Exercise preparation module: description of input and output

1 Introduction 2

2 Input data defining the exercise scenario for exercises without an Emergency Care Centre

(ECC) 3 2.1 Selection of Results 4 2.2 Export of results 4 2.3 Output of results, some examples 5

2.3.1 local gamma dose rates (µSv/h), 5 2.3.2 corresponding point source distances (m) 5 2.3.3 nuclide ground contamination (Bq/m2): 6

3 Additional part for exercises including an Emergency Care Centre (REEP-EMCENT) 7 3.1 Doses assessed from exposure histories 7 3.2 Contamination and dose rates measurements, dose assessment 8 3.3 Generation of ECC exercise data sets with RODOS 11 3.4 Information on Output of REEP-EMCENT 15

4 RODOS LITE input windows 19 4.1 Window for the selection of FIXED or FREE measuring locations 19 4.2 Window for the result selection 21 4.3 Window for emergency care centre 22

5 References 24

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1 Introduction

The aims of emergency exercises are • testing and practising of emergency plans and equipment (measuring devices,

communication network, etc.), • training of emergency management and staff, • and test of collaboration between

• responsible authorities, organisations, and facilities • the advisers and the decision maker in the emergency centre • the measuring centre and the scientific advisers.

The RODOS Emergency Exercise Preparation (REEP) module shall help elaborating the exercise documents, especially of realistic exercise scenarios including simulation of an emergency care centre. The REEP can be run only with RODOS-lite. The following report describes the functionality of the REEP module for emergency exercises. The first part refers to exercises without Emergency Care Centre (ECC), the second part refers solely to the ECC exercise preparation. The scope of functions of the REEP module described here are in line with typical German NPP emergency exercises [2]. Certainly modifications and extensions may be necessary if the module is extended to application in Europe.

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2 Input data defining the exercise scenario for exercises without an

Emergency Care Centre (ECC)

The following chapters describe the user defined data and information needed for the initialisation of the desired calculation runs in the RODOS system, and for choice of the results aimed at. User input has to be done via the “RODOS lite” surface of RODOS [3]. The main areas of user input defining the course of the accident and the radiological scenario are: • Definition of calculation run

• Site and facility

• Source Term and Nuclides, Timing

• Meteorological data, Timing

• Countermeasures

• Measuring Locations

• Desired Output

• Fixed measurement locations (1. for ODL local dose rate, calculated or also

simulated * by Cs137 sources; 2. for nuclide specific ground contamination)

• input of name and geo co-ordinates of the locations • Additional free choice measurement locations (1. for ODL local dose rate,

simulated* by Cs137 sources; 2. for nuclide specific ground contamination)

• input of name and geo co-ordinates *) Some exercise trainings include gamma dose rate measurements in the vicinity of real Cs137 sources placed at a free location. RODOS calculates at which distance from the source the simulated gamma rate shall be measured.

Special info for Germany: Sector number (1 to 12) and location number in that sector, as well as the identifier "Sonde" (stationary detector unit of the WADIS, IMIS, KFÜ measuring nets), or "M-Trupp" (mobile measuring unit) have to be given.

Other countries:

Identifiers and counting of stationary detectors and mobile units have to be defined according to national conditions. If the RODOS system is installed and customised in that country the national monitoring systems are already represented in the real-time database and can be used in the future REEP module.

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2.1 Selection of Results

• Time sequences of local gamma dose rates (µµµµSv/h) at the measuring locations

specified, also broken down to parts from cloud and ground. • Definition of time axis, time step is 10 minutes: lower and upper end of time axis

(input of start and end, both date and time). • Tables

• Nuclide specific ground contamination (Bq/m2) at specified times: • number of time points • input of time points (date and time)

• Selected nuclide specific concentrations in air near ground (Bq/m3) and (Bq.s/m3) at specified times: • number of time points • input of time points (date and time)

2.2 Export of results

There will be export functions to MicroSoft Office, i. e. Excel tables, etc. There are some export functions already in RODOS and they will be extended according to what will be needed for the REEP module.

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2.3 Output of results, some examples

Tables with time sequences of local gamma dose rates, corresponding point source distances, and nuclide specific ground contamination. 2.3.1 local gamma dose rates (µSv/h),

Tables are provided • for all automatic detector locations, • for mobile units at selected fix measuring locations • for mobile units at selected free choice measuring locations Example: Automatic detector xx at village yy: AutoDet xx; village yy hh:mm; µSv/h 07:20; 8,725E-02 07:30; 2,485E+03 07:40; 5,937E+03 07:50; 9,202E+03 08:00; 7,992E+03 08:10; 2,973E+03 08:20; 2,549E+02 08:30; 2,023E+02 08:40; 8,431E+01 08:50; 1,447E+01 09:00; 1,457E+01

2.3.2 corresponding point source distances (m)

For exercises including the training of measuring and monitoring outdoors: a Cs-137 source is fixed at a tree. On a portable gamma detector variable readings of gamma dose rates will appear depending on the distance from the source. If the exercise instructions contain a table of times and pre-calculated measuring distances from the Cs-137 source, a desired temporal dependence of the measured local gamma dose rate can be achieved by choosing different distances between the measuring unit and the point source. A simple formula for calculating the radial distances d from a point source for obtaining a measured gamma dose rate DR is:

)(

)1()(

dDR

mDRmd =

If the dose rate of the point source at a distance of 1m is 1 (mSv/h), then the corresponding measuring distances for the dose rate table above are: AutoDet xx; village yy hh:mm; m 07:20; >100 (nat. background) 07:30; 0.63 07:40; 0.41 07:50; 0.33 08:00; 0.35 08:10; 0.57 08:20; 2.0 08:30; 2.2 08:40; 3.45 08:50; 8.32 09:00; 8.28

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These tables are available for some of the above fix and free choice measuring locations 2.3.3 nuclide ground contamination (Bq/m

2):

Tables are provided for selected times • mobile units at selected fix measuring locations • mobile units at selected free choice measuring locations

Example: Nuclide specific ground contamination from a mobile measuring unit at a selected fix or free choice measuring location:

location identifier; village Time; I -131 ; I -132 ; I -133 ; I -135 ; Rb- 88 ; Sr- 89 ; Sr- 90 ; Zr- 95 ; Te-132 ; Cs-134 ; 07:00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 07:30; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 0,000E+00; 08:00; 2,167E+03; 2,497E+03; 1,743E+03; 1,675E+02; 6,081E+01; 8,215E+00; 4,811E-01; 1,114E+00; 5,053E+01; 6,886E+00; 08:30; 6,343E+05; 6,321E+05; 5,028E+05; 4,662E+04; 1,077E+04; 2,406E+03; 1,409E+02; 3,264E+02; 1,474E+04; 2,017E+03; 09:00; 1,318E+06; 1,208E+06; 1,029E+06; 9,205E+04; 1,088E+04; 4,996E+03; 2,927E+02; 6,774E+02; 3,055E+04; 4,208E+03; 09:30; 1,470E+06; 1,176E+06; 1,131E+06; 9,763E+04; 4,411E+03; 5,580E+03; 3,271E+02; 7,567E+02; 3,400E+04; 4,705E+03; 10:00; 1,467E+06; 1,016E+06; 1,112E+06; 9,264E+04; 1,425E+03; 5,579E+03; 3,271E+02; 7,565E+02; 3,384E+04; 4,705E+03;

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3 Additional part for exercises including an Emergency Care Centre

(REEP-EMCENT)

In Germany an Emergency Care Centre (ECC) is called "Notfallstation" which means “emergency station”. The tasks of a Notfallstation are [1]

- reception and treatment of persons evacuated or having left the endangered areas spontaneously,

- measuring contamination of persons - carry out decontamination measures - assessment of dose - medical examination and care - send persons who need medical treatment to suitable hospitals - reception, accommodation, and supply of indigent people or persons without

accommodation at relatives.

3.1 Doses assessed from exposure histories

In a German ECC the assessment of individual doses based on the personal histories of exposure can be carried out only if there is information about these histories. Therefore each person has to write down in a simple manner her/his history of stay at locations in the environs of the accident and information concerning the intake of iodine tablets. For this purpose printed table forms have to be filled in: Location Sector

1-12

Sub-Sector

low med upp

Radius

km

Angle from time

Ts

to time

Tf

Shelter

L1 6 med 7 150 07:30 08:30 yes L2 5 low 20 110 08:30 10:00 no

Stable Iodine Number of Tablets Time of Intake

yes 2 09:00

Table 1: Personal exposure history data

Figure 1: Sectors around a NPP and personal stay data

1

10 4

7

L1 L2

low

upp

med

10 km 25 km

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3.2 Contamination and dose rates measurements, dose assessment

In an ECC each persons skin and clothes, and thyroid contamination is measured and individual doses are assessed. The course of action is described in the following. In the beginning a preliminary survey of each persons contamination is carried out. A gamma dose rate detector at a distance of 1 m is used (coarse contamination measurement). Adults with a dose rate equal or greater than 0.4 µSv/h or children up to 12 years old with a dose rate equal or greater than 0.2 µSv/h are considered as strongly contaminated (natural background 0.1 µSv/h is subtracted already!). They belong to the contamination classes III, IV, and V (see Table 2 example 1). Persons with lower dose rates are considered to have no (class I) or weak contamination (class II). This is decided with a more sensitive β contamination detector at a distance of 10 cm from the contaminated skin or clothes used (fine contamination measurement). A measured rate of less than 1500 cps means no contamination (class I), more means weak contamination (class II) (see Table 2 example 2). Persons with contamination classes II to V are decontaminated. The decontamination factor is monitored afterwards. If this factor is 10 or greater then the decontamination is regarded as successful. If not decontamination is repeated. After decontamination all persons (uncontaminated as well as decontaminated persons) undergo an assessment of bone marrow dose from external gamma radiation and thyroid dose from inhalation. The assessment is based on the personal histories of exposure and the intake of stable iodine (Table 3). If a strong contamination of skin and clothes is detected a 24 h skin β dose and a 24 h contribution to the bone marrow dose is assessed (Table 5). If a persons assessed thyroid dose exceeds 200 mSv for adults (50 mSv for children), then an additional gamma monitoring of the thyroid is carried out (Table 4). Here is a summary of measured and assessed contamination and dose quantities in the ECC:

• initial gamma dose rate measured at a distance of 1m, • initial contamination of skin and clothes, • contamination after decontamination by showering, washing, • gamma dose rate at thyroid, • acute bone marrow dose (assessed from history of exposure to external

gamma radiation of person i • additional 24 h bone marrow dose, by self irradiation from contaminated

skin in case of high contamination, • 24 h skin ββββ dose if high β contamination of skin is detected, • committed thyroid dose (assessed from measured thyroid gamma dose rate,

inhalation exposure, and iodine blocking history of person i).

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The results of the coarse and fine contamination measurements, dose assessments of person i, and thyroid dose rate measurement are filled into tables. Table 2 refers to contamination, Table 3 refers to assessed doses, Table 4 to measured thyroid gamma dose rate.

child: gamma dose rate µSv/h <0.2 0.2-2 2-20 >20

adult: gamma dose rate µSv/h <0.4 0.4-4 4-40 >40 contamination, coarse I or II III IV V

kBq/cm2 <0.4 0.4-4 4-40 >40 before decontamination x after decontamination x

Coarse measurement of gamma rate in 1 m distance is sufficient: example 1

contamination, coarse I or II ? III IV V kBq/cm2 <0.4 0.4-4 4-40 >40

before decontamination x contamination, fine I II

kBq/cm2 <0.04 0.04-0.4 before decontamination x

after decontamination x

Coarse measurement is not sufficient, followed by fine β contamination measurement: example 2

Table 2: Results of contamination measurements

ext. gamma dose bone marrow (mSv) <10 10-100 100-1000 >1000 inhalation dose thyroid (mSv) <50 50-250 250-2500 >2500

example result of person i: bone marrow dose x

thyroid dose x

Table 3: Results of dose assessment based on exposure history

measured thyroid γ dose rate example result of person i

measured at time

50 µSv/h 12:30 hours

Table 4: Result of thyroid gamma dose rate measurement

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Hi dose area >0.01 mSv mSv

Lo dose area >0.001 mSv mSv

= initial Players area

3.3 Generation of ECC exercise data sets with RODOS

During an exercise with an ECC a number of virtual contaminated persons or "players" have to be provided with data sheets containing simulated exposure histories and results of measurements and assessments. The REEP-EMCENT module will generate these sets of historical and radiological data of the players. Export functions will allow the presentation of data in MicroSoft EXCEL tables. The data will be derived from the radiological or nuclear accident scenario calculated by RODOS in the following way: Find all RODOS grid cells in a circle with a radius of 25 km around the NPP, in which a "LOW dose" (for example: the effective NoAction sum dose in EmerSim DOSUNO(LP,1,5) =0.001 mSv) is exceeded. Furthermore find the grid cells, in which a "HIGH dose" (for example: the effective NoAction sum dose in EmerSim DOSUNO(LP,1,5) =0.01 mSv) is exceeded.

In this way 2 grid cell areas are defined: the HIGH dose area enclosed by a peripheral area with LOW doses. Generation of a number of players:

Each HIGH dose grid cell contains 1 player. So the number of players is defined by the number of HIGH dose cells of the scenario. Histories of stay of the players:

Concerning the stay of the players it is assumed that 2 time intervals can be distinguished, before they enter the Emergency Care Center. The duration of both time intervals together can be at most 24 hours, corresponding to the action simulation time interval in EmerSim. The 1st time interval starts at 0 hours (starting with EmerSim) and ends at MCHANGE hours. The 2nd time interval starts at MCHANGE hours and ends at MHOURMX hours (at most =24 h).

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During .the 1st time interval all players stay in the HIGH dose cells. During the 2nd time interval the "first" 2/3 of the players (following the order of counting of the grid cells in RODOS) have moved to LOW dose cells and stay there. If the number of LOW dose cells is too small for single occupation multiple occupation of each cell is assumed. The "last" 1/3 of the players does not leave the HIGH dose cells and stays there during the 2nd time interval. Local co-ordinates of the players:

The locations of stay of the players are equal to the centre points of the corresponding grid cells. Radius and angle, the emergency planning zone, as well as sector and sub-sector (sector angle/3) are calculated for each player. Players and emergency actions in EmerSim:

The emergency action simulation in EmerSim is used for assigning action histories and corresponding doses to the players. Evacuation does not influence the generation of players in affected areas, i.e. players from evacuated areas are assumed as not being evacuated. Sheltering and intake of stable iodine reduce the players’ doses. Calculated doses of the players:

The doses needed for the simulation of an Emergency Care Center are the effective dose received from contaminated skin and clothes and the thyroid dose from the inhalation of iodine. Fractions of non-iodine nuclides to the thyroid inhalation dose are not measurable with an external thyroid gamma detector, because only iodine nuclides are enriched in the thyroid. To be able to calculate all final doses of each player after various histories of stay and emergency actions, initially the complete 24 h time series of the doses are calculated in all grid cells in steps of 1 hour with and without actions (in the routines NOACDOS and ACDOS in EmerSim). Emergency actions:

All players can be sheltered during the 1st time interval, if their location is within the EmerSim sheltering area. The sheltering time interval can be chosen between 0 and MCHANGE hours via the EmerSim initialization windows. All shelterted players get the same times. During the 2nd time interval no sheltering takes place. Normal Living or Open Air exposure is assumed. Tablets with stable iodine can be taken in either during the 1st or during the 2nd time interval, but only from players who have been inside of the iodine tablets area of the 1st time interval. The time of intake is the same for all players. Simulated percentages of actions and children/adults:

A player in the sheltering area is not automatically sheltered. Per RANDOM generator it is achieved that about 80% are sheltered, 20% get Normal Living. The same happens with the intake of iodine tablets: 70% of the adults in the adult iodine tabs area, and 90% of the children in the children iodine tabs area take in the tablets. The decision whether the player is a child below 6 years of age or an adult, is defined at random to 5% and 95%.

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Let i be the counting index of the player to be treated in the ECC. If there are Np players i runs from 1 to Np. For each player i a history of stay at the locations L1 and L2 is created according to Table 1 and Figure 1

• The exact geographic locations are transformed into coarse indications of the sector number (with enhanced resolution: lower, medium, upper sub-sector), and radius (distance from the NPP) and angle.

• The location data are stored together with the times of stay and sheltering information at L1 and L2 like in Table 1.

• Quantity and time of intake of iodine tablets are added. During the dispersion and dose calculation of the scenario the exposure histories of each player are transformed into corresponding values of contamination of skin and clothes and thyroid doses. Based on the initial contamination of skin and clothes (cont (kBq/cm

2), derived from

RODOS results), 2 simulated measuring results have to be generated: • the reading of a gamma detector at a distance of 1 m from the contaminated person

(coarse measurement of contamination above 0.4 kBq/cm2) • the reading of an unshielded beta contamination meter at a distance of 10 cm from the

contaminated person (fine measurement of contamination below 0.4 kBq/ cm2) The reading of the γ dose rate meter is calculated from:

γ dose rate (µSv/h) = 1((µSv/h) / (kBq/cm2)) . cont (kBq/cm

2) for adults Eq.1

γ dose rate (µSv/h) = 0.5((µSv/h) / (kBq/cm2)) . cont (kBq/cm

2) for children Eq.2

The reading of the β contamination meter in counts per second is calculated from:

cps = 37500 (1/ s. kBq/cm2 ) . cont (kBq/cm

2) Eq.3

This formula is coarsely valid for the contamination detectors Contamat (Butane), Minicont, and Automess AD-K. For empirical formulas see also the appendix of [4]. During an emergency exercise the people operating the ECC can use these simulated personal measuring data together with the scheme in Table 2 and the inverse equations 1, 2, and 3 to determine the contamination class and their derived values of contamination. If the person belongs to contamination classes II to V then decontamination of the person has to be carried out. In the simulation a second set of reduced contamination measuring results is needed. Therefore the REEP module will generate a random decontamination factor between 5 and 100. Correspondingly the readings of the gamma and contamination meters will be reduced by this factor during the measurements after decontamination.

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If the reduction factor is below 10 a second decontamination is carried out, but now with a smaller reduction factor between 2 and 5. If contamination was high before decontamination (class III to V) then the following 24 h integration time doses from self-irradiation by contaminated skin (and clothes) can be derived:

contamination class III IV V contamination (kBq/cm2) 0.4-4 4-40 >40 skin β 24h dose (mSv) 10-100 100-1000 >1000

bone m. γ 24h dose (mSv) 0.2-2 2-20 >20

Table 5: 24 h doses from contamination of skin and clothes

The 24 h bone marrow γ dose is calculated by

Bm24(mSv) = 0.5 . cont(kBq/cm2)

and the skin β dose is calculated from:

Sk24(mSv) = 25 . cont(kBq/cm2)

From the calculated committed thyroid inhalation dose Dthy (mSv) a simulated external gamma dose rate DR (µSv/h) measured at the thyroid of the player i is generated:

Adult: DR(µSv/h) = Dthy(mSv) / 65

Child: DR(µSv/h) = Dthy(mSv) / (8*65)

The assessment of acute external gamma bone marrow doses Dbm and the committed thyroid inhalation doses Dthy is based on the application of the RODOS dose maps at different times of the scenario, and the information about intake of stable iodine, provided by REEP. For empirical formulas see also the appendix of [4].

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3.4 Information on Output of REEP-EMCENT

Unix FORTRAN Output Array:

C mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm C Output first table VPLAYER C mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm C TIME INTERVAL 1 for moving players 1 C TIME INTERVAL 1 for staying players 2 VPLAYER(1,ISELHI) = ISELHI VPLAYER(2,ISELHI) = LP VPLAYER(3,ISELHI) = RAD/1000. VPLAYER(4,ISELHI) = PHI VPLAYER(5,ISELHI) = IZON VPLAYER(6,ISELHI) = ISEC VPLAYER(7,ISELHI) = ISUB VPLAYER(8,ISELHI) = LSHEL VPLAYER(9,ISELHI) = TDNASHI VPLAYER(10,ISELHI) = TDSHELI VPLAYER(11,ISELHI) = LCHILD VPLAYER(12,ISELHI) = LINTAKE VPLAYER(13,ISELHI) = TIIODI VPLAYER(14,ISELHI) = DSKINTI1(ISELHI) VPLAYER(15,ISELHI) = DITHYTI1(ISELHI) VPLAYER(35,ISELHI) = DBMEXTI1(ISELHI) C ===================== C TIME INTERVAL 2 for staying players 2 IF(IPLAY2.GT.0) THEN VPLAYER(16,ISELHI) = LP VPLAYER(17,ISELHI) = RAD/1000. VPLAYER(18,ISELHI) = PHI VPLAYER(19,ISELHI) = IZON VPLAYER(20,ISELHI) = ISEC VPLAYER(21,ISELHI) = ISUB VPLAYER(22,ISELHI) = DSKINTI2 VPLAYER(23,ISELHI) = DITHYTI2 VPLAYER(24,ISELHI) = GARTHY VPLAYER(25,ISELHI) = CONSKCL VPLAYER(26,ISELHI) = GARAT1M VPLAYER(27,ISELHI) = BERASK VPLAYER(28,ISELHI) = CORAIPS/1000. VPLAYER(29,ISELHI) = ICLASSC VPLAYER(30,ISELHI) = ICLASSF VPLAYER(31,ISELHI) = LDECO1 VPLAYER(32,ISELHI) = FACDECO1 VPLAYER(33,ISELHI) = FACDECO2 VPLAYER(34,ISELHI) = ICLASSD VPLAYER(36,ISELHI) = DBMEXTI2 C mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm C Output first table VPLAYER C mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm C TIME INTERVAL 2 for moving players 1 VPLAYER(16,IPLAY) = LP VPLAYER(17,IPLAY) = RAD/1000. VPLAYER(18,IPLAY) = PHI VPLAYER(19,IPLAY) = IZON VPLAYER(20,IPLAY) = ISEC VPLAYER(21,IPLAY) = ISUB

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VPLAYER(22,IPLAY) = DSKINTI2 VPLAYER(23,IPLAY) = DITHYTI2 VPLAYER(24,IPLAY) = GARTHY VPLAYER(25,IPLAY) = CONSKCL VPLAYER(26,IPLAY) = GARAT1M VPLAYER(27,IPLAY) = BERASK VPLAYER(28,IPLAY) = CORAIPS/1000. VPLAYER(29,IPLAY) = ICLASSC VPLAYER(30,IPLAY) = ICLASSF VPLAYER(31,IPLAY) = LDECO1 VPLAYER(32,IPLAY) = FACDECO1 VPLAYER(33,IPLAY) = FACDECO2 VPLAYER(34,IPLAY) = ICLASSD VPLAYER(36,IPLAY) = DBMEXTI2 C ===================== 201 CONTINUE C

Unix FORTRAN WRITE Output, Loop over all Players. Each

written Line corresponds to one Player: DO 300 IPLAY=1,NP WRITE(6,5022) >VPLAYER(1,IPLAY),TSTA1,TEND1,(VPLAYER(IDAT,IPLAY),IDAT=3,7), >TSTA2,TEND2,(VPLAYER(IDAT,IPLAY),IDAT=17,21),VPLAYER(11,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(8,IPLAY),VPLAYER(9,IPLAY),VPLAYER(10,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(12,IPLAY),VPLAYER(13,IPLAY),VPLAYER(24,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(26,IPLAY),VPLAYER(27,IPLAY),VPLAYER(28,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(29,IPLAY),VPLAYER(30,IPLAY),VPLAYER(31,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(34,IPLAY),VPLAYER(25,IPLAY),VPLAYER(35,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(36,IPLAY),VPLAYER(14,IPLAY),VPLAYER(22,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(15,IPLAY),VPLAYER(23,IPLAY),VPLAYER(32,IPLAY), >VPLAYER(33,IPLAY)

Unix FORTRAN Output FORMAT valid for each player = each line:

5022 FORMAT(F8.0,',',F6.2,',',F6.2,',',F6.1,',',F8.1,',',F4.0,',', >F6.0,',',F6.0,', ,',F6.2,',',F6.2,',',F6.1,',',F8.1,',',F4.0, >',',F6.0,','F6.0,', ,',F2.0,',',F2.0,',',F5.2,',',F5.2,',',F2.0 >,',',F5.2,',',F9.3,',',F9.3,',',F9.3,',',F10.3,',',F2.0,',',F2.0, >',',F2.0,',',F2.0,',',F9.0,',',F9.0,',',F9.0,',',F9.0,',',F9.0, >',',F9.0,',',F9.0,',',F9.0,',',F9.0,',') IF(IPLAY.EQ.IPLAY1MX) THEN END IF 300 CONTINUE

Unix Output Result for Player No. 1:

one player= one line:

1., 0.00, 5.00, 16.3, 225.0, 3., 9., 1., , 5.00, 24.00, 11.8, 192.3, 3., 7., 3., ,0.,1., 1.39, 3.61,1., 0.22, 0.000, 8.609, 10.762, 322.847,4.,4.,1.,2., 9., 6., 7., 1., 4., 0., 0., 8., 4.,

as MICROSOFT WORD.doc:

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1., 0.00, 5.00, 16.3, 225.0, 3., 9., 1., , 5.00, 24.00, 11.8, 192.3, 3., 7., 3., ,0.,1., 1.39, 3.61,1., 0.22, 0.000, 8.609, 10.762, 322.847,4.,4.,1.,2., 9., 6., 7., 1., 4., 0., 0., 8., 4.,

Meaning of Numbers: Player Nr, Start,Time1,Distance1,Angle1,Zone1,Sector1,Subsec1,Community1, Time2, End, Distance2,Angle2,Zone2,Sector2,Subsec2,Community2, Child?,Sheltered?,StartSh,DurSh,Iodine?,Tintake, RatThy,Rat1m,BetaRat,ContRat,ClassC,ClassF,Decont?,ClassAfter, Cont,DBm1,DBm2,DSk1,DSk2,DThy1,DThy2,DFac1,DFac2 Player Nr number of player Start,Time1 start and end of 1st stay time of player,h Distance,Angle1 polar co-ordinates during 1st stay,km,degr. Zone,Sector,Subsec1 zone,sector and subsector of 1st stay Community1 community of 1st stay Time2,End start and end of 2nd stay time of player,h Distance,Angle2 polar co-ordinates during 2nd stay,km,degr. Zone,Sector,Subsec2 zone,sector and subsector of 2nd stay Community2 community of 2nd stay Child? is player a child ? Sheltered? Was player sheltered ? StartSh,DurSh Start of Sheltering, Duration,h Iodine?,Tintake Iodine Tabs taken in ?, Time of Intake,h RatThy measured gamma rate from thyroid,uSv/h Rat1m measured gamma rate 1 m distance,uSv/h BetaRat assessed beta rate from contamination,mSv/h ContRat counting rate of contmination, kHz ClassC,ClassF contamination class Coarse and Fine Decont? Decontamination carried out ? ClassAfter contamination class after decontamination Cont RODOS: contamination of Sk.&Cl.,kBq/cm2 DBm1 RODOS: dose to b.marrow after 1st time,mSv DBm2 RODOS: dose to b.marrow after 2nd time,Msv DSk1 RODOS: dose to skin after 1st time,mSv DSk2 RODOS: dose to skin after 2nd time,mSv DThy1 RODOS: dose to thyroid after 1st time,mSv DThy2 RODOS: dose to thyroid after 2nd time,mSv DFac1 RODOS: 1st decontamination factor DFac2 RODOS: 2nd decontamination factor

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How to transform the WORD.doc into an EXCEL Table:

Mark the total Word.doc, Store it in the Clipboard. Start EXCEL, open an empty table. Paste the stored Word.doc contents into the empty EXCEL table (into 1st element of the table, left column, first line) then: pull down EXCEL tool bar: ‚data’, choose ‚Text in Columns’ ‚separated’ ,(continue), ‚Komma’ and ‚no’ ,(continue), ‚Standard’ ,(complete).

Excerpt from an example EXCEL-Table:

The first column contains the player numbers, the second the starting times, the third the end time of the first time interval, the fourth the distance of player from NPP, etc. (see Meaning of Numbers):

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4 RODOS LITE input windows

Chapter 4 shows the three RODOS LITE input windows together with explanations as they are given in the RODOS LITE help files.

RODOS LITE Help: Overview

The RODOS LITE TRAINING panel is for specifications concerning the preparation of exercises with inclusion of RODOS-generated results for the simulation of the radiological situation and respective measurements. You can define fixed locations representing stationary monitors or pinpointed measuring locations for mobile measuring teams. Or you can define freely selectable locations representing measurement points for mobile measuring teams => Selection of Measuring Locations. For the selected locations, you can request various output tables calculated by RODOS for the radiological situation => Selection of Results. You can include one or more => Emergency Care Centre (ECC), and let RODOS simulate a number of persons (“players”) with - their histories before arriving at the ECC of point of origin, radiation exposure,

countermeasures undertaken, and doses; - their corresponding dose rates and contamination measurements on arrival at the ECC,

and the results of eventual decontamination.

4.1 Window for the selection of FIXED or FREE measuring locations

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RODOS LITE Help: Selection of FIXED or FREE measuring locations

Define exercise measuring locations for Local Gamma Dose Rate and Ground Contamination:

o (FIXED) Fixed locations representing stationary monitors or pinpointed locations for mobile measuring teams.

o (FREE) Freely selectable locations representing measurement points for mobile measuring teams.

Note: Once defined, the locations are stored for later re-use.

o Use KFUe stations

o Input data table

Each line represents one measuring location. Press [Add line to measurement] to add a new location.

Name

Descriptive name of exercise measuring location.

Identifier →→→→ FIXED locations only

Identifier for the fixed exercise measuring location.

Latitude and Longitude

Geographical co-ordinates of the fixed exercise measuring location.

ODL →→→→ FIXED locations only

RODOS-calculated external local gamma dose rate. Tick if RODOS shall deliver this item for the respective location.

SimODL

RODOS simulated gamma dose rate (arranged by Cs137 sources). Tick if RODOS shall deliver this item for the respective location.

GroundCon

RODOS-calculated Ground Contamination (GroundCon). Tick if RODOS shall deliver this item for the respective location.

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4.2 Window for the result selection

RODOS LITE Help: Result selection

ODL time window

Define the length of the time series for the local gamma dose rate calculated by RODOS for all locations where "ODL" was ticked during the Selection of Measuring Locations.

Specifying beginning and end in terms of hours after the start of the prognosis calculation.

Ground contamination time set

You can specify different times for the ground contamination for all locations where "GroundCon" was ticked during the Selection of Measuring Locations.

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4.3 Window for emergency care centre

RODOS LITE Help: Emergency care centre

With the early countermeasures model of RODOS you can prepare an exercise including an Emergency Care Centre (ECC). Basing on the radiological situation obtained in a near range atmospheric dispersion and deposition (nearADM) calculation of RODOS, a number of simulated persons (“players”) get generated with their histories of stay, radiation exposure, countermeasures undertaken, and doses. Furthermore their corresponding measured dose rates and contamination in the ECC are calculated and results of decontamination are assessed.

Emergency Care Centre

This is the name of the Emergency Care Centre during the exercise.

Dose Interval for Player Definition

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These two dose bounds define the number of players for a given radiological scenario and their histories of stay. On the dose map the upper bound defines an isoline surrounding an area where all players come from. After a given time (here 5 hours) a fraction of the players (2/3) move out into the larger area defined by the lower dose bound, the rest of the players (1/3) stay in the inner area. All players’ doses and contamination are calculated according to their history of stay.

Contamination Check

This check is a coarse classification of the contamination (skin and clothes) of the players. It is based on the results of a gamma rate measured at a distance of 1m. The classes are I, II, III, IV, and V. Adults’ gamma rates bigger than 40 mSv/h is class V, 4-40 mSv/h is class IV, 0.4-4 mSv/h is class III, gamma rates below 0.4 mSv/h is class I or II. For children the same classes are valid, if the gamma rates are half of the adults’ rates, i.e. 20 mSv/h instead of 40 mSv/h.

Contamination Detection

The contamination detection is a fine measurement of contamination of skin and clothes using a contamination beta detector. The classes are again I,II,III,IV,V, but now class I and II can be resolved: contamination bigger than 40 kBq/cm2 is class V, 4-40 kBq/cm2 is class IV, 0.4-4 kBq/cm2 is class III, below 0.4 kBq/cm2 is class II , below 0.04 kBq/cm2 is class I.

Gauge Factor

The gauge factor of the contamination detector transforming contamination into counting rate is GF=37.5 kHz /(kBq/cm2)

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5 References

[1] "Medizinische Maßnahmen bei Kernkraftwerksunfällen", Veröffentlichungen der Strahlenschutzkommission Band 4, 2., überarbeitete Auflage, G. Fischer Verlag (1995

[2] H. Miska: "Off-site Emergency Exercises", Kerntechnik Vol. 64 No. 3, 1999, p. 161

[3] "RODOS lite.

[4] H. Miska: "Off-site nuclear emergency management", Radiation Protection Dosimetry 109:83-87 (2004), Oxford University Press 2004