Exercise 36Exercise 36

Anatomy of the Anatomy of the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

ObjectivesObjectives

• Respiratory system structuresRespiratory system structures

• Respiratory system, pulmonary Respiratory system, pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, ventilation, external respiration, internal respirationinternal respiration

• Bronchi vs. bronchioles—structure and Bronchi vs. bronchioles—structure and functionfunction

Respiratory system structuresRespiratory system structures• Nasal cavityNasal cavity

– External nares External nares (nostrils)(nostrils)

– Conchae (lobelike Conchae (lobelike structures—structures—increase air increase air turbulence)turbulence)• Superior, middle, Superior, middle,

inferiorinferior

Fig. 23-3

• Nasal cavityNasal cavity– Meatuses: passageways between conchaeMeatuses: passageways between conchae

• Superior, middle, inferiorSuperior, middle, inferior

Fig. 23-3

• Nasal cavityNasal cavity– Internal naresInternal nares

Fig. 23-3

PalatePalate

• Separates nasal and oral cavitiesSeparates nasal and oral cavities– Hard palateHard palate

• anterioranterior

– Soft palateSoft palate• posteriorposterior

– Uvula Uvula

Fig. 23-3

Fig. 23-3

TONSILSTONSILS

– PharyngealPharyngeal• Paired masses of lymphoid Paired masses of lymphoid

tissue (protect respiratory tissue (protect respiratory passages from pathogens)passages from pathogens)

– PalatinePalatine• Laterally located near soft Laterally located near soft

palatepalate

– Lingual Lingual • Covers base of tongueCovers base of tongue

• Resonance chambers in speech, Resonance chambers in speech, mucosae warm/moisten incoming airmucosae warm/moisten incoming air– SphenoidalSphenoidal– FrontalFrontal

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

Fig. 23-3

PHARYNXPHARYNX• ““throat”—connects throat”—connects

nasal/oral cavities to nasal/oral cavities to larynx and esophagus larynx and esophagus belowbelow– NasopharynxNasopharynx

• Posterior to nasal Posterior to nasal cavity, above soft palatecavity, above soft palate

• Pharyngeal tonsils on Pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wallposterior wall

• Eustachian tubes drain Eustachian tubes drain into it laterallyinto it laterally

PHARYNXPHARYNX

Fig. 23-3

– OropharynxOropharynx• Posterior to oral cavityPosterior to oral cavity• Soft palate to epiglottisSoft palate to epiglottis• Palatine tonsils, lingual tonsilPalatine tonsils, lingual tonsil

– LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx• Epiglottis to larynxEpiglottis to larynx

LARYNX (“voicebox”)LARYNX (“voicebox”)

– Epiglottis—flap-Epiglottis—flap-like, flexible elastic like, flexible elastic cartilage; lid over cartilage; lid over the larynx when the larynx when swallowswallow

– Hyoid boneHyoid bone

Fig. 23-3

LARYNX (“voicebox”)LARYNX (“voicebox”)

Fig. 23-4

LARYNX (“voicebox”)LARYNX (“voicebox”)

– False vocal cords False vocal cords (vestibular folds)—(vestibular folds)—superiorsuperior

– True vocal cords True vocal cords (vocal folds)—(vocal folds)—inferior, vibrate inferior, vibrate expelled air expelled air (speech)(speech)

Fig. 23-4

LARYNX (“voicebox”)LARYNX (“voicebox”)

Glottis—slit-like passage between the foldsGlottis—slit-like passage between the folds

Fig. 23-5

– Arytenoid cartilagesArytenoid cartilages• Ladle-shaped; attach Ladle-shaped; attach

vocal cords vocal cords posteriolaterallyposteriolaterally

– Corniculate cartilagesCorniculate cartilages• Horn-shaped; articulate Horn-shaped; articulate

w/arytenoid cartilagesw/arytenoid cartilages

LARYNX (“voicebox”)LARYNX (“voicebox”)

Fig. 23-4

– Thyroid cartilage—large, shield-shaped. Thyroid cartilage—large, shield-shaped. Anterior = “adam’s apple”Anterior = “adam’s apple”

– Cricoid cartilage—inferior to thyroid cartilage; Cricoid cartilage—inferior to thyroid cartilage; ring-shapedring-shaped

LARYNX (“voicebox”)LARYNX (“voicebox”)

Fig. 23-4

(pseudostratified columnar (pseudostratified columnar epithelium, secretes epithelium, secretes mucous via goblet mucous via goblet cells…cilia propel cells…cilia propel foreign objects in the foreign objects in the mucous toward the mucous toward the throat)throat)

TRACHEA (“windpipe”)TRACHEA (“windpipe”)Fig. 23-6

“Respiratory Tree”

TRACHEA (“windpipe”)TRACHEA (“windpipe”)– Tracheal cartilages/bands (c-shaped Tracheal cartilages/bands (c-shaped

cartilage rings--reinforcement)cartilage rings--reinforcement)– Down to sternal angle (T4-T5), then splits:Down to sternal angle (T4-T5), then splits:

• Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, thenPrimary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, then• Secondary bronchiSecondary bronchi• Tertiary bronchiTertiary bronchi• BronchiolesBronchioles

Fig. 23-6

Fig. 23-10

• Primary bronchi (right, Primary bronchi (right, left) into each lung, left) into each lung, thenthen

• Secondary bronchiSecondary bronchi• Tertiary bronchiTertiary bronchi• BronchiolesBronchioles

BRONCHIOLES then divide into:BRONCHIOLES then divide into:Terminal bronchiolesTerminal bronchioles which divide into which divide into

Respiratory bronchiolesRespiratory bronchioles (terminal (terminal branches) which divide into severalbranches) which divide into several

Alveolar ductsAlveolar ducts, which terminate into, which terminate into

Alveolar sacsAlveolar sacs—look like grape clusters—look like grape clusters

AlveoliAlveoli—balloon-like expansions of sacs, —balloon-like expansions of sacs, simple squamous epithelium, combined simple squamous epithelium, combined with capillaries surrounding them, make with capillaries surrounding them, make the the RESPIRATORY MEMBRANERESPIRATORY MEMBRANE---GAS ---GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS HEREEXCHANGE OCCURS HERE

BRONCHIOLES then divide into:BRONCHIOLES then divide into:

Fig. 23-10

Terminal bronchiolesTerminal bronchioles

Respiratory bronchiolesRespiratory bronchioles (terminal branches) (terminal branches)

Alveolar ductsAlveolar ducts

Alveolar sacsAlveolar sacs

AlveoliAlveoli

ALVEOLI:ALVEOLI:

Fig. 23-10

Alveolar ductsAlveolar ductsAlveolar sacsAlveolar sacs(common to many alveoli)(common to many alveoli)AlveoliAlveoli(~150 million(~150 millionper lung)per lung)

LUNGSLUNGS

• Pulmonary artery (blood away from heart to lung)

• Pulmonary vein (from lung to heart)

• Lungs– Right has 3 lobes (superior, middle,

inferior)– Left has 2 lobes (superior, inferior)

Fig. 23-7

RIGHT: 3 lobes LEFT: 2 lobes

PLEURAEPLEURAE

(serous membrane, double-layered)– Parietal layer = outer layer

• Attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm• (Diaphragm = muscle)

– Visceral layer = inner layer• Covers lung tissue

Additional terms:Additional terms:

• Respiratory SystemRespiratory System– Using respiration, it supplies the body with Using respiration, it supplies the body with

oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide

• Pulmonary ventilationPulmonary ventilation– Movement of air into/out of lungs Movement of air into/out of lungs

(breathing) so gas exchange can occur at (breathing) so gas exchange can occur at alveolialveoli

Additional terms:Additional terms:

• External respirationExternal respiration– Gas exchange between blood and air-filled Gas exchange between blood and air-filled

chambers of lungs chambers of lungs

– Oxygen loading, COOxygen loading, CO22 unloading unloading

• Internal respirationInternal respiration– Gas exchange between systemic blood Gas exchange between systemic blood

and tissue cellsand tissue cells

– Oxygen unloading, COOxygen unloading, CO22 loading loading

Microscope Work

• Lung tissue

• Trachea