocimiento general de canteras
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CONSTRUCCIONES ESPECIALES
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EXPLOTACION DE CANTERAS
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PIEDRA CALIZA
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LAJA
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ARENA DE SILICE
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ARENA DE SILICE
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MARMOL
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GRANITO
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ARCILLA
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AFIRMADO
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Unidad N 02 MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS Y EXPLOTACION DE CANTERAS
Unidad N 02 MOVIMIENTO DE TIERRAS Y EXPLOTACION DE CANTERAS
CLASE 03
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Logro del curso
El alumno se familiarizar en base a unimportante nivel de autoestudio, en lastcnicas y procedimientos constructivos msactuales asociados a los proyectos deconstruccin, poniendo especial nfasis atemas como movimientos de tierra,cimentaciones especiales y otros.
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AgendaAgenda
Introduccin Canteras.- Definicin, tipos y seleccin. Uso de explosivos en cantera de roca Equipos utilizados en la explotacin de canteras
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Logro de la Clase
El alumno al finalizar la clase deber tener losconocimientos bsicos del concepto de laexplotacin de canteras, de los equiposutilizados y del uso de explosivos en estostrabajos.
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Canteras, definicionesCanteras, definiciones
Se denomina cantera a los lugares de dondese extraen los materiales para la construccin,estos son en mayora minerales.
Por tratarse de minerales se considera queuna cantera es una explotacin de minerales yesta es a tajo abierto.
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Canteras, definicionesCanteras, definiciones
Tipo de canteras: Roca fija Roca Suelta Conglomerado (Hormign, canto rodado,
arena) Arcilla Otros
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1) TECNICOS2) ECONOMICOS
Siempre ambos criterios deben interrelacionarse.
Criterios de seleccin de canteras
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Criterios de seleccin de canteras: Criterios Tcnicos
a) Uso o destino del materialb) Tamao de los materialesc) Granulometrad) Durezae) Resistencia a la abrasinf) Lmite plsticog) Lmite Lquidoh) Impurezas
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Criterios de seleccin de canteras: Criterios Econmicos
a) Potencia de la cantera. b) Distancia a los lugares de empleo. c) Accesos. d) Necesidad del empleo de explosivos. e) Equipos necesarios especiales.
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Fases de ExplotacinFases de Explotacin Estudios en base a criterios anotados. Construccin de los caminos de accesos. Desbroce y Limpieza. Remocin de materiales (Procesos de
Explotacin. Clasificacin de los materiales (chancado,
zarandeo y otros). Carguo y Transporte. Nota: Puede incluir una fase de carguo,
nuevas operaciones de voladura y lavado delmaterial.
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Equipos que se utilizan para explotacin de canteras
Equipos que se utilizan para explotacin de canteras
Perforadoras.- En las perforaciones de rocasdebe tenerse en cuenta el tipo de obra,(carreteras, tneles, presas, etc). Ademssaber realizar la voladura para obtener losresultados deseados.
Perforacin y voladura en bancos es una delas partes ms importantes en la ingenieracivil, para obtener materiales de prstamo encarreteras, presas de roca tierra yagregados para el concreto.
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Escoger el tipo de equipo y el mtodo detrabajo a emplear se basa en experienciaspasadas.
La perforacin se basa en principiosmecnicos de rotacin y percusin deherramientas de corte que causan efectos degolpe y friccin en la roca, producindose asfragmentacin y trituracin.
Equipos que se utilizan para explotacin de canteras
Equipos que se utilizan para explotacin de canteras
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La perforacin se puede efectuar de tresmaneras:
- Percusin por efecto de golpe y corte (comomartillo y cincel).
- Por percusin y rotacin.- el resultado del golpe,corte y giro (perforadores neumticos).
- Por rotacin con efecto de corte y presin ( nohay golpe sino empuje).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mz0r0jxJRxs
Equipos que se utilizan para explotacin de canteras
Equipos que se utilizan para explotacin de canteras
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Equipo a utilizarseEquipo a utilizarse
Equipos de perforacin
Manuales: Perforadores de mano Perforadores sobre ruedas (wagon
drill)Mecnicas:
Perforadores sobre carriles u orugas(track drill)
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadora manual
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Perforadoras mecnicasPerforadoras mecnicas
Pueden ser neumticas o hidrulicas,remolcables o autopropulsadas y se puedendesplazar sobre orugas o llantas.
Los perforadores rotopercutivos, estosequipos son de impacto de una pieza de acero(pistn) que golpea a un elemento que a suvez transmite la energa al fondo del barrenopor medio de un elemento final (broca).
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Dependiendo de la ubicacin del martilloestos equipos se clasifican en:
- Martillos en cabeza y en martillos de fondo.Como todos los equipos tiene ventajas ydesventajas.La experiencia es muy importante para poderescoger que equipo de perforacin, es el msrendidor para la clase de obra que vas aejecutar.
Perforadoras mecnicasPerforadoras mecnicas
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Perforadora mecnica
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Equipos de Clasificacin (chancadoras, alimentadoras,
zarandas y mquinas lavadoras).
Equipos de Clasificacin (chancadoras, alimentadoras,
zarandas y mquinas lavadoras).
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Chancadoras (trituradoras)Chancadoras (trituradoras)
En una planta o en obra este equipo detrituracin necesita equipos alimentadores yclasificadores.
En el proceso de trituracin se debe teneren cuenta la forma de alimentar el materialque se va a procesar, puede ser a unatrituradora, a una banda transportadora, aun volquete, todo depende de la forma quese disee la planta.
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Debe lograrse el flujo continuo para tener unabuena produccin, existen varios tipos dealimentadores.
Qu es un alimentador?El alimentador es un dispositivo mecnico
para suministrar o abastecer con materiales amquinas o depsitos.
Chancadoras (trituradoras)Chancadoras (trituradoras)
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Tipo de alimentadoresTipo de alimentadores
- Alimentadores de zapatas (apron feeders).- Alimentadores vibratorios (vibrating feeders).- Alimentadores de vaivn (plate feeders).
Los tipos de alimentadores, tienen ventajas ydesventajas, es necesario saber escoger ofabricarlos de acuerdo al material y al diseode la distribucin de la planta trituradora.
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Tipo de alimentadoresTipo de alimentadores
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Tipo de alimentadoresTipo de alimentadores
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tju3FL2BlUY
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Tipo de alimentadoresTipo de alimentadores
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRLLl7l9jf0
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Chancadoras (trituradoras)Chancadoras (trituradoras)
En una planta de trituracin, este equipo es elque reduce de tamao el material.
El proceso consiste en quebrar el material porla accin de una fuerza de compresin oimpacto, aplicada a travs del movimientoperidico de aproximacin y alejamiento deuna superficie de trituracin mvil y otrasuperficie fija o de un movimiento giratorio deuna o ms masas.
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Las chancadoras se clasifican en primaria,secundaria, terciaria y as consecutivamentede acuerdo al tamao del material terminado.
Otra clasificacin es de acuerdo a la posicindel eje, horizontal vertical con dos ejes, y otraso segn el sistema que se emplee para rompero quebrar el material.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz6V2sH36Yc
Chancadoras (trituradoras)Chancadoras (trituradoras)
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Chancadoras
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Chancadoras
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Trituradora de mandbulas
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Trituradora de cono
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Trituradora de impacto
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Trituradora de rodillo
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIL17rGuZwY
Sizer (trituradoras)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIL17rGuZwY
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Clasificadores
El proceso de clasificacin, zarandeo ocribado, es el siguiente:
- Se clasifica por efecto de la gravedad.- Las partculas pequeas por el movimiento
vibratorio se filtran entre las ms grandes.- Al final por el mismo movimiento vibratorio o
giratorio el material ms grande se desplaza alo largo dela malla.
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Tipos de clasificadoras
1- Zarandas Vibratorias.2- Giratorios o de tambor.3- De tornillo sin fin.4- Ruedas decantadoras.
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Figura de Zaranda Vibratoria
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Zaranda Vibratoria
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Zaranda Vibratoria
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Zaranda Giratoria
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Zaranda Giratoria
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUv5GLaDVj0
Zaranda de tambor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FUv5GLaDVj0
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Zaranda de materiales finos
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Zaranda de materiales gruesos
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Zaranda con tornillo sin fin
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Zaranda de Tornillo
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Clasificadora de tornillo sin fin
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Ruedas decantadoras
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Lavadora de arena con ruedas decantadoras
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Rueda decantadora
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Alimentador
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Alimentador
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Zaranda + Clasificadora + Rotativa
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- Grupos electrgenos- Equipos de remocin- Equipos de acarreo- Compresoras- Fajas transportadoras
Equipos Auxiliares
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Grupos electrgenos
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Equipos para remocin(tractores con ripper)
Equipos de carguo(cargadores frontales)
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Compresora
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CompresoraCompresora
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Compresoras en lnea
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Fajas transportadoras
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Fajas transportadoras
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Fajas transportadoras
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Fajas transportadoras
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CANTERAS SEGN SU USO
Uso directo
De Roca
USO DE EXPLOSIVOSUSO DE EXPLOSIVOS
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Canteras de uso directoCanteras de uso directo
Arcilla Conglomerado (para caminos-plataformas) Arena ( para agregar en concreto)Equipo bsico en canteras de uso directo
- Carguio: Cargadores frontales, retroex-cavadoras)
- Transporte: Volquetes
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Canteras de RocaCanteras de Roca
Produccin de piedra para concreto. Produccin de piedra para espigones o
rompeolas. Produccin de piedra para represas.
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USO DE EXPLOSIVOSUSO DE EXPLOSIVOS Explosivos Violentos.-
Son compuestos qumicos plsticos olquidos que presentan una descomposicinen forma casi instantnea por una accinexterna. (Detonacin).En la detonacin se genera una reaccinqumica exotrmica, transformada en gases yvapor de agua.La velocidad de la Onda es ms 4000m/seg,la temperatura de 2500C 5000C ypresiones de 2500 atmsferas.
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COMO ES EL PROCESO DE DETONACIN
COMO ES EL PROCESO DE DETONACIN
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1ra FASE - INICIACIN
Creando la onda de detonacin o de choque
Explosivo Secundario (Rompedor)Explosivo Primario (Iniciador)Inicia la reaccin.
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2da FASE- DETONACINSe inicia la transformacin de slidos a gases Zona de Reaccin
Frente de choque
Plano Chapman-Jouguet
Zona de Productos de Reaccin Explosivo an no alterado
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Prevalece el efecto deimpacto (Brisance) poraccin de la onda dechoque, que setransfiere al mediocircundante produciendola presin dedetonacin y presinde taladro (trituracinde la roca).
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3ra FASE - EXPLOSINPrevalece el efecto de empuje (Fuerza) por efecto de los gases calientes en expansin. (Desplazamiento de la roca triturada).
Productos de la detonacinmayormente gases estables
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CLASIFICACINCLASIFICACIN
POR SU POTENCIA POR SU COMPOSICIN POR SU CONSISTENCIA
POTENCIA:-Primarios: Elevada potencia y sensibilidad, se usan como cebos o iniciadores.
-Secundarios: Tipo comercial standard, usados en la explotacin de gran escala.
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COMPOSICINCOMPOSICINSimples: Un solo compuesto qumico,
homogneo, explosivo detonantepropiamente dicho, nitroglicerina.
Mezclados: Mezcla interna, homognea ybalanceada de elementos que en si mismos noson explosivos. Plvora, Nitrato de Amonio.
Compuestos: Mezcla mecnica simple +reactivos qumicos: Tretilo + Nitrato deAmonio.
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-Plsticos: se adaptan a las forma de barras,son resistentes al agua.-Slidos : En cartuchos o en materialgranular en paquetes, son menos resistentesal agua.
CONSISTENCIACONSISTENCIA
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ELECCIN DEL TIPO DE EXPLOSIVOELECCIN DEL TIPO DE EXPLOSIVO
Fragmentacin a obtener. Densidad del explosivo por m3 de roca a
obtener. Costo unitario de barrenacin.
Nota: En cantera se usan explosivos con buenas propiedades de fragmentacin.
FORMAS DE EXPLOTAR UNA CANTERA- Calambuco- Coyotes- Barrenos individuales- Otros
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PROCESOS DE FRACTURACINPROCESOS DE FRACTURACIN
Interaccin de las ondas de compresin y detensin en cargas explosivas simples ensuperficie.A- UNA SOLA CARA LIBREB- CON DOS CARAS LIBRES
Efectos:En la roca volada:
1- Roca volatilizada2- Roca con fragmentacin menuda
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PROCESOS DE FRACTURACINPROCESOS DE FRACTURACIN
3- Roca con fragmentacin gruesa y conproyeccin hacia arriba.
En el Crter:A- Zona muy fracturada, debilitada.B- Zona de FisurasC- Zona de deformacin plstica, ya sinagrietamiento.
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roca
A- CON UNA SOLA CARA LIBREA- CON UNA SOLA CARA LIBRE
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32
1
CBA
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roca
B-CON DOS CARAS LIBRESB-CON DOS CARAS LIBRES
Ondas de tensin de la cara libre frontal
Ondas de tensin de la cara libre superior
Car
a lib
re fr
onta
l
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32
1
CBA
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Bench Heigth
Spacing
Burden
CANTERA (BANCO)CANTERA (BANCO)
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CANTERA (BANCO)CANTERA (BANCO)
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DIAGRAMA DEL BARRENO
V
K-2V
0.3 V
V
K
V
Carga deColumna
lp
Carga deFondo
lbV: Separacin frontal
K: Altura del frente del banco
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A.-VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIEA.-VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIE
Existen numerosos procedimientos paraefectuar el clculo de los parmetrosfundamentales de voladura (malla, factorde carga, longitud de taladros, etc.) por loque en este caso solo presentamosalgunos principios que puedan servircomo gua para el diseo de una voladura,basndonos mayormente en el dimetrode perforacin que permite trabajar elequipo del que dispone el usuario.
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Debemos tener en cuenta que la voladura debanco y la subterrnea mantienen los mismoscriterios, ya que fundamentalmente buscanlos mismos resultados, y que finalmente unavez creada la cavidad de arranque en unfrontn subterrneo este se convierte en unbanco anular.
A.-VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIE
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La voladura en superficie comprende a: Bancos de canteras y tajos abiertos,
excavaciones, zanjas. Corte de taludes a media ladera. Obras viales. Voladuras en agricultura. Casos especiales como la voladura
secundaria y los trabajos de Smooth Blasting( recorte o pre-corte), pero
Fundamentalmente se concretan a bancos.
VOLADURA EN SUPERFICIE
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Explotacin de canteras de roca con explosivos en bancos(uso de nomogramas)
Explotacin de canteras de roca con explosivos en bancos(uso de nomogramas)
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2A
2B
NOMOGRAMA 1a Lneas principales
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(Propiamente el Nomograma)Nomograma 1a
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Ejemplo:Calcular la mxima separacin frontal
Altura del Banco K= 6.00 mts Dimetro Barreno d = 32 mm Grado de Atacado p = 1.25 (con mquina) Dinamita 35% s = 1.00 Espacio entre barrenos E = 1.3 V Inclinacin 2a1 Resistencia Especfica Roca S = 0.4
Ruta en Nomograma 1a(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) V max = 1.65 m
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(Propiamente el Nomograma)Nomograma 1a
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Determinar la carga de FONDO, para los mismos datos del ejemplo.Ruta: Partiendo de V max = 1.65 mts
Del NOMOGRAMA 1ARUTA (g, f, e, d, c,b, a)FONDO DE CARGA: lb = 1.25 kg/mDe la Geometra del barrenopor lo tanto lb = V + 0.3V = 1.3V
lb = 1.3 x 1.65 = 2.145 mt
Qf = CARGA DE FONDO = 1.25 x 2.145 = 2.68 kg
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Determinar la carga de COLUMNA, para los mismos datos del ejemploRuta: Partiendo de V max = 1.65 mtsRUTA (g, f*, d,c)NOTA * Se pasa de frente sin regresar a la lnea punteada
(en la linea de la inclinacin del barreno).CARGA DE COLUMNA: lp = 0.54 kg/mDe la Geometra del barrenopor lo tanto lp = K 2V
lp = 6.00 2 x 1.65 = 2.70 mt
Qc= CARGA DE COLUMNA = 0.54 x 2.70= 1.46 kg
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Qf = CARGA TOTAL = Qf + Qc = 2.68 + 1.46 = 4.14 Kg
CARGA ESPECIFICA q = Q/V = 4.14/21.23 = 0.19 Kg/m3
CALCULO DE CARGA ESPECIFICAVolumen = K x V x E = K x V x 1.3V = 1.3KV2 = 6 x 1.3 x 1.652
Volumen = 21.23 m3
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