Experimental Study on the Thermal Decomposition of Two

60

ISSN 1392–1320 MATERIALS SCIENCE (MEDŽIAGOTYRA). Vol. 25, No. 1. 2019

Experimental Study on the Thermal Decomposition of Two Nitrocellulose Mixtures

in Different Forms

Wenzhong MI 1, 2, Ruichao WEI 1, 3, Tiannian ZHOU 1, Junjiang HE 1, Jian WANG 1

1 State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China 2 Fire Department of Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100054, China 3 Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, PR China

http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.25.1.18907

Received 26 August 2017; accepted 18 February 2018

In order to ensure the safety of nitrocellulose (NC) mixtures in storage, transportation and usage, it is necessary to study

the thermal stability of NC mixtures. In the present study, the thermal decomposition of two commonly used nitrocellulose

mixtures with different forms including soft fiber form and white chip form were investigated. Experimental results by

differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and simulation results by thermal safety software (TSS) were compared. The

detailed structures of the two mixtures were also revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the

thermal properties such as onset decomposition temperature, maximum decomposition temperature, and temperature range

of decomposition exhibit a difference between two forms of NC. Meanwhile, the effect of varying heating rates (5, 10, 15,

and 20 °C/min) on thermal stability of NC with two forms was discussed. The results showed that the decomposition

temperature increases with the increasing heat flow. Methods proposed by Ozawa and Kissinger presented a positive fitting

result and similar calculated thermal kinetic parameters, indicating that the NC mixtures used in the present study follow

a single-stage reaction. The simulation results also verified the applicability of the autocatalytic reaction for the two NC

mixtures. The calculated activation energy of the simulation method is lower than that of the Ozawa and Kissinger

methods. The results of all three methods show that the activation energy of NC-F is higher than NC-C.

Keywords: nitrocellulose, forms, thermal decomposition, thermal kinetic, simulation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nitrocellulose (NC) is widely exploited as additive in

explosives, propellants, lacquers, films and celluloid

products [1]. However, this energetic material is prone to

release heat by decomposition at elevated temperature,

sometimes even room temperature [2]. If there is poor heat

dissipation during storage, NC will heat up rapidly and burn

spontaneously [3]. The parameters and mechanisms of

thermal decomposition of NC are of crucial importance. In

recent years, NC has caused several major accidents [4]. For

instance, at 10: 51: 46 pm on August 12, 2015, a fire

occurred in a container with NC in the storage yard of

Ruihai Company. Gases were generated, meanwhile, the

temperature and pressure in the container increased

gradually, which destroyed the container and caused the

spread of the fire. Consequently, the fire caused two

explosions of ammonium nitrate. The direct economic loss

was approximately 6.866 billion yuan. Furthermore, the

accident caused 165 deaths, 798 injuries, and 8 missing

[3, 5]. Thus, it is necessary to study the thermal behavior of

NC, which is conducive to evaluating the thermal stability

of such materials.

Pure nitrocellulose (C12H16N4O18) is a white fibrous

solid and very unstable [6, 7]. It is usually mixed with other

humectants or plasticizers to increase its stability and/or

meet the needs of different applications. White soft fiber NC

(NC-F) and white chip NC (NC-C) are two common NC.

The NC-F, as Fig. 1 a shows, is a flocculent mixture of NC

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-0551-63606463; fax: +86-0551-

63601669. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Wang)

fiber and water or alcohol. In contrast, as Fig. 1 b shows, the

NC-C is a combination of NC fiber and some plasticizer that

are compressed together to form chips, which are not

deformed easily when point pressure is applied. Compared

with NC-C, NC-F exhibits distinctive characteristics such as

high density, high gloss, and less dust. More information

about two different forms of NC is given in subsection 2.1.

a b

Fig. 1. Comparison of the macroscopic product structures:

a – NC-F; b – NC-C

The size of reacting particles affects system such as

propellants, pyrotechnics, and explosives. These reactive

systems can involve powders, slurries, or dispersions of a

solid [8]. It is also well-known that the physical form of

solid fuels affects their ignition and burning characteristics.

For example, wood with the same species in sawdust, cribs

and solid timber forms will burn differently [9 – 11].

61

Moreover, previous research [12] has shown that the fire

properties of NC-F and NC-C have much difference. On this

basis, it can be hypothesized that the thermal behavior of

NC-F and NC-C is also different. In previous literatures,

there are few researches to investigate the effect of physical

form on thermal stability of NC mixtures. The infrared

spectroscopic was employed by Phillips et al. [13] to

measure the changes of thin NC film with plasticizer (tri-2-

ethylhexyl phosphate) as a function of time. The

experimental results demonstrated that a plasticized

nitrocellulose film decomposes at the same rate as an

unplasticized film. Sovizi et al. [14] investigated the thermal

stability of micron and nano-sized NC and found that the

particle size of NC could affect its thermal stability, i.e., the

decomposition temperature decreases with decreasing of

particle size.

In addition, a series of experimental and theoretical

researches [15 – 19] were conducted by means of TG-

DTA/DSC to study the mechanisms of pyrolysis reaction of

energetic material mixtures and calculate the parameters of

the thermal behavior. Wherein, Pourmortazavi et al. [20]

studied the effect of nitrate content on thermal

decomposition of NC with varying heating rates and the

results showed that as the nitrate content of NC was raised,

the heat of decomposition obtained by the peak area was

reduced. Thermal safety software (TSS) is a kind of

conventional software, which has been widely employed to

assess the thermal kinetic parameters of energetic materials.

[21] You et al. [22] employed TSS to simulate the thermal

explosion development of lauroyl peroxide (LPO). They put

forward that it is necessary to combine calorimetric

experiment and model simulation to analyze thermal hazard

for comprehensive and accurate analyses. Lin et al. [23 – 26]

have established a reliable analysis model based on TSS to

evaluate the thermal kinetic parameters of gun propellant

(GP) [23], tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) [24],

Octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX)

[25, 26], and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12-Hexanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12-

hexaaza-isowurtzitane (HNIW) [26]. No relevant literature

has yet been found to employ the TSS to investigate the

thermal kinetics of NC.

In order to identify and understand the distinction

caused by different forms of NC, and optimize the strategies

and procedures during the manufacturing, transport and

storage for the different forms of NC, a comprehensive

investigation on their thermal properties is urgently needed.

The aim of the current study is to meet this requirement by

the experimental means. In total, two experimental

apparatuses, comprising the scanning electron microscope

(SEM) and the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC),

were employed to reveal the differences of the two NC

samples in the microscopic structures and the thermal

properties. The TSS was also exploited to simulate the DSC

curves of NC mixtures. The simulation results were used to

compare with those based on Ozawa method [27] and

Kissinger method [28].

2. EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION

2.1. Samples

NC-F and NC-C samples used in this work are produced

by Sichuan Nitrocell Co., Ltd (Luzhou, China). The

physical parameters of the two samples obtained from the

product brochure are listed in Table 1. In addition, some

thermal-chemical properties of the component materials in

NC mixtures are listed in Table 2.

Table 1. Physical parameters of samples

Material NC-F NC-C

Apparent density, kg/m3 250 600

Nitrogen content, % 12.00 12.00

Plasticizer and content – Dibutyl phthalate

(DBP) 19.5 wt.%

Humectant and content Isopropanol

29 wt.% –

Table 2. Thermal-chemical properties of the component materials

Material Isopropanol Dibutyl

phthalate NC

Chemical equation C3H8O C16H22O4 C12H16N4O18

Molar mass 60.06 278.34 504.28

Density, g/cm3 0.786 1.053 1.673

Flash point, °C 12 188 4.4

Heat of

combustion,

kJ/mol

1984.7 – 2101.3 [29]

2.2. Apparatus and methods

2.2.1. SEM

The Philips XL30 ESEM-TMP SEM camera was used

to distinguish the difference in physical microcosmic forms

of the two NC samples. The accelerating voltage of the SEM

was 20 kV, and the magnifications used in the present

experiments were 1000, 500, 300, and 100, respectively.

2.2.2 DSC

Thermochemical behavior of NC samples with different

forms was determined. The DSC curves were measured by

a differential scanning calorimeter whose model number is

Netzsch STA 449 F3. The experimental temperature range

is 30 – 500 °C with the heating rate of 5, 10, 15, and

20 °C/min, respectively. The environment gas and purge gas

is nitrogen under the flow rate of 50 ml/min. The aluminum

oxide crucible is used in the experiments, and the cylindrical

crucible has a diameter of 6.8 mm, a height of 4 mm, and a

wall thickness of 0.5 mm. The sample mass in each

experiment was 2 mg and the error caused by weighing

should not exceed 0.2 mg.

2.2.3. Reliable thermal kinetic parameters simulation

Most simulation of kinetic models involve complex

multi-stage reactions, which consist of several independent,

parallel, and consecutive stages [23 – 26]. Simple single-

stage reaction is given as:

𝑑𝛼

𝑑𝑡= 𝑘0𝑒

−𝐸𝑎𝑅𝑇 𝑓(𝛼). (1)

Single-stage model for generalized autocatalysis can be

expressed as:

𝑑𝛼

𝑑𝑡= 𝑘0𝑒

−𝐸

𝑅𝑇(1 − 𝛼)𝑛1(𝛼𝑛2 + 𝑧), (2)

where α is the degree of conversion of a reaction or stage, t

is the reaction time, k0 is the pre-exponential factor, E is the

62

activation energy, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute

temperature, f(α) is the kinetic functions of a reaction or

stage, z is the autocatalytic constant, and n1 and n2 are the

reaction orders of specific stages.

In the present study, single-stage simulation of

generalized autocatalysis Eq. 2 will be examined.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Results of SEM analysis

The microcosmic structures with four different

magnifications, examined by Scanning Electron

Microscope (SEM), are shown in Fig. 2. At a higher

magnification (25 m and 50 m scales), NC-F appears

smooth surface except some minor flaws, but NC-C presents

a molten and adhesion state. At a lower magnification

(50 m and 100 m scales), twining fibrous micro

structures without any agglomeration are clearly observed

for NC-F, while the agglomerate fibers are displayed for

NC-C. The similar SEM images of micron-sized NC fibers

were examined by previous research [14], and both NC-F

and NC-C have 20 – 30 μm average size in diameter.

a b

Fig. 2. Comparison of the microcosmic structures: a – NC-F;

b – NC-C

3.2. Results of thermal analysis

The typical DSC-TGA curves of the two samples with

the heating rate of 5 °C/min are presented in Fig. 3, in which

a sharp drop of weight accompanied with a significant

exothermic peak can be observed.

a

b

Fig. 3. DSC-TGA curves of NC mixtures with heating rate of

5 °C/min: a – NC-F; b – NC-C

For NC-F, the evaporation content of isopropanol is

about 7.06 wt.% before the decomposition, and the onset

decomposition temperature is approximately 178.9 °C,

followed by the maximum exothermic reaction temperature

of 201.9 °C. After the decomposition, the NC-F

decomposes approximately 78.15 % of the total mass,

which is close to NC-C with 79.84 % of the total mass loss.

Sovizi et al. [14] investigated the effect of particle diameter

on the thermal decomposition of NC and found that the

onset decomposition temperature and maximum

decomposition temperature with the heating rate of

5 °C/min for pure micron-sized NC are 192.2 °C and

201.8 °C, respectively, whose temperature range is smaller

than that of NC-F. This difference may be attributed to the

humectant isopropanol in NC-F. Besides, it should be noted

that the decomposition temperature range of NC-C is larger

than NC-F due to the effect of the plasticizer DBP.

However, the results in the current study have a distinct

difference from that of NC films used by Phillips et al. [13].

The discrepancy may be attributed to the different

plasticizers and forms of NC. The critical experimental

results corresponding to Fig. 3 are listed in Table 3, where

T0 is the onset decomposition temperature, Tm is the

63

maximum decomposition temperature, and Tr is the

temperature range of decomposition of NC mixtures.

Table 3. The critical experimental results for DSC curves of NC

mixtures

No. Sample T0, °C Tm, °C Tr, °C

1 NC-F 178.9 201.9 178.9 – 243.8

2 NC-C 165.6 203.3 165.6 – 241.3

3.3. Effect of heating rate

The DSC curves of two NC samples with different

heating rates are presented in Fig. 4.

a

b

Fig. 4. The effect of different heating rate on the DSC results of

NC: a – NC-F; b – NC-C

It was observed that the temperature range of

decomposition Tr of NC-C is larger than NC-F in the range

of 5 – 20 °C/min), which may be attributed to the influence

of the plasticizer (DBP) in NC-C. In addition, the important

parameters, including the onset and the maximum

decomposition temperature, increase with the increasing of

heating rate, as shown in Fig. 5.

3.4. Kinetic methods

Assuming the samples follow a single-stage reaction.

Then, the Ozawa method [27] presented in Eq. 3 can be

employed to calculate the activation energies of NC-F and

NC-C.

lg𝛽 = −1.052 (𝐸

𝑅𝑇𝑚) − 2.315 + lg

𝐴𝑇𝐸

𝑅− lg𝑔(𝛼), (3)

where β (K min-1) is heating rate, AT is the frequency factor

for thermal decomposition, and g (α) is a function of α.

Fig. 5. Variation of the onset and the maximum decomposition

temperatures of the two NC mixtures

In order to verify the availability of the Ozawa method

[27], another alternative method of Kissinger method [28] is

also used in the present study, expressed as:

In (𝛽

𝑇𝑚2 ) = −

𝐸

𝑅

1

𝑇𝑚+ In(

𝑅𝐴𝑇

𝐸). (4)

Fig. 6 shows the best fit line based on the two methods.

a

b

Fig. 6. Best fit line based on a – Ozawa method; b – Kissinger

method

64

The regression correlation coefficient R2 are all greater

than 0.939. The activation energies can be estimated from

the slopes of the regression lines. The positive fitting results

illustrate the applicability of the single-stage assumption for

the two samples.

Single-stage autocatalytic simulation was employed to

examine the DSC results of NC-F and NC-C. The

simulation results of non-isothermal experiments are

presented in Fig. 7. It is clearly observed that the DSC curves

of two NC samples are consistent well with the autocatalytic

simulation in the present study. However, it is noteworthy

that the calculated activation energies shown in Table 4 is

much lower than Ozawa and Kissinger methods. This is

probably due to the fact that the simulated method takes into

account not only the maximum decomposition temperature,

but also the initial decomposition temperature.

After obtaining the kinetic parameters, the enthalpy of

activation, related to the activation energy, can be calculated

from the following equation [30, 31]:

∆𝐻∗ = 𝐸 − 𝑅𝑇𝑚0. (5)

The calculated kinetic parameters (E and H*) are

listed in Table 4, which shows that, for an identical sample,

the parameters obtained from the two methods are in good

agreement except that the values based on Ozawa method

are a little higher than Kissinger method. In addition, the

values of E and H* of NC-C are greater than NC-F.

Table 4. The kinetic parameters of NC-F and NC-C obtained from

Ozawa method and Kissinger method.

Sample Method E, kJ∙mol-1 H*,

kJ∙mol-1

NC-F

Ozawa 129.13 125.08

Kissinger 127.75 123.71

simulation 97.60 97.19

NC-C

Ozawa 105.33 101.23

Kissinger 102.71 98.66

simulation 75.45 75.05

4. CONCLUSIONS

Both NC-F and NC-C have 20 – 30 μm average size in

diameter. NC fibers with plasticizer DBP present a molten

state, and attach to each other more closely than those with

humectant isopropanol.

A part of humectant will volatilize before NC-F

decomposes. The decomposition reactions of both NC-F

and NC-C follow the single-stage autocatalytic reaction and

the decomposition temperature of both two samples

increases with the increasing heating rate. The initial

decomposition temperature of NC-C is lower than that of

NC-F. Moreover, the decomposition temperature range of

NC-C is larger than NC-F due to the effect of the plasticizer

DBP.

In addition, the thermal kinetic parameters calculated

based on Ozawa method are approximately consistent with

those based on Kissinger method. However, the parameters

of NC-F including the activation energy and enthalpy of

activation are larger than those of NC-C. Autocatalytic

simulation is in positive compliance with the DSC curves of

the two NC mixtures. The calculated thermal kinetic

parameters based on simulation is much lower than those

based on Ozawa and Kissinger methods.

a

b

Fig. 7. The comparison between experiments and autocatalytic

simulation on: a – NC-F; b – NC-C

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural

Science Foundation of China (No. 51376172).

REFERENCES

1. Katoh, K., Soramoto, T., Higashi, E., Kawaguchi, S.,

Kumagae, K., Ito, S., Wada, Y., Nakano, K., Arai, M.

Influence of Water on the Thermal Stability of Nitrocellulose

Science and Technology of Energetic Materials 75(1 – 2)

2014: pp. 44 – 49.

http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/025509513

2. Guo, S., Wang, Q., Sun, J., Liao, X., Wang, Z.S. Study on

The Influence of Moisture Content on Thermal Stability of

Propellant Journal of Hazardous Materials 168 (1)

2009: pp. 536 – 541.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.073

3. Fu, G., Wang, J., Yan, M. Anatomy of Tianjin Port Fire and

Explosion: Process and Causes Process Safety Progress

35 (3) 2016: pp. 216 – 220.

https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.11837

4. Katoh, K., Higashi, E., Ariyoshi, Y., Wada, Y.,

Nakano, K. Relationship Between Accidents Involving

Spontaneous Ignition of Nitric Acid Esters and Weather

Conditions Science & Technology of Energetic Materials

5 – 6 2013: pp. 132 – 137.


65

5. Wei, R., He, Y., Zhang, Z., He, J., Yuen, R., Wang, J.

Effect of Different Humectant on the Thermal Stability and

Fire Hazard of Nitrocellulose Journal of Thermal Analysis

and Calorimetry 133 (3) 2018: pp. 1291 – 1307.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7235-6

6. Katoh, K., Le, L., Itoh, M., Arai, M., Tamura, M. Study

on the Spontaneous Ignition of Cellulose Nitrate: Effect of the

Type of Storage Atmosphere (I) Science & Technology of

Energetic Materials 64 (6) 2003: pp. 236 – 240.


7. Katoh, K., Le, L., Arai, M., Tamura, M. Study on the

Spontaneous Ignition of Cellulose Nitrate: Effect of the Type

of Storage Atmosphere (II) Science & Technology of

Energetic Materials 65 (3) 2004: pp. 77 – 81.

8. Fathollahi, M., Pourmortazavi, S.M., Hosseini, S.G. The

Effect of the Particle Size of Potassium Chlorate in

Pyrotechnic Compositions Combustion & Flame 138 (3)

2004: pp. 304 – 306.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.06.001

9. Kotoyori, T. Critical Ignition Temperatures of Wood

Sawdusts Fire Safety Science 1 1986: pp. 463 – 471.

https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.1-463

10. Hu, L.H., Huo, R., Li, Y.Z., Wang, H.B. Experimental

Study on the Burning Characteristics of Wood Cribs in a

Confined Space Journal of Fire Sciences 22 (6)

2004: pp. 473 – 489.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904104042595

11. Wakefield, T., He, Y., Dowling, V.P. An Experimental

Study of Solid Timber External Wall Performance under

Simulated Bushfire Attack Building & Environment 44 (10)

2009: pp. 2150 – 2157.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.03.005

12. Wei, R., He, Y., Liu, J., He, Y., Mi, W., Yuen, R.,

Wang, J. Experimental Study on the Fire Properties of

Nitrocellulose with Different Structures Materials 10 (3)

2017: pp. 316.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030316

13. Phillips, R.W., Orlick, C.A., Steinberger, R. The Kinetics

of the Thermal Decomposition of Nitrocellulose Journal of

Physical Chemistry 59 (10) 1955: pp. 1034 – 1039.

https://doi.org/10.1021/j150532a011

14. Sovizi, M.R., Hajimirsadeghi, S.S., Naderizadeh, B. Effect

of Particle Size on Thermal Decomposition of Nitrocellulose

Journal of Hazardous Materials 168 (2 – 3)

2009: pp. 1134 – 1139.


15. Hosseini, S.G., Pourmortazavi, S.M.,

Hajimirsadeghi, S.S. Thermal Decomposition of

Pyrotechnic Mixtures Containing Sucrose with Either

Potassium Chlorate or Potassium Perchlorate Combustion

and Flame 141 (3) 2005: pp. 322 – 326.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.01.002

16. Ramos, L.A., Cavalheiro, É.T.G., Chierice, G.O.

Preparation, Characterization and Thermal Decomposition of

Ammonium Salts of Dithiocarbamic Acids Journal of

Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 79 (2) 2005: pp.

349 – 353.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-0063-5

17. Scanes, F.S. Thermal Analysis of Pyrotechnic Compositions

Containing Potassium Chlorate and Lactose Combustion &

Flame 23 (3) 1974: pp. 363 – 371.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(74)90119-9

18. Pourmortazavi, S.M., Hajimirsadeghi, S.S.,

Hosseini, S.G. Characterization of the Aluminum/Potassium

Chlorate Mixtures by Simultaneous TG-DTA Journal of

Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 84 (3)

2006: pp. 557 – 561.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-7008-x

19. Rong, L., Binke, N., Yuan, W., Zhengquan, Y., Hu, R.

Estimation of the Critical Temperature of Thermal Explosion

for the Highly Nitrated Nitrocellulose Using Non-isothermal

DSC Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 58 (2)

1999: pp. 369 – 373.

https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1010155221958

20. Pourmortazavi, S., Hosseini, S., Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M.,

Hajimirsadeghi, S., Momenian, H. Effect of Nitrate

Content on Thermal Decomposition of

Nitrocellulose Journal of Hazardous Materials 162 (2)

2009: pp. 1141 – 1144.


21. Wei, R., Huang, S., Wang, Z., Yuen, R., Wang, J.

Evaluation of the Critical Safety Temperature of

Nitrocellulose in Different Forms 56 2018: pp. 289 – 299.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.09.004

22. You, M.L., Liu, M.Y., Wu, S.H., Chi, J.H., Shu, C.M. Thermal Explosion and Runaway Reaction Simulation of

Lauroyl Peroxide by DSC Tests Journal of Thermal Analysis

and Calorimetry 96 (3) 2009: pp. 777 – 782.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0025-4

23. Lin, C.P., Li, J.S., Tseng, J.M., Mannan, M.S. Thermal

Runaway Reaction for Highly Exothermic Material in Safe

Storage Temperature Journal of Loss Prevention in the

Process Industries 40 2016: pp. 259 – 265.


24. Lin, C.P., Tseng, J.M., Chang, Y.M., Cheng, Y.C.,

Lin, H.Y., Chien, C.Y. Green Thermal Analysis for

Predicting Thermal Hazard of Storage and Transportation

Safety for Tert-butyl Peroxybenzoate Journal of Loss

Prevention in the Process Industries 25 (1) 2012: pp. 1 – 7.


25. Lin, C.P., Chang, Y.M., Tseng, J.M., Shu, C.M.

Comparisons of Nth-order Kinetic Algorithms and Kinetic

Model Simulation on HMX by DSC tests Journal of Thermal

Analysis & Calorimetry 100 (2) 2010: pp. 607 – 614.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0592-4

26. Lin, C.P., Chang, C.P., Chou, Y.C., Chu, Y.C., Shu, C.M.

Modeling Solid Thermal Explosion Containment on Reactor

HNIW and HMX Journal of Hazardous Materials

176 (1 – 3) 2010: pp. 549 – 558.


27. Ozawa, T. A New Method of Analyzing Thermogravimetric

Data Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 38 (11)

1965: pp. 1881 – 1886.

https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.38.1881

28. Kissinger, H.E. Reaction Kinetics in Differential

Thermal Analysis Analytical Chemistry 29 (11)

1957: pp. 1702 – 1706.

https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60131a045

29. Jessup, R.S., Prosen, E. Heats of Combustion and Formation

of Cellulose and Nitrocellulose (Cellulose Nitrate) Journal

of Research of the National Bureau Standards 44

1950: pp. 387.

https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.044.034

30. Olszak Humienik, M., Mozejko, J. Thermodynamic

Functions of Activated Complexes Created in Thermal

Decomposition Processes of Sulphates Thermochimica Acta

344 (1) 2000: pp. 73 – 79.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(99)00329-9

31. Straszko, J., Olszak Humienik, M., Możejko, J. Kinetics

of Thermal Decomposition of ZnSO4·7H2O Thermochimica

Acta 292 (1 – 2) 1997: pp. 145 – 150.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(96)03114-0

Documents

Experimental Study on the Thermal Decomposition of Two