Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 13
1.) Search for New Trade Routes
◦ Wanted goods from the East, China, Spice Islands
◦ Italians had a monopoly
◦ Muslims attacked
◦ Fees
◦ Thus, people went searching for new route.
2.) Quest for Gold
◦ In Africa
◦ Began searching, but often ended in losses
3.) Desire for Adventure and Glory
◦ Many died along the way
4.) Religious Concerns
◦ Late 15th century, Moors still controlled Southern
Iberian Peninsula
◦ Fall of Constantinople 1453.
◦ Sought out Prester John in Africa…never found
◦ Missionaries to Muslims
Prester John
5.) Competition Among European Nations
◦ Commercialism
◦ Trade settlements and colonization
1.) Maps
2.) Instruments: ◦ Compass – created by Chinese
◦ Astrolabe
◦ Quadrant
◦ Cross-Staff
◦ Video of Making your own compass
Compass
Astrolabe
Quadrant
Cross Staff
1400s – ships built for long distance ◦ Sails instead of Oars
◦ Triangle sails by Arabs
◦ Square sails by Vikings
◦ Thus we get Caravel
Portugal and Spain were in the lead ◦ Turned Southward to Africa
◦ Crusading spirit
Portugal
“greatest figure in the history of exploration”….never went on one
Intrigued by Africa
Started “school” of navigation
Sponsored astronomers, mapmakers, sea captains, etc. ◦ Allowed for navigational improvement of tools
Set sailors out to explore Africa
30 years after Henry’s death, Bartolomeu sent to Africa by Portuguese king.
In search of another route to Orient
Accidently found route around Africa’s tip in a storm.
Tip of Africa called “Cape of Good Hope”
10 years after Dias, da Gama sent to follow but find India
1497, sent with 4 ships
Went way out of the way…closer to South America than Africa
1 year after beginning, he reaches India
Met Muslims, but still traded enough to pay for his trip 60xs.
Portuguese took over this route, and destroyed Muslim monopoly.
Italian
Studied Ptolemy and Marco Polo
Believed you could reach Japan and China by sailing West
Portugal refused to fund, but Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain did
1492, left with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
Catholic, believed he was commissioned by God to spread Gospel.
Men wanted to turn back.
Two days later, founded San Salvador
Actually in Bahamas. Went to Cuba and elsewhere
3 more voyages, and he landed in Venezuela
Always thought he had reached Orient
Opened Indian slave trade
Vikings originally came over in 10 and 11 centuries
Some believe Phoenicians came over before Christ
17 Century, Americas were a safe Haven for Christians
Spain and Portugal fighting for trading rights
Pope divides the world between the two
1493, Pope issues a bull called “The Line of Demarcation”
Results: ◦ 1.) Portugal colonizes in Africa and East Indies
◦ 2.) Spain got most of New World, except Brazil
This is the reason Brazilians speak Portuguese
◦ 3.) Spain had to find a westward route to India and China
1519 – realized North America was NOT the Orient
Wanted to sail around South America
Spent winter in tip of South America
Called natives “Patagonians” AKA “Big Feet”
Now called “The Strait of Magellan”
One ship deserted, one sank
Called “Pacific” AKA “Peaceful”
Ran out of supplies, many starved
Reach Philippines, Magellan killed by natives
Continued without him, found Spice islands, went around Africa and found home.
18 out of 200 men returned alive
First to circumnavigate
“Indians”
Possibly crossed Bering Strait
Some were farmers
Other followed herds
Believed in “Great Spirit”
North American Indians mostly in tribes
5 major North American Indian Regions
1.) Northeastern Indians: ◦ Formed 5 tribe confederation led by Iroquois
◦ Known for wampum, shell money, birch- bark canoes
2.) Southeastern Indians: ◦ Mound Builders
◦ Still exist
Etowah Indian Mounds
3.) Plains Indians ◦ Roamed grasslands
◦ Hunted buffalo
◦ Tepees
◦ Fought with other tribes
◦ Didn’t use horses till Spanish brought them
Southwest Indians AKA Cliff Dwellers ◦ Built villages “pueblos” out of adobe, sun dried
bricks
◦ Build into cliffs
◦ Most peaceful of NA Indians
West Coast Indians ◦ Totem poles depicting local gods
Central and South American Indians more civilized
Large cities, trade, art, literature
Pagan and superstitious
1.) Maya ◦ 300-900s
◦ Many city-states in Yucatan Peninsula
◦ Pyramids, temples
◦ Altars, highways
◦ Hieroglyphics
◦ Astronomy
◦ Computed length of year, built astronomical observatories, mathematics
◦ Worshipped false gods, feathered serpent.
◦ Mayans diminished, some moved on
2.) Aztecs ◦ Around 1345 founded city of Tenochtitlan (tay
NOACH tee TLAHN ) on an island in central Mexico ◦ 4 mile long bridges to island ◦ Temple with 20 other temples ◦ Canals ◦ City called “The Venice of the New World” ◦ Fighters with army ◦ Conquered 5 million people ◦ Never developed a real empire ◦ Sacrificed their enemies, sometimes priests ate
them
3.) Incas ◦ 1380-1570 along Western coast in Peru
◦ Families lived in communes and shared possessions
◦ Farmers, raised maize, potatoes, cotton
◦ Their ruler “The Inca” worshipped as god
◦ This is a genuine empire
◦ Conquered peoples and took territory
◦ Abolished cannibalism
◦ Well built cities
◦ Well-constructed roads
◦ Road from Cuzco to Quito
◦ Suspension bridges
◦ Mail could travel 150 miles a day!
Spanish sent conquistadors ◦ Looking for gold ◦ Converting to Catholicism ◦ Establish Spanish authority
Used guns and horses. ◦ Only a few men could conquer a whole tribe ◦ Conquistadors were very cruel ◦ Murder for riches
Came to convert….but killed instead
Wanted adventure, but worked on a farm in Hispaniola
Upset, so stowed away to main land
Became a soldier, and took over
Moved site to Panama
Complaints to King against Balboa ◦ Needed gold to settle king
1513, set out to find the ocean ◦ Wanted to be first to see it, called it “South Sea”
◦ Magellan renames it “Pacific” 7 years later
Arrested on false charges and beheaded
1519- “greatest of the conquistadors”
Landed in Mexico
Sunk ships
Going toward Aztec capital
Montezuma (Aztec King) thought Cortes was the returning god Quetzalcoatl (ket SAHL koh AH t’l)
Lavished Cortez with riches….but intensified greed
Uneasy peace, then war
Massacred Aztecs
Montezuma stoned by own people
1521, Cortes defeats Aztecs
Began building Mexico City
A viceroy would rule
People continued to plunder
Cortez returns to Spain in 1539, dies 8 years later
Cruelest of conquistadors Wanted gold Followed Balboa across the Isthmus, then
went South Arrived in Peru, set out to destroy everything Captured Atahualpa (AH tah WAHL pah), the
Inca ruler…held for ransom Received tons of gold, and twice as much
silver Still killed Atahualpa Destroyed Incas with only a few men
2 years later, found Lima
Spaniards killed him in his home for the gold.
Roman Catholic friar/missionary
Wrote against his countrymen
One Indian burned at stake for not becoming Christian
1542, helped pass “New Laws”, keeping natives from becoming slaves
Got rid of conversion by force
However, saw conversion only as becoming member of church
1539 – Hernando de Soto lands near Tampa Bay
Found Mississippi River
Lead to further exploration of North America
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1540
Set out to find “Seven Cities of Cibola”
Lead through New Mexico, Arizona, Kansas, and Texas
Some men found Grand Canyon
These explorers believe North America was a waste….little gold.
Other nations angry to be left out!
Thus, onward they go!
3 voyages to eastern Canada
1534 – Newfoundland and Labrador
1535 – sailed up St. Lawrence River. Named area Montreal “Mount Royal”
Looked for “Northwestern Passage”, but never found it
70 years later “Father of New France”
Explored and colonized around St. Lawrence River
1608, founded Quebec
Indians led him to two great lakes
Still looking for passage to Pacific
Jesuit Missionary – Marquette
Joliet - friend
1673-Canoed down Mississippi River to AR
Later, Sieur de La Salle, 1682m claims Mississippi River for France
Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
Went to find shorter route to East
Explored Northeast in his slip Half Moon
1609 – went up river to Albany, NY
1621 – Dutch founded New Amsterdam, modern day New York City
Shortly after Columbus, lands in Canada
Praised by King Henry VII
1498, came back with son, Sebastian
Found no gold, but fisheries
Lead to English settlement
English came to develop the land, not exploit it like Spanish
1607 – Jamestown, first permanent settlement
John Smith build the town
1608 – it burns
New governor Lord de la Warr – gave new life
Protestant settlers
John Smith
Established trading posts in India
Fully armed ships protected them from Muslims
Viceroy of Portuguese holdings in East Didn’t promote Native violence Build trade Captured and controlled entrances to Persian
Gulf and Red Sea After his death, 1520, take Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and
Banten Banten allowed them to control water passages
to the Orient 1542 – began trade with Japan 1557 – founded colony of Macao on Chinese
mainland
Problems for Portugal ◦ 1.) Spread out too Far
◦ 2.) Lost man power because of death at sea
◦ 3.) Asians hated the European because of cruelty
◦ 4.) Asians began allowing other nations to trade
Not rich, but good sailors
1596 – settled on Java and Sumatra, expelled Portuguese from Banten
Japan would only trade with Dutch
Traded from Persia to Japan
Needed food and supplies, so had a settlement in Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town, South Africa)
Defeated Armada 1588
1591 - made trading voyage to India
Captured Persian Gulf
Traded on East and West of India
East did not like the West
Claimed lands for king and souls for God
By 1550, already battles between China and Portugal
Portugal paid $30,000 a year to colonize Macao
Japan accepted Europeans better
Invited Francis Xavier
Didn’t want Christianity.
Persecuted missionaries
1639, kill any Portuguese
“Closed Country”
Land was not the decider of wealth
Money was the main medium
Change in the air called Commercial Revolution
Mercantilism was dominant economic system
Wealth should benefit “mother country”, thus hoard money ◦ 1.) Become self-sufficient
◦ 2.) acquire colonies
◦ 3.) Maintain Balance of trade
What colonies provided the mother country: By
establishing colonies, European nations hoped to become self-sufficient. Colonies supplied the mother country with raw materials so that
the mother country would not have to lose specie to other countries to pay for the materials.
Colonies provided markets where goods from the mother country could be sold so that the mother country had customers for their products.
Prohibitions placed on the colonies: The colonies were not allowed to produce anything that the
mother country produced, for that would be competition. (Remember, the new found wealth was supposed to benefit the mother country.)
Nor were the colonies allowed to trade with anyone but the mother country.
2 flaws: ◦ 1.) create monopolies and deterred competition
◦ 2.) Didn’t view as a “two-way-street”
Capitalism allowed people to advance wealth, investing, creating jobs, etc.
To safe-guard themselves, they created companies, this everyone shared gains and losses
Thus came joint-stock companies ◦ Capital
◦ Dividends
Three main joint-stock companies ◦ 1.) English East India Company – 1600 and thriving
◦ 2.) Dutch East India Company – 1602
◦ 3.) The French Company of New France – traded furs in Canada
◦ These 3 set up settlements
Prospectus and Underwriter
