EXPERT TOPIC 1303- SHRIMP

7/30/2019 EXPERT TOPIC 1303- SHRIMP

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May | June 2013EXPERT TOPIC - SHRIMP

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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3/1542 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013

EXPERTTPIC

Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.

SHRIMP

EXPERT TOPIC


4/15

ShrimpFarmedshrimpwasa$US10.6billionindus-try in 2005 (WWF).The species is one of

the fastest growing in aquaculture with an

approximaterateof10percentannually.The

productionof whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus

vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei) in

particular, generated the highest value of

majorculturedspeciesat$US11.3billion.

L. vannameiwasfirstcultivatedinFloridain

1973fromlarvaespawnedandshippedfrom

awild-caughtmatedfemalefromPanama.In

1976,duetogoodpondresultsandadequate

nutrition, the culture of L. vannamei began

in South andCentralAmerica.By the early

1980s,throughintensivebreedingandrearing

techniques,L. vannameiwasbeingdeveloped

intheUSA (includingHawaii), andmuch of

CentralandSouthAmerica(FAO).

L. vannameiispopularbecauseofitshigh

yieldandshortgrowoutperiod. The yield

per hectareis uptothree timesthat ofthe

giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The

grow out period is also shorter for L. van-

namei,60-90days,comparedto90-120daysforP. monodon.Overall,itcostsabouthalfas

muchtoproduceakiloofL. vannameiasit

doestoproduceakiloof P. monodon.

1

ChinaAlthough, L. vannamei was introduced intoAsiain1978-9,itwasnotuntil1996thatthe

specieswascultivatedonacommercialscale.

FirstinMainlandChinaandTaiwanandsubse-

quentlytothePhilippines,Indonesia,Vietnam,

Thailand,MalaysiaandIndia.

Thelargestseafoodproducerandexport-

erintheworld,Chinaalsoboastsa largeL.

vannameiproductionindustry,withMainland

China producing more than 270,000 met-

ric tonnes in 2002. Production reached an

estimated300,000metric tonnes (71%

of the countrys total shrimp

production)in2003andhit700,000tonnes

in2004(NetworkofAquacultureCentresin

Asia-Pacific).

MoreInforMatIon:

www.enaca.org

byMarnieSnell

May-June 2013 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | 43

EXPERTTPIC

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4

5

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2

IndiaInthe1990s,Indianshrimpaquacultureexpe-

rienced rapid growth. Production increased

from 30,000 tonnes in 1990 to 102,000

tonnes in 1999 (FAO). This expansion

brought economic success for the country.

Bythestart ofthe21stcentury,theshrimp

aquaculture sector accounted 1.6 percent

of Indian export earnings and employed an

estimated200,000people.

Yet the development of shrimp aquac-

ulture hasbecome more controversial. The

introduction of L. vannamei in 2009hasled

towidespread illegal farming and posed the

threatofdisease.However, thereareorgani-

sations dedicated to tackling the problem.

One example is the Coastal Aquaculture

Authority (CAA)which aims to shut down

unregistered shrimp hatcheries and farms.

Thescaleoftheissueisratherlargeasoutof14,549CAAregistered farms, just246 have

permissiontocultivatewhitelegshrimp.

MoreInforMatIon:

www.fao.org/docrep/x8080e/x8080e08.htm

www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/arti-

cle2878953.ece

3

EcuadorThe1970ssetapresidentforthedevel-

opment of Ecuadors shrimp farming

industry.L. vannamei,capturedfromthe

beachsurfwastransferredinto20-hec-

tare ponds that Ecuadorian producers

builtonmudflats.

Dur ing the mid-1970s , animal

feed andpetfood company,Ralston

Purinabeganconductingpondtrialsin

Ecuadorto demonstrate the benefits

offeeding.

As land and labour were cheap,

diseasewas rare andwild seedwas in

abundance,theshrimpfarmingbusiness

was profitable and by 1977, approxi-

mately 3,000 hectares of extensive

shrimp farms had been developed in

Ecuador.

As a result, shrimp feedmillsweredeveloped during the 1980s, marking

thetransitionofEcuadorian farmsfrom

extensivetosemi-intensiveproduction.

MoreInforMatIon:

www.shrimpnews.com/FreeReportsFolder/

HistoryFolder/HistoryWorldShrimpFarming/

ChamberlainsHistoryOfShrimpFarming.html

4

BrazilAlthough shrimp farming was already

operational during the 1980s, it was

the introductionofL. vannameiin1992that

allowedforaswiftexpansioninBrazilsshrimp

farming industry. Shrimp culture is nowone

ofthemostorganisedsectorswithinBrazilian

aquaculture.

In 2003, the total production of L. van-

nameireached90,190tonnesproducedfrom

14,824ha of shrimp ponds. In some states,

productivity reached 8,700 kg/ha/year with

the best yields obtained in the northeast

region.

With exports reaching 60,000 tonnes in

2003,representing60.5%ofthetotalBrazilian

fisheryexportandgeneratingUS$230million

for the Brazilian economy, shrimp culture is

now one of the most important economic

activitiesintheNortheastregion.

Most oftheshrimpfarmsaresmall scale

(75%),followedbymedium(9.6%)andlarge

scale (5.52%). The average yield increased

from1 015 kg/ha/year in1997to6,084kg/ha/yearin2003,comparedtoaninternational

averageof958kg/ha/year(FAO).

MoreInforMatIon:

www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_brazil/en

5

ThailandShrimpfarminghasbeenpractisedinThailand

formorethan30years,withitsdevelopment

expandingrapidlyduringthemid-1980s.This

expansion was supported by advances in

shrimpfeedandthesuccessfulproductionof

larvaein1986.

The most popular shrimp cultivated in

thecountryis thegiant tigerprawn (Penaeus

monodon)whichaccounts for 98percentof

shrimpproductionandaround40percentof

total brackish water aquaculture production

(FAO). L. vannamei was first introduced to

Thailandinthelate1990sasanalternativeto

thenativeP. monodon.

Theproductionof L. vannameiinThailand

rapidlyincreasedfrom10,000metrictonsin

2002 (Briggs et al. 2004) to approximately

300,000 metric tons in 2004, which com-prised 80 percent of total marine shrimp

production.

MoreInforMatIon:

www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_thailand/en

Indiasindigenousshrimp

Th e R aj iv G an dh i C en tr e f or

Aquaculture (RGCA) inTamilNadu,

Indiahasproducedaspecificpathogen

free varietyof shrimp.The newvariety is

settohelpcommercialshrimpfarmersand

boostIndiasseafoodexports.

Theselectivelybredmother shrimps are

capable of producing quality seeds that

harnesshighergrowthandsurvivalrates.

Unt il now, Indian shr imp hatcher ies

importedsuchbrood stockfromtheUSA,

Thailand and Singapore, resulting in high

shipping costsand bigtransit losses.The

averagecostof brood stockwas estimated

atRs5,000.

It is estimatedthat 80 percent of Indias

shrimpfarmersaresmallscale-thequalityof

seedslargelyaffectstheircropsuccess.Duetothehighcosts,somehatcherieshavebeen

sourcingbrood stock fromshrimpponds,

whichultimatelyresultsintheproductionof

poorqualityseedsandsubsequentcroploss

tofarmers.

2

44 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | May-June 2013

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Cause

of EMS

detected

The pathogen which

causesearlymortality

syndrome (EMS) has

been identif ied by

researchers at the University

ofArizona,USA.

A research team led by

DonaldLighterfoundthatEMS,

or more technically known as

acutehepatopancreaticnecrosissyndrome (AHPNS), is caused

by a bacterial agent, which is

transmittedorally, colonizesthe

shrimpgastrointestinaltractand

producesatoxinthatcausestis-

suedestructionanddysfunction

of the shrimp digestive organ

knownasthehepatopancreas.

Thediseasewasfirstrecord-

ed in China in 2009 and has

sincespreadtoVietnam(2011),

Thailand (2012) and Malaysia

(2012). EMS kills shrimp

between 10-40 days after the

post-larvalstagewithmortalities

of up to 70 percent. Shrimp

thatsurvive suffer fromstunted

growthandtaletwiceaslongto

achievesignificantgrowout.

The economic impact of

EMS is perhaps yet to be

fully felt. However, the dis-

ease is one of the most sig-

nificant reasons in the fall in

Thai shr imp production. In

2010, the country produced

600,000 toms of shrimp butby2012,thisfigurehasfallen

to 500,000 tons, a drop of

around18percent.

Lightnersteamidentifiedthe

EMSpathogenasauniquestrain

of a relat ively common bac-

terium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,

thatisinfectedbyavirusknown

asa phage,whichcauses it to

release a potent toxin.A simi-

lar phenomenon occurs in the

humandiseasecholera,wherea

phagemakestheVibrio cholerae

bacteriumcapableofproducing

atoxinthatcausescholeraslife-

threateningdiarrhea.EMShow-

ever,isnotadangertopeople.

Research continues on the

development of d iagnostic

tests for rapid detectionof the

EMS pathogen that will ena-

ble improved management of

hatcheriesandponds,andhelp

leadtoalong-termsolutionfor

thedisease. Itwillalso enablea

betterevaluationofrisksassoci-

atedwithimportationoffrozenshrimporotherproductsfrom

countriesaffectedbyEMS.

Somecountrieshave imple-

mentedpoliciesthatrestrictthe

importation of frozen shrimp

or other products from EMS-

affected countries. Lightner

said frozen shrimp likely pose

a low risk for contamination

of wild shrimp or the envi-

ronment because EMS-infected

shrimp are typically very small

and do not enter international

commerce. Also, his repeated

attemptstotransmitthedisease

usingfrozentissuewereunsuc-

cessful.

Inanefforttolearnfrompast

epidemics and improve future

policy, the World Bank and

the Responsible Aquaculture

Foundation, a charitable edu-

cation and training organisa-

tion founded by the Global

Aquaculture Alliance, initiated

acasestudyonEMSinVietnam

in July 2012. Its purpose wasto investigate the introduction,

transmission and impacts of

EMS,and recommendmanage-

ment measures for the public

andprivatesectors.

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Applicationof isotopictechniquesto assess thenutritionalperformance ofmacroalgae infeeding regimesfor shrimp

by Julin Gamboa-Delgado

PhD, research officer, ProgramaMaricultura, Universidad Autnomade Nuevo Len, Mexico

Due to their nutritional prop-

er ties, several species of

macroalgae have beenusedas

dietarysupplementsforshrimps

andothermarinespecies.Sincemacroalgae

represent a natural source of nutrients in

the shrimps natural environment, attempts

have been done to co-culture macroalgae

andshrimps.

The nutritional

performance

and digestibil-

ityofmacroalgae-

derived meals

havebeen tested

informulateddiets

forshrimp.Oneof

theaspects requir-

ingfurtherresearch

is represented by

the lossofnutritional

properties occurring

when the macroalgal

biomass is dried out as

compared when the algal

biomass is ingested as live

biomass.

Several nutritional method-

ologieshavebeenusedtoevalu-

ate the performance of different

ingredients used or proposed foraquaculturefeeds.Theuseofstableisotopes

astoolstoassessnutritionalcontributionsof

specificingredientstogrowthisoneofmany

emerging nutritional techniques applied in

aquaculture.

Thechemical compositionof macroalgae

variesamongspeciesandenvironmentalcon-

ditions;however,mostarerichinnon-starch

polysaccharides, vitamins, and minerals. In

particular, greenmacroalgae (Chlorophyceae)

oftenhavehigherproteincontentthanbrown

seaweeds.Suchnutritionalproperties,incon-

junction with novel macroalgae production

methods,haveincreasedtheinterestintheir

use as dietary ingredients for aquaculture

diets.Additionally,therearestudiesthathave

focusedontheiruseasadditivestoenhance

theimmunologicalstatusofthefarmedanimals.

The green macroalgae Ulva (Enteromorpha)

clathrata, a lso known as aonori in Asian

countries,hasworldwidedistributionanddue

to its nutritional profile, has been evaluated

as a dietary supplement for aquatic species.

U. clathratahasbeenmass-culturedinrecent

yearsunderapatentedtechnologydeveloped

by Aonori Aquafarms Inc. By applying this

methodology,macroalgae biomass is rapidly

grownin pondswithouteliciting detrimental

effectstotheenvironment.

Evaluation of macroalgae inshrimp nutrition studies

Althoughithasbeenobservedthatuseof

macroalgal biomass alone as feed does not

fulfilthenutritionalrequirementsfor optimal

growth in marine shrimp, co-culture of U.clathrataandPacificwhiteshrimp L. vannamei

hasbeen conductedwith positive results in

termsof lower feedutilizationand improve-

ment of the shrimp nutritional quality, flesh

colourandtexture.

Recentnutritionalstudieshavealsoshown

that when dry Ulva clathrata meal is fed

to Pacific white shrimp as an ingredient in

practicaldiets,it hasan apparentdigestibility

coefficientfordrymatterof83percent,while

the same value for protein is 90 percent.

However,thehighashcontentandtherela-

tivelylowproteincontentofthismacroalgae

species prevent its dietary inclusion at high

levels when attempting to replace other

ingredientssuchasfishmeal.

Stable isotopes to assessthe nutritional contributionof macroalgae

Over the last fewdecades, different iso-

topicmethodologieshavebeenadoptedfrom

theecologicalsciencesandhavebeenapplied

toanimalnutritionstudies.Mostelementsin

organicmatter are present astwoormorestable isotopes and heavier isotopes have

a tendency to accumulate in animal tissue.

For example, animal predators have higher

isotopicvalues thantheirpreys; therefore,a

specificisotopicsignatureisconferredtoeach

Table 1: Growth, surviva rate and estimated consumption of formuated feed and ivemacroagae biomass (dry weight) by juvenie litopenaeus vannamei reared on five differentfeeding regimes for 28 days (n= 8-20, mean vaues SD)

Feedingregime

Surviva (%)Fina wet

weight (mg)Weight

increase (%)

Consumedformuatedfeed (g)

ConsumedU. cathrata

(g)

100F 95 13a 995 289a 429 0.94 -

75F/25U 93 11a 1067 364a 467 0.81 0.40

50F/50U 78 11ab 768 273ab 308 0.43 0.44

25F/75U 60 21b 424 207b 125 0.14 0.65

100U* 23 4c 221 49c 18 - 1.32

Initial wet weight = 188 28 mg

Different superscripts indicate significant differences at p


10/15

trophic level (primary producers, herbivores,

carnivores).

Inthecaseofplantsandmacroalgae,their

carbonisotopevaluesarestronglyinfluenced

by the typeofphotosynthesis they present.

Ontheotherhand,thenitrogenstableiso-

topevaluesofplantsandmacroalgaecanbe

easilymanipulatedbymeansofspecificfertilis-

ers,toeventuallyconductnutritionalstudies.

Byusingsuchtechniques,itcanbepossible

to determine the proportions of available

dietary nutrients that have been selected,

ingested and incorporated into animal tis-

sue (Figure 1). As the average sample size

required for stable isotope analysis (carbon

and nitrogen) isonly 1mgof dry tissue or

testdiet,thetechniquehasbeenveryusefulin

larvalnutritionstudies.Ithasbeenemployed

toquantifytheproportionsofnutrientsincor-

poratedfromliveandformulatedfeedsinfish

andcrustaceanlarvae.

Likewise, stable isotope analyses of dif-

ferent plant-derived ingredients (soyproteinisolate,cornglutenandpeameal)havebeen

carriedouttoexplorethecontributionofthe

dietarynitrogensuppliedbythesesources(as

comparedtofishmeal)toshrimpgrowth.In

thecontextofmacroalgaeassourceofnutri-

ents, isotopic techniqueshave been applied

as nutritional tools to quantify the relative

contributionsofdietarycarbon andnitrogen

tothegrowthofPacificwhiteshrimpco-fed

formulatedfeedandlivemacroalgalbiomass

ofU. clathrata.

Experimentaldesign

Taking advantage

of the contrast-

ing natural carbon

and nitrogen stable

isotopevaluesmeas-

uredinacommercial

formulated feed and

inlivemacroalgalbio-

mass ofU. clathrata,

the study aimed to

quantify the relative

contributionofnutri-

entstothegrowthof

Pacific white shrimp.

Animalswereallocat-

edtoduplicatetanks

individuallyfittedwithairliftsandconnected

toanartificial-seawaterrecirculationsystem.

Feeding regimes consisted of a positive

isotopic control (100% formulated feed,treatment 100F), anegative isotopic control

(100% macroalgae, treatment 100U) and

three co-feeding regimes in which 75, 50,

and25percentofthedailyamountofcon-

sumed macroalgal biomass was substituted

by formulated feed (treatments 75F/25U,

50F/50U, and 25F/75U, respectively) on a

dryweightbasis.

Thedigestibilityofbothfeedingsourc-

es for L. vannamei has been previously

assessed and is s imilar ly high (>80%).

Live macroalgae was supplied to shrimp

by attaching the algal biomass to plastic

meshunitsfromwhichthealgalfilaments

wereconstantlyavailableandeasilynibbleduponbyshrimp.

Feedingrationsandproportionswerepro-

gressivelyadjustedinrelationtotheamount

ofmacroalgalbiomassconsumed,animalsur-

vival and sampling. Shrimp samples (whole

bodies and muscle tissue) anddiet samples

were collected andpre-treated for isotopic

analysis.

Growth and survivalThere was a high variability in final wet

Figure 1: Carbon and nitrogen flow in shrimps producedunder semi-intensive farming conditions. Bold arrows

indicate components that can be isotopically analyzed todetermine their origin and fate

May-June 2013 | ItrtIol AquAFeed | 49

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11/15

weightofshrimpsunderthedifferentdietary

treatments; however, a clear tendency for

highergrowthwasobservedinshrimpsreared

on regime 75F/25U (1,067 364 mg, final

meanweight),followedby shrimps fedonly

onformulatedfeed(995289mg).Shrimpsfrom both feeding regimes increased their

weightmorethan400percent(Table1).

Animals fed only on U. clathrata bio-

mass showed very low growth (221 49

mg) and only 23percent oftheanimalsin

this treatment survived by day 21. Higher

survival rates (93-95%) were observed in

shrimpsrearedonfeedingregimes100Fand75F/25U,whileshrimpsindietarytreatments

50F/50Uand25F/75Uhadrespectivemean

survival rates of 78 and 60

percent. The positive effect

of supplying both, live feeds

andformulateddietshasbeen

recurrentlyobservedinprevi-

ouscrustaceanstudies.

Dietary contributionsfrom macroalgae andformulated feed

At the end of the experi-

ment,isotopicvaluesofshrimp

tissue reared on co-feeding

treatments were strongly

biased towards the isotopic

valuesofU. clathratabiomass.

Figure 2 combines carbon

and nitrogen stable isotope

values measured in shrimps

and providesa graphic indica-

tionofthetotalorganicmatter

contributed by both, the for-

mulated feedandmacroalgae.Resultsfromanisotopicmixing

modelindicatedthatshrimpsin

the three co-feeding regimes

incorporatedsignificantlyhigher

amountsofdietarycarbonand

nitrogenfromU. clathratabiomassthanfrom

theformulatedfeed(Table2).

Attheendoftheexperiment,shrimpsin

treatment75F/25U incorporated68 percent

ofcarbon fromthe formulated feedand 32

percentfromthemacroalgae.Shrimpsunder

feedingregimes50F/50Uand25F/75Uincor-

poratedsignificantlyhigheramountsofdietary

carbonfromU. clathrata(49and80%,respec-

tively) when compared to the expected

dietarycarbonproportionssuppliedbythese

theco-feedingregimes (34and 70%,respec-

tively). Shrimp grown in co-feeding regime

75F/25Uincorporated27percentofnitrogen

fromtheformulatedfeedandtheremaining

73 percent from the macroalgal biomass,

whileanimalsrearedonregimes25F/75Uand

50F/50U incorporated the majority of their

dietary nitrogen (98 and 96%, respectively)

fromthemacroalgae.

Thelower growthattainedbythese ani-

malsindicatedthataveryhighproportionof

theisotopicchangewasduetohighnitrogenmetabolic turnoverand not totissue accre-

tion. Due to its lower carbon and nitrogen

contents, themacroalgal biomass had tobe

consumedathigheramountsinordertosup-

ply theobservedelementalcontributions to

shrimpwholebodiesandmuscletissue.

The availability andincorporation of nutrients fromformulated and live feeds

The higher than expected contributions

ofmacroalgalcarbonandnitrogentoshrimpgrowth are possibly related to the high

digestibilityofU. clathrataanditscontinuous

availabilityforshrimp.ChemicalanalysesofU.

clathratahaveshownthatittypicallycontains

lowtomediumproteinlevels(20-30%)and

very low lipid levels. The cell wall polysac-

charidesinmacroalgaemightrepresentmore

than half of dry algalmatter,but a tentative

roleofthelatterasenergysourceisunlikelyas

specificenzymaticactivitiesforthesepolysac-

charides (ulvanase, fucoidanase) have not

beenreported forPenaeid shrimps.Despite

their lower nutrient concentration, live feed

containshigherwatercontentwhichcontrib-

utestohigherdigestibility.

In contrast, formulated feed can contribute

nutrients thatare scarceorabsent in live feed,

buttheincorporationofsuchnutrientsislimited

bylowfeeddigestibilityorunsuitableformulation.

Previous co-feedingexperiments conductedon

postlarval shrimp and larval fish have shown

thatthesuppliedlivefeedfrequentlycontributes

higherproportionsofnutrientstothegrowthof

the consuming animals than those supplied by

formulatedfeedsinco-feedingregimes.

ConclusionAlthoughthelivemacroalgaebyitselfwas

not nutritionally complete for Pacific white

shrimp, it supplied a verysignificantpropor-

Table 2: stimated cntributin f dietary nitrgen suppliedfrm frmulated feed and live bimass fUlva clathrataandincrprated in tissue f pstlarval Pacific white shrimp L.vannameias indicated by stable istpe analysis.

Feeding regime

xpected* observed

Whlebdies

Muscletissue

75F/25U

Frmulated feed 79.6a** 15.9 b 20.5 b

Ulva bimass 20.4 84.1 79.5

50F/50U

Frmulated feed 66.1a 2.2 b 6.9 b

Ulva bimass 33.9 97.8 93.1

25F/75U

Frmulated feed 30.1a 1.0 b 3.2 b

Ulva bimass 69.9 99.0 96.8

*Expected proportions are estimated from the actualproportions of formulated feed and macroalgal biomassoffered (on a dry weight basis)

**Superscripts indicate significant differences betweenexpected and observed dietary contributions

Figure 2: Carbon and nitrogen dual isotope () plot of whole bodies and muscletissue of white shrimp L. vannameireared on feeding regimes consisting of different

proportions of formulated feed and live U. clathrata biomass. Muscle tissue valuesfor treatment 100U were estimated for day 28 from values in whole bodies. n= 2-4,

mean values SD


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tionof structural carbon and nitrogenwhen

co-fedwithformulatedfeed.

However, the high amount of nutrients

derivedfrom thelivemacroalgaebiomassin

co-feeding regimes supplying more than 50

percentofmacroalgae,wasnotreflectedina

fastgrowthincrease.Thiswaspossiblydueto

therestriction ofother nutrients inthis mac-

roalgae species. Interestingly, shrimp under

the co-feeding regime supplying 75 percent

of formulated feed and 25 percent of live

macroalgae biomass showed higher growth

ratesthananimalsrearedonlyoncommercial

formulatedfeed,althoughthedifferencewas

notstatisticallysignificant.

Thelowlevelsofenergy,aminoacidsand

fatty acids in the macroalgae biomass avail-

able to shrimp, were compensated through

high ingestion rates, which caused a higher

incorporation of nutrients in shrimp tissue.

Ontheotherhand, itis very likely that the

carbohydrates and lipids supplied by the

formulated feed significantly contributed totheenergyrequirementsofshrimpunder the

threeco-feedingregimes.

Theimportanceofthenaturalproductivityto

shrimpgrowninsemi-intensivelymanagedponds

has been widely documented. The systematic

useofmacroalgaeinproductionpondsnotonly

providesasignificantnutritionalsupplytocultured

organisms,butalsoofferssubstrateforperiphyton

growthandrefugeformoultingshrimps.Inaddi-

tion,ithasbeendemonstratedthatUlva clathrata

andothermacroalgaespeciesareefficientremov-

ers of the main dissolved inorganic nutrients,

hencemaintaining goodwater quality levels in

aquaculturepondsandeffluents.

Diverseisotopictechniquescanbeapplied

toelucidatethetransferofnutrientsatthelevel

ofaminoacidsandfattyacids;therefore,future

experimentalassaysmightrevealwhatspecific

nutrientsarecontributedfromthemacroalgal

biomass(oranyothercomponentofthenatu-

ral biota) and from the supplied formulated

feeds.Thelossofsomenutritionalproperties

thatoccursindietaryingredientsthatundergo

drying (or freezedrying) hasnotbeen thor-

oughly explained and future studies applying

stableisotopesmight shed somelighton the

differences observed when aquatic animals

consumemoistordrydietarycomponents.

References

Burtin,P.2003.Nutritionalvalueofseaweeds.

Electron.J.Environ.Agric.FoodChem.2:498503.

Cruz-Surez,L.E.,A.Len,A.Pea-Rodrguez,G.

Rodrguez-Pea,B.Moll,D.Ricque-Marie.2010.

Shrimp/Ulvaco-culture:asustainablealternativeto

diminishtheneedforartificialfeedandimprove

shrimpquality.Aquaculture301:6468.

Gamboa-Delgado,J.2013.Nutritionalroleof

naturalproductivityandformulatedfeedinsemi-

intensiveshrimpfarmingasindicatedbynatural

stableisotopes.ReviewsinAquacultureInpress.

Gamboa-Delgado,J.,M.G.Rojas-Casas,M.G.

Nieto-Lpez,L.E.Cruz-Surez2013.Simultaneous

estimationofthenutritionalcontributionof

fishmeal,soyproteinisolateandcornglutento

thegrowthofPacificwhiteshr imp(Litopenaeus

vannamei)usingdualstableisotopeanalysis.

Aquaculture380-383:33-40.

Gamboa-Delgado,J.,A.Pea-Rodrguez,L.E.Cruz-

Surez,D.RicqueD.2011.Assessmentofnutrient

allocationandmetabolicturnoverrateinPacific

whiteshrimpLitopenaeus vannameico-fedlive

macroalgaeUlva clathrataandinertfeed:dual

stableisotopeanalysis.J.ShellfishRes.30:110.

Moll,B.(SinaloaSeafieldsInternational).2004.

Aquaticsurfacebarriersandmethodsforculturing

seaweed.Internationalpatent(PCT)no.WO

2004/093525A2.November4,2004.

Villarreal-CavazosD.A.2011.Determinacin

deladigestibilidadaparentedeaminocidosde

ingredientesutilizadosenalimentoscomercialesparacamarnblanco(Litopenaeus vannamei)en

Mxico.PhDThesis.UniversidadAutnomade

NuevoLen,Mexico.http://eprints.uanl.mx/2537

More InforMatIon:

Julin Gamboa-Delgado PhD

Tel: +52 81 8352 6380

Email: [email protected]


EXPERTTPIC

20th Annual Practical Short Course on

Aquaculture Feed Extrusion,

Nutrition, & Feed Management

September 22-27, 2013

For more information, visithttp://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion

or contactDr. Mian N. Riaz

[email protected]

Hands-On Experience

Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas

o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat),coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feedformulation, and MUCH MORE!

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LINKS

Seethefullissue

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They are what they eatEnhancing thenutritional valueof livefeeds

with microalgae

Controlling mycotoxins with

binders

Ultraviolet

water disinfection for fish

farms and hatcheries

Niacin one of thekey B vitaminsfor sustaining

healthyfish growth andproduction

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