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8/2/2019 Exercise 06 - Land use and sustainability in Brazil
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Exercise6
Analyzing land use
and sustainability inBrazil
In this exercise, you will use a public domain spatial
data portal from a national government agency to
assess the spatial pattern of land use and
deforestation in Rondnia, Brazil.
You will combine the data with Landsat imagery
from an international portal to more fully
understand the situation from a temporal and
geographic perspective.
Some of the data you will
interrogate to investigate land
use in Brazil
Exercises for The GIS Guide to Public Domain Data
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Context
Approximately 30 percent of the worlds tropical
forests lie within the country of Brazil. These forests
are one of the worlds great natural resources and help
to regulate the global carbon cycle, climate, as well as
provide habitat for thousands of animals, plants, and
native human populations.
Due to growing population and demand for land and
other natural resources, the Brazilian rainforest, like
other major ecoregions of the world, faces
development pressure. Indeed, the deforestation
resulting from the spread of agriculture and conversion
of forest areas to urban use has been one of the most
widely discussed and publicized land use change
phenomena of recent times.
The estimated average deforestation rate from 1978
to 1988 alone was 15,000 square kilometers per year.
Systematic deforestation begins as roadways are built,
and fans out from there to create a pattern that looks
like a feather, or a fishbone.
As the pattern of land use change at both the regionaland local levels is geographic in nature, GIS is a
suitable tool to help understand the impacts of
deforestation and to plan for the future.
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Problem
After reading for years about development and
deforestation in Brazil, you decide to use your new-
found GIS skills to investigate the situation for yourself
and look at the problem spatially. Your goal is assess
the pattern and reasons for development in one of the
most widely known part of the rainforest, the state of
Rondnia, Brazil.
You will consider the following in your assessment of
land use and deforestation in Rondnia:
Vegetation
Biomes
General land characteristics, including
transportation and physical features
Soils
Potential agriculture
Administrative political divisions
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ResourcesSkills Required
Downloading and formatting data from a
federal national public domain data source and
an international data source for use in a GIS
Downloading and formatting Landsat satellite
imagery data for use in a GIS
Analyzing spatial data in a problem-solving
environment
Integrating multiple sources into GIS-based
analysis
TIME
This exercise contains fifty-two questions and will
require two to four hours to complete.
SOFTWARE
ArcGIS 10.0 or later, from Esri.
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
Create a folder on your computer or network to store data. Make sure the folder
has a descriptive name (so you can easily recall its contents) and choose a name
without spaces to avoid problems in ArcGIS.
1) Access IBGE Access the Brazil Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro deGeografia e Estatistca [IBGE]) site at http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/ . If you prefer
to examine the front page in English, see http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/.
1.1) What is the IBGE?
1.2) Which government agencies in the United States serve similar
functions to the IBGE?
2) Locate
Rondnia
On the left side, under Database, select Estadoes@ (States@). On the viewer that
will appear (http://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/). Using your mouse, hover over
the various states until you find RORondnia.
States in Brazil as shown
on the IBGE data portal.
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/http://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/http://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/8/2/2019 Exercise 06 - Land use and sustainability in Brazil
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
Click Rondnia to access statistics for this state.
2.1) In what part of Brazil is Rondnia located?2) Locate
Rondnia (contd.)
IBGE portal.
2.2)What is the 2010 estimated population for Rondnia?
Now that you know where this state is, you are ready to retrieve the data you
need for the study.
3) Select
Interactive Maps
Return to the main IBGE page, and under Channels, Database, select Mapas
(Interactive Maps) as follows:
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
Click Rondnia to access statistics for this state.4) Select
Generalized Map
of Brazil
Choosing an interactive map.
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
The interactive map that appears after you select OK should look similar to the
following:
4) Select
Generalized Map
of Brazil (contd.)
Generalized map of Brazil on the IBGE website.
Create a separate folder for each of the zip files, named biomes, general,
agric_potential, soils, territories, and vegetation (or similar names that you will be
able to keep organized).
Note: You may have to enable your browser to allow pop-ups from this site.
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
Select and download the six categories of spatial data, one at a time. Download
each dataset into its appropriate folder. For each of the six sets, you will need to
first select the desired theme in the pull down menu in the upper right under Ver
mapa.
5) Download data
Selecting the required datasets.
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
[1] Vegetation (Mapa de vegetacao).
[2] Biomes (Mapa de biomas).
[3] General Characteristics (Mapa de caracterizacao geral do Brasil)make certain
that you have checked (on the left side, in the list of map layers) all of the
Transportes (transportation), the Outros (Other), the Imagem, and the Meio Fisico
(Physical Environment) so that when you extract, you obtain all of the following
layers:
5) Download data
(contd.)
List of datasets to extract.
[4] Soils (Mapa de solos).
[5] Potential Agriculture (Mapa de potencial Agricola).
[6] Territorial Divisions (Mapa de Divisoes Territoriais). Select all of the 2005 layers,
as shown next:
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
5) Download data
(contd.)
Selecting the 2005 layers for the
Territorial Divisions.
For each layer required, select the extract (Extrair) button:
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
5) Download data
(contd.)
Extracting selected layers.
Select Extract (Extrair). After a short time, you will see a download screen, as
shown next.
Downloading the Rondonia data.
Select Download and save your file to a folder on your computer.
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Work package 1: Managing and accessing your data Steps 1 - 6
6) Extract data Unzip each zip file into its appropriate folder.
Data category Shapefiles stored locally after downloading and unzipping
Biomes Bioma, ufVegetation Veg, agua, capital, uf
General bacia, hidro, ferrovia, rodovia, extremos, culminantes, porto,
usina, aerop_inter, capital, uf
Soils Solos, capital, uf
Agricultural Potential Potencial, agua, capital, uf
Territories 0, 1, 2, 3
6.1)Which shapefiles are duplicated among the different themes andfolders?
End of work package
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Work package 2: Analyzing your data Steps 7 - 12
7) Add data to
ArcMap
Start ArcMap and a new empty map. Under the general folder, add all layers.
Set the coordinate system of the data frame to the WGS 1984 (under Data Frame
Properties, Predefined, Geographic Coordinate Systems, World).
7.1) Do the datasets have a projection attached to them?
8) Set coordinate
system8.1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of this coordinate
system for analysis?
8.2) What is the east-west distance in kilometers across Brazil at itswidest point?
8.3) Can you determine the difference between the Culminantes and
Extremos layers?
8.4) Can you determine the difference between the Ferrovia and Rodovia
layers?
8.5) What is the relationship between the layers bacia and hidro?
Map the UF layer as unique values on the names of the states.9) Name the
states 9.1) What is the field that names each state?
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Work package 2: Analyzing your data Steps 7 - 12
10) Add biome
data
Under the biomes folder, add the layer bioma. Map the biome types as unique
value.
Save your map document.
The Amazonian rainforest isnt the only biome under pressure from human use in
Brazil. In fact, according to one source, 35 percent of the cerrado (savannah)
biome (695,000 km2) has been converted to agriculture, cities, or grazing,
compared to 13 percent of the area of the rainforest biome, and only 1 to 6percent of the cerrado is under protected status.
Chief land pressures are for soya, maize, rice, wheat, cattle, charcoal production
for the steel industry, and urbanization.
10.1) What biome type occupies a tiny portion of east-southeastern
Rondnia? What biome type occupies most of the rest of Rondnia?
11) Save
Under the territories folder, add the shapefiles 0, 1, 2, and 3.12) Add shapefiles
12.1) Which of these four map layers contains polygons for the smallest
geographic unit?
Examine map layer 0.shps attributes to answer the following.
12.2) Place the following names in the order of geographic area, from
smallest to largest: mesoregiao, microregia, nome, and regiao.
End of work package
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Work package 3: Analyzing data II - Clipping Steps 13 - 20
13) Add
vegetation
From the vegetation folder, add the veg map layer, and make a unique value map
on the field TIPO. The vegetation layer is the current vegetation cover of the area,
rather than the natural vegetation as untouched by human impact. The densest
forest (floresta ombrofila densa) once occupied up to half of Rondnia.
Select the state of Rondnia from the UF layer. Then, open the Systems Toolboxes
and go to Analysis Tools > Extract > Clip in order to clip the veg layer to the UF
layer with Rondnia selected, as shown next:
13.1) How much of floresta ombrofila densa would you say occupies
Rondnia today?
Next, you will determine exactly how much of each type of vegetation exists within
Rondnia.
14) Clip
vegetation layer
to states layer
Clipping the vegetation layer to the
extent of Rondnia.
14.1) Did you receive an error during the clip operation OR has the
clipped shapefile, veg_clip, not been created?
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Work package 3: Analyzing data II - Clipping Steps 13 - 20
15) Run Check
Geometry
Sometimes, data downloaded from public domain portals contain errors. Here, a
few of the polygons may have topology errors. To investigate the vegetation layer
so that the clip will work, in the Systems Toolboxes, use Data Management >
Features > Check Geometry on your veg layer.
This operation will create a DBF file listing any errors encountered; the dbf file will
be added automatically to your ArcMap document. (If not, add it manually.)Once
the DBF file is added to your ArcMap, open the file and investigate the problem.
15.1) What is the problem with the veg layer?
To resolve the issue, use Data Management > Features > Repair Geometry on the
veg layer to fix the problem.
Re-run the clip tool to clip the veg layer to the state of Rondnia.
16) Run Repair
Geometry
16.2) Briefly describe the spatial pattern of development in Rondnia.
16.1)Do you now have a veg_clip layer?
TheArea Antropizada is the area most affected by human impact as it has been
converted to agricultural use through the planting of crops or as pastureland.
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Work package 3: Analyzing data II - Clipping Steps 13 - 20
17) Examine
roadways layer
Turn on the roadways (rodovia) layer.
17.1) Name the roadway that is responsible for bringing the rainforest
developers into the most impacted area of Rondnia.
Access your veg_cliplayers attribute table. Select the Area Antropizada polygons.
Right-click shape_area and select Statistics.
18) Generate
statistics
19.1) How could you work with your data so that they would be in a
more convenient and accurate unit? Dont perform these steps, just
indicate how you would go about changing the data to fix this unit
problem.
Consider the map projection.
18.1) How much of the land in Rondnia is included in Area
Antropizada?
18.2) Are these figures in square miles, square kilometers, or in someother units? If the area is reported in some other units, what units are
they?
18.3) Are these units a convenient or accurate set of units to use for
spatial analysis? Why or why not?
19) Projections
20) Save Save your map document.End of work package
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Work package 4: Analyzing data III - Summarizing and analyzing Steps 21 - 28
21) Quantify area
of impact
To get a better assessment of the amount of land impacted in Rondnia, right-click
the Shape_area field and select Summarize. Summarize on this field using TIPO
First, as shown in the Summarize dialog box.
Be sure to uncheck the box Summarize on the selected rows only because you
want a summary of all of the rows (alternatively, clear any selected rows before
running Summarize).
Summarizing the amount of affected
land in Rondnia.
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Work package 4: Analyzing data III - Summarizing and analyzing Steps 21 - 28
22) Select by
vegetation type
Open your summary table. Select all of the Area Antropizada rows in the table
using Select by Attributes, as shown in the Select by Attributes dialog box.
Selecting by vegetation type.
Notice that each polygon of Area Antropizada is listed separately. This makes it
cumbersome to determine how much of Rondnia is covered by Area Antropizada.
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Work package 4: Analyzing data III - Summarizing and analyzing Steps 21 - 28
23) Summarize by
vegetation type
In your summary table, right-click shape_area > Statistics. You will see a histogram
of data that summarize all of the Area Antropizada.
Generating vegetation cover statistics.
Label the capital layer on the field Nomemun.
23.1) What is the difference between the Statistics and Summarize
functions?
23.2) What percentage of Rondnia (the Sum listed in the Selection
Statistics of Sum_Output dialog box) is covered by Area Antropizada?
24) Identify
capital 24.1) What is the capital of Rondnia, what river is it on, and what is thevegetation type in the area of the city?
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Work package 4: Analyzing data III - Summarizing and analyzing Steps 21 - 28
25) Assess
municipalities
Turn on the 0.shp municipalities again and label.
The Nome field that you examined earlier in 0.shp corresponds to the
municipalities, but it is more like a city-state, with a city and its surrounding area.
Under the soils folder, add the layer solos (soils). You may need to turn it on or
make vegetation semi-transparent (under the Effects toolbar or Display tab in
Layer Properties) to answer the following question.
25.1) Which three municipalities around the capital would you say are
under the most pressure of land development, and why?
25.2) Describe the directions that the rivers flow in Rondnia (hidro).
25.3) What rivers would you say would likely be most affected by
increased sedimentation from development in this region?
26) Assess soil
types
26.1) What soil type(s) (TIPO and DESC_) underlie most of the area under
intense development in Rondnia?
26.2) Name at least two problems associated with developing land that
is underlain by tropical soils for urban land use.
26.3) Name at least two problems associated with developing land that
is underlain by tropical soils for agriculture.
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Work package 4: Analyzing data III - Summarizing and analyzing Steps 21 - 28
27) Assess soil
fertility
Under the potential agriculture folder, add the potencial map layer (potential for
soils to support agricultural development). Map the potencial layer on the
attribute FERTILIDAD (soil fertility).
27.1) What do you notice about the pattern of soil fertility (alta=high;
media=medium; baixa=low; muito baixa=very low) related to the
development in Rondnia?
27.2) Why do you think that soil fertility is related to land development?
27.3) Remembering the nome field that you examined earlier in 0.shp,
which three municipalities would you say have the lowest fertility and
yet have seen the most development?
27.4) How does the fertility of the soil encourage ongoing development
of the rainforest into farmland and ranch land?
27.5) Do you consider the fertility ratings to be short-term or long-term
ratings? Why?
28) Save Save your map document.
End of work package
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Work package 5: Analyzing satellite imagery Steps 29 - 38
29) Access
satellite imagery
Next, you decide that you need a satellite image to see the fishbone pattern of
roads branching off the main road into the rainforest.
An excellent source for satellite imagery is the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF).Access it at: http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml
Global Land Cover Facility website.
29.1) What is the GLCF, and who operates it?
http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtmlhttp://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml8/2/2019 Exercise 06 - Land use and sustainability in Brazil
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Work package 5: Analyzing satellite imagery Steps 29 - 38
30) Access Data
and Products
Select the Data and Products link. On the next screen, select Landsat(under
Satellite Imagery).
30.1) What is Landsat data? Who is responsible for operating Landsat
and providing data from it?
30.2) What spectral bands does ETM+imagery occupy, and what is its
spatial resolution?
31) Select Landsat
data
Select the ESDI link (on the right hand side).
Note: If this tool is not running when you need it, select the Download via FTP
Server under Data Access instead and complete the following:
Select directory WRS2.
Select directory P231.
Select directory r068.
You should be at the following URL:ftp://ftp.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/glcf/Landsat/WRS2/p231/r068/
Select directory p231r068_7x20010811.ETM-EarthSat-Orthorectified.
Select file p231r068_7t20010811_z20_nn70.tif.gz.
Save and unzip this file (28 MB zipped [gz format]).
ftp://ftp.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/glcf/Landsat/WRS2/p231/r068/ftp://ftp.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/glcf/Landsat/WRS2/p231/r068/8/2/2019 Exercise 06 - Land use and sustainability in Brazil
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Work package 5: Analyzing satellite imagery Steps 29 - 38
31) Select Landsat
data (contd.)
On the next screen, select: Map Search. On the left panel, select Landsat Imagery
ETM+. This is the Enhanced Thematic Mapper imagery. Zoom in to southern
Rondnia (or type in Rondonia in the Place tab).
32) Identify image
path and row
Search for path and row WRS-2, Path 231, Row 068as follows. The path refers to
the Northeast-Southwest tracks that the Landsat takes in its orbit, and the rows
refer to the segments along the orbit:
Identifying the correct Landsat imagery.
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Work package 5: Analyzing satellite imagery Steps 29 - 38
Select Preview and Download.
You will see a list of images; select ID 035088. Landsat sensors are sensitive to
seven bands in the electromagnetic spectrum, from blue to mid-infrared. For thisexercise, you will download only a file in one band, although for a more rigorous
study, you would probably need to download all bands for multispectral analysis.
32) Identify image
path and row
(contd.)
Land cover facility portal.
33) Accesstechnical guide
Select Info to access the page http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landsat/ and from
there select Technical Guide (from list of options on right hand side).
Link to GLCFtechnical guide.
http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landsat/http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landsat/8/2/2019 Exercise 06 - Land use and sustainability in Brazil
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Work package 5: Analyzing satellite imagery Steps 29 - 38
You should be looking at the following document at:
http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/library/guide/techguide_landsat.pdf
Notice that the document states that Bands 4, 5, or 7 from ETM+ (EnhancedThematic Mapper) are used to demonstrate vegetation conditions.
33) Access
technical guide
(contd.)
35) Access
metadata
Go back to your list of images and select download (make sure you still have file
035088 selected). You will next see a list of files; select the metadata file (last one
in the list), named with a .met extension.
You will see from this list that the file you need that corresponds to Band 7 in the
electromagnetic spectrum has the following name:
BAND7_FILE_NAME = "p231r068_7t20010811_z20_nn70.tif
36) Download
data
Exit your metadata file and download (save target as) and unzip the above nn70.tif
file.
34) Access images
34.1) What band will you need for a Mid-Infrared 2.080 2.25
micrometer image?
Choose the band.
http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/library/guide/techguide_landsat.pdfhttp://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/library/guide/techguide_landsat.pdf8/2/2019 Exercise 06 - Land use and sustainability in Brazil
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Work package 5: Analyzing satellite imagery Steps 29 - 38
Add your Landsat image to your ArcMap session. Choose Yes to create pyramids to
make your zoom and pan draw speeds faster.
37) Add imagery
to ArcMap
Try symbolizing the data using a classified method and experiment with other
symbolization and classification methods.
38) Save Save your map document.
37.1) Using the Landsat image as your background image, make at least
two observations about the pattern of development in this section of
Rondnia.
Landsat image imported into ArcMap with roads and
hydro vector data
End of work package
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Work package 6: Synthesizing results Steps 39 - 40
Create a layout and paste it into this exercise document that includes your satellite
image base, your vegetation, roads, and hydro data.
39) Communicate
your results
Analyze the results of your investigation.
39.1) What other information do you think you will need to
communicate the extent of the issues you have been examining in
Rondnia?
40) Analyze
results 40.1) What have you learned about development in Rondnia, Brazil, duringhistoric times up to the present day?
40.2) What area do you think will be targeted next for development? Why?
40.3) If you were going to study this region in a more rigorous way, what
additional dataspatial or otherwisemight you need for this study?
40.4) Summarize in a few sentences what you have learned about using the
GLCF as an image portal. What were its strengths and weaknesses portal?
40.5) Summarize in a few sentences what you have learned about using theIBGE. What were its strengths and weaknesses?
40.6) Is your use of IBGE or your use of GIS hampered if Portuguese is not
your native language?
40.7) Do you think it is important for spatial data portals to be offered in
more than one language? Who should fund
such a translation effort?End of work package
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1) What is a spatial data infrastructure?
2) Which component of a spatial data infrastructure is most important, and why?
3) Name three difficulties in setting up an international spatial data infrastructure.
Which one do you think is the most challenging to its success, and why?
4) Name two advantages that the INSPIRE initiative will offer the spatial data
community of users.
5) Name two concerns that have been voiced about the INSPIRE initiative and whythey are of concern.
6) What is the difference between an international spatial data infrastructure and
an international data portal?
7) Name three international data portals and indicate the advantages of each in
terms of data themes, formats, and download options.
8) Compare and contrast the Helsinki Commissions Baltic Marine Environment
Protection Commission (HELCOM) and the Arctic Spatial Data Infrastructure (ASDI).
9) Which datasets did you examine from the Brazilian mapping, environment, and
statistics agency in your study of Rondnia?
10)Name the types of satellite imagery hosted on the Global Land Cover Facility.Whi h did ?
Chapter 6 quiz