E X P LO R E T H E S PAC E H A N G A R

DISCOVER SPACECRAFT

in the James S.McDonnell Space Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy

Center

CHOOSE your favorite

space exploration vehicle when you finish.

USE the map on page 10 to find them.

Goddard 1935 A Series rocket

LOOK FOR:

CB D

Top: Goddard A Series rocket; insets of Goddard holding rocket and Goddard postage stamp

A

A The nose cone. How does the shape of the nose cone on the A Series rocket compare to nose cones on nearby rockets? Is it sharper, blunter, or the same?

B The window on the rocket near the nose cone. What can you see inside? ■■ liquid fuel tank ■■ parachute ■■ computer

C The vanes. The vanes/tail fins help to stabilize the rocket in flight. How many vanes are on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■■ 2 ■■ 3 ■■ 4 ■■ 6

D The nozzle(s). The exhaust nozzles squeeze gases out producing a force/thrust that pushes the rocket forward. The Goddard A Series rocket had a thrust of 900 newtons, N, (200 lbs.). Each of the three Space Shuttle engines has a thrust of 2,000,000 N (418,000 lbs.). How many nozzles are

COMPARE:

there on the Goddard A Series rocket? ■■ 1 ■■ 2 ■■ 3 ■■ 5

Rockets from the 1940s and 1950s near the Goddard A Series rocket The Corporal is three times as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with a thrust of ~90,000 N (20,000 lbs.) and a range of 120 km (75 miles). The Regulus Cruise missile is twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket with a thrust of ~20,000 N (4,600 lbs.) and a range of 8000 km (5000 miles). The whole Nike-Ajax missile is about twice as tall as the Goddard A Series rocket. The main part of the rocket, the sustainer, is about the same size as the A Series rocket with a thrust of 11,500 N (2,600 lbs.) and a range of 40 km (25 miles). The Poseidon missile, built by Lockheed Martin, was launched from submarines and carried a 50 kiloton nuclear warhead. It is three times the size of the Goddard A Series rocket with a range of 5280 km (3280 miles).

A Series launch

Poseidon Missile

2

READY?

Goddard Redstone- Atlas LV­ Saturn V- Space Shuttle 1935 rocket Mercury 3A/Agena B Apollo 54 m high 3.7 m high 25.5 m high 20.7 m (68 ft)/ 112 m high (175 ft)

(12 ft) (83 ft) 7.1 m (23 ft) (364 ft)

Find the thrust of each rocket. (write in pounds, lb; newtons, N)

________ lb ________ lb ________ lb ________ lb ________ lb

________ N ________ N ________ N ________ N ________ N

3

350 ft

300 ft

250 ft

200 ft

150 ft

100 ft

50 ft

Stand near Space440,000 7,500,000 7,000,000 Shuttle Discovery.r Pictuready for lift off,

e itfr as on theont cover. Shut your eand imagine the r

yesumbthunder and shock

lingwaves of a shuttle

launch.

HINT1 pound, lb =

wtons, N 4.4 ne

GODDARD A SERIES ROCKET ACHIEVEMENT: the first successful rocket to travel at the speed of sound — ~1000 km/h (700 mph) — and to ascend over a mile high. Fourteen launch attempts from 1934 to 1935

HOW TALL ARE THEY? The Goddard A Series rocket, the Redstone rocket, and the Shuttle orbiter are all full-size artifacts in the Museum, 1 : 1 scale. Look at the Shuttle models under the wing of Discovery. Many are 1 : 200 scale. How tall would you be in 1 : 200 scale? Divide your height in cm (or inches) by 200.

Rocket Height

Design your own rocket. Name it!

FACT

Space Shuttle Discovery

C

B

D

E

A

ACHIEVEMENT: The longest-serving reusable spacecraft. Discovery flew 39 times from 1984 through 2011 — spending altogether 365 days in space.

Inset photos left: Space Shuttle Discovery on top of its carrier aircraft, a Boeing 747, on the ground and in atmospheric flight.

LOOK FOR:A The wings. Wings provide lift, so an orbiting Space Shuttle can glide to Earth. Thick wings, and special maneuvers, reduce the orbiter’s speed from 28,000 km/h (17,200 mph) at reentry to 354 km/h (220 mph) at touchdown. How are orbiter wings and airplane wings similar? How are they different?

B The black tiles. Black tiles have a coating that reflects 90% of the heat. They can resist temperatures up to 1,260°C (2,300°F). White tiles resist temperatures to 649°C (1,200°F). Which areas of the orbiter are exposed to the greatest heat during reentry?

C The OMS pods. The two pods are located at the base of the vertical stabilizer (tail). They contain the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines and the aft thrusters. The small OMS engines are used in space to control altitude and speed, unlike the three main engines that are used during launch. The thrusters control roll, pitch, yaw, and lateral movements. Can you find the forward thrusters on the nose of the orbiter?

D The payload-bay doors. When open, the payload-bay doors reveal a large cargo space. Look behind the Shuttle orbiter at the Spacelab. Look above the orbiter at the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Both of these were carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle. What is the best shape for a large Shuttle cargo? ■■ rectangular block ■■ cylinder ■■ sphere

E The Hatch. Astronauts use the crew hatch to enter Discovery before a launch and to leave after landing. It opens into the middeck cabin, the crew’s living area. The hatch is never opened in space. How do the astronauts leave and return for an EVA (spacewalk)?

The term“Space Shuttle”refers to a wholesystem made up of theorbiter, two solid rocketboosters, and theexternal fuel

tank. 4

D F

E

PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER

LOOK FOR: VEGA SOLAR SYSTEM

Vega Solar System Probe and Pathfinder/Sojourner

ACHIEVEMENT: Vega Solar System Probe was the first Soviet mission to have international participation from nine nations. Pathfinder was the first planetary probe to take a rover to another planet.

PROBE BUS AND LANDING APPARATUS, SOVIET-LAUNCHED MISSION TO EXPLORE VENUS (1985) AND COMET HALLEY (1986)

C

B

A VEGA SOLAR SYSTEM

A French atmospherics package. A balloon carries an instrument package that measures the winds and weather in the atmosphere of the planet Venus.

B Spherical atmospheric entry shield for lander. Protects lander as it falls to the surface of the planet Venus.

C Spacecraft Bus. Ridge structure of the Vega Probe that holds science instruments and

LOOK FOR:

other equipment.

PATHFINDER/SOJOURNER LANDED ON MARS ON JULY 4, 1997 Image taken from Sojourner just after landing on Mars

D Pathfinder. The planetary probe landed and opened to reveal the Sojourner rover: more than 16,500 images were sent back to Earth from the lander.

E The deflated landing airbags. Like the landing of the rovers Spirit and Opportunity that later traversed the Martian surface, Pathfinder used inflatable spheres to cushion the impact of its landing.

F The Sojourner rover. The rover sent 550 images from Mars, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil along with extensive data on winds and other weather factors.

FINDOUT MORE

See the Space Science informa­

tion panels and the Applications

Satellites display case. Look at

ga Solar System the Russian Ve

probe from 1984 that y’s

traveled through Halle

Comet on its way

to Venus. 5

Exploring the Solar System

Sun: Mars: Saturn: Neptune: Genesis, Mars Science Cassini-Hugyens, Voyager 2, 2004 Laboratory, 2012 2004 1989

Jupiter: Galileo, 1989

Earth

Mercury: Venus: Uranus: Pluto: Messenger, Magellan, Voyager 2, New Horizons, 2004 1989 1989 2015

TIMELINE OF PLANETARY PROBES AND EARLY SATELLITES 2006 New Horizon 2012 Mars

1965 to 1971 Mariner series 1989 Magellan to Venus and 1989 Galileo to Spacecraft Science Laborator1958 Explorer 1: to Mars, Mariner 10 to Jupiter, both launched from Space Shuttles launched to Pluto Rover (Curiosity)First US satellite Mercury and Venus 1989 Voyager 2 reached Uranus and Neptune —will arrive 2015 landed

y ,

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1957 Sputnik: First USSR satellite 1973-79 Pioneer 10 to Jupiter, 1997 Pathfinder/ 2004 Mars Exploration Pioneer 11 to Jupiter and Saturn Sojourner rover Rovers (Spirit,

to Mars Opportunity ), landed

DESIGN YOUR OWN PLANETARY PROBE Which planets would you visit on a tour of the solar system? Draw a picture of your probe. Look around for inspiration with your design from antennas, satellite dishes, solar panels, engines, cameras, grinding tools, etc. on the artifacts. What would you call your probe?

FIND

Inv

OUT MOREestigate ho

w w the Moonas observed,pr

including lunarobes that were launchedfrom Earth.http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.htmlDesign your own probe. Name it!

6

LOOK FOR:

ACHIEVEMENT: The spacesuit allowed astronauts to survive on the surface of the Moon. Apollo 15 spacesuit, 1971

Apollo Spacesuit

A The Apollo 15 spacesuit. The spacesuit displayed is one that was worn on the Moon. What is visible all over the surface of the spacesuit?

B Spacesuit helmet. The extravehicular helmet retains the correct air pressure for survival, although it is lower than on Earth. Would the astronaut be restricted in his vision by the extravehicular helmet? What percentage of normal view is blocked by parts of the helmet?

C Apollo gloves. They have special tips to let the astronaut feel more when holding objects. What do you think these tips are made of?

D Apollo boots. The Apollo extravehicular boots look different from Mercury and Gemini boots. What is the difference between the Apollo missions compared to earlier space exploration that required a different boot style?

C

B

A

D

Apollo Astronaut on the Moon.LOOK ABOVE: Look above Discovery at the astronaut model flying outside the Shuttle in the MMU (Manned Maneuvering Unit). Can you see differences in the Shuttle-era spacesuit and the one worn on the Moon?

Look above the Apollo 15 spacesuit to view the Saturn V instrument unit. Located more than 3/4 of the way up the Saturn V rocket above the third of three rocket stages, the instrument unit contains the computers and other control devices to maintain the trajectory (course) of the rocket. Above the instrument unit was the command module, lunar lander, and Apollo capsule.

7

FACT The Apollo missions

were launched on

Saturn rockets.

LOOK FOR: A The Mercury capsule. This is Freedom 7 II. In May 1961, the first Mercury capsule, Freedom 7, launched Alan Shepard as the first American in space. The tall Redstone rocket near the exit of the Space Hangar was modified to launch the first Mercury capsules, including Freedom 7.

Mercury and Gemini capsules

B

A

B The retrorockets. The Museum’s Mercury capsule Freedom 7 II was planned to be the last of the Mercury series. Because of the success of the Mercury program, NASA decided that it had learned all it could from this program and decided to concentrate on its follow-on Gemini and Apollo programs. The retrorockets on the back of Freedom 7 II would be used to slow the spacecraft down for reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

C The Gemini capsule. The Gemini VII capsule on display took two astronauts, Frank Borman and James Lovell, Jr., into orbit for nearly two weeks. An earlier Gemini mission crew, Gemini IV, performed the first US space walk. Imagine spending two weeks in a capsule the size of a compact car!

LOOK AT: Look at the Gemini test capsule that has landing gear for landing on an airfield. This was not used because the actual Gemini missions finished with splashdowns at sea, as did the Mercury missions that preceded them and the Apollo missions that followed. Also look above and to the left of the Gemini capsule to see the paraglider. The hang-glider type wings were used in tests to land the spacecraft.

ACHIEVEMENT: The first spacecraft to put US astronauts in orbit. Six piloted Mercury flights from May 1961 to May 1963. 10 Gemini flights from March 1965 to November 1966.

C

FINDOUT MORE

Look at Big Joe, one of theunpiloted Mercury capsulesused for testing systemsbefore the first humanMercury flight.

8

C

ACHIEVEMENT: Righted the Apollo 11 capsule after splashdown in the Pacific Ocean July 24, 1969

Apollo Flotation devices

LOOK FOR:A The righting spheres. These righted the capsule, if it landed upside down. Apollo 11 needed to deploy the righting spheres because it turned upside down in the ocean after splashdown.

B The Apollo 11 flotation collar. The flotation collar was placed around the base of the Apollo capsule by the rescuers to allow the capsule to float until it was recovered onto the U.S.S. Hornet. The astronauts were transferred to the Mobile Quarantine Facility that you can see behind the Apollo capsule (the Airstream trailer).

B

A

C The Apollo boilerplate capsule. The Apollo capsule seen here is a boilerplate—a training capsule that was never launched. It enabled the astronauts to practice recovery as well as in-flight activities.

9

FINDOUT MORE

See the human spaceflight

display and plan a meal

t you would like to eat tha

in space from the

U.S. and Russian

space food.Apollo 12 splashdown in the Pacific December 24, 1969

S-1 S-3S-2 S-5S-4

S-1 S-3S-2 S-5S-4S-1 S-5

S 1 S 3S-3S-1 SSSSSSSSSSSS--555522SS-S-222 SSSSSS--55S-4

Saturn VInstrument Unit

Corporal

Lark

GeminiHeat Shields

Gemini ParagliderResearch Vehicle 1-A

Nike-Ajax

HOE

Mars Pathfinder andSojourner Rover Model

Bat

Loki-DartF-23Nike

CajunFarSide

Pegasus XL

TDRSSSatellite

MMU

Gorgon IIA

Navaho Model

RedstoneMissile

Fritz X

RuhrstahlX-4

Hs 293

Hs 298

Hs 117 Rheintochter RI

Hagelkorn Gorgon IIC Gorgon IVGargoyle XKD5G-1

Styx

ASAT

Close EncountersMother Ship

Model

John Glenn Saturn VMercury Couch ModelCapsule

MercuryBig JoeMobile Quarantine Capsule 15B

Facility Freedom 7 II

Apollo Gemini Gemini VIIService Module ParagliderApolloPropulsion System WingBoilerplateCommandModule

Discovery

CanadarmSRTM Remote Manipulator

System

AGM-86BLittleJohn

AGM-86A

GoddardRocket

Matador

Regulus 1

Poseidon C-3

V-2 Navaho H-1 Titan 1Combustion Redstone Engine Jupiter EngineEngine Engine Engine

Engine PAC-2V-2 Turbopump Leap KKV

BMW Rocket Engine

SAM-7 MissLaunch

RI 502JATO

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BOEINGAV I AT I O N H A N G A R

MARY BAKR E S TO R AT I OVISITOR OVERLOOK

James S. McDonnell Space HangarMap and Ballot

Mercury capsulePage 8Apollo flotation

devicesPage 9

Planetary probe:Pathfinder/SojournerPage 5

Goddard 1935 ASeries rocketPage 2

10

Gemini capsulePage 8

START YOURTOUR HERE!

FIND OUT MORE:

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-S-7S-6 S-8

S-7 S-8

8SS-6 S-9

S-6 S-9S-7

S-

SS-88

- SS 7

S

SS 7SS 7S 6

Aerobee Nosecones

CDC

Spacelab

CDC

Falcon AGM-76A

Echo 1

Relay 1

Corona Capsule

MPPMPP

Caltech IR Telescope

Ritchey Mirror Grinder

IUE Console

Airborne IR Telescope

UNIVAC

Subroc

Spacelab Transfer Tunnel

Spacelab Instrument Pointing System

Spacelab Igloo

Katydid

Agena-B Upper Stage

RIM-8J Talos

Vega

Atlas-Agena Launch Console

Rocket Models

Littrow Spectrograph

ATS-1

Midas III Sensor

KD2C-2 Skeet Target Drone

RTV-N-15

AOSO Observatory

Snark

SM-3

MLT 1540 Light Table

IDEX II

Vega Balloon

New Horizons

sile and Tube

R2D2 Mailbox

Mercury Phone Booth

Spartan 201 Satellites

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21

VISITOR OVERLOOK ER ENGEN

O N H A N G A R

Restrooms

Stairs

You Are Here

Emergency Exits

Planetary probe: Vega Page 5

Space Shuttle Discovery Page 4

Apollo spacesuit Page 7

Use this map to find the spacecraft mentioned in this guide.

Circle your favorite when you finish. Why did you choose it?

20

21

Applications SatellitesHuman SpaceflightFirst Level Space Artifacts

Hanging Space Artifacts

22

23 Rockets and Missiles Space Science N

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First Level Aircraft

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Third Level Aircraft A-1

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Commercial Aviation Lockheed 1049F

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Pre-1920 Aviation Super Constellation

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A-1 A-2

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J.J.J.Renee BalloonBallooon

A-6 A-7

A-8 A-9

A-20A-5

Renneee B

A-10 A-11

A-12 A-13

A-14 A-15

A-16 A-17

A-18A-19

11 Aerobatics

CLAUDE M

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Simulators L

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L12

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L13

Ultralights Elevator

Stairs

14 Interwar Military Aviation

ATM E

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CA

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