Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear ...anrdw-3.knu.ac.kr/resources/PDF/22-VI.1_AASPP_kskim_2012.pdf · Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear reactions

Excitation functions of the proton-induced

nuclear reactions on natural Fe up to 40 MeV

Kwangsoo Kim1‡, M.U. Khandaker1, Kyung-Sook Kim1, Manwoo Lee1,

Guinyun Kim1*

1Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyok-dong,

Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea

The 3st Asian Nuclear Reaction Database Development Workshop

(AASPP Workshop), Pohang, Korea, August 27-29, 2012

1. Introduction

2. Experimental procedure

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusions

Contents:

Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear……………by K. S. KIM


Aug 27-29, 2012, AASPP Workshop, Pohang, Korea.

1. Introduction

Production cross-sections of 51Cr, 55,56,57Co, and 52,54Mn

radionuclides from proton-induced reactions on natural iron were measured by

using the stacked-foil activation technique up to 40 MeV at the MC50

cyclotron of the KIRAMS(Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical

Sciences). The results are compared with the available literature values as well

as the theoretical data calculated by the TALYS code. The thick target integral

yields were also deduced using the measured cross-sections of the produced

radionuclides. In the investigated energy region, the present results are in

generally good agreement with the earlier reported data and with the calculated

data.

2. Experimental procedures

Proton Beam

Al Fe Cu

42.1 MeV

Each foil 0.1, 0.05mm thick

Fe Al Cu

The stacks were designed to meet the following requirements:

to measure “independent & cumulative cross-sections” of Fe as a function of incident beam

energy.

to provide overlapping energy regions by arranging several stacks to complement each other.

to determine the proton flux inside the stack via monitor reactions using Copper and

Alumunum foils.

to avoid any recoil contamination or recoil loss of produced nuclides by covering each

measured foil with thin catcher-foils.

The Stacked-foil Activation Technique



MC 50 Cyclotron

Proton Beam Energy maximum This work

50 MeV 45 MeV

Current 60μA 100nA



Collimator & Sample Holder Targets & Monitor samples

Sample Holder and Samples

Beam extraction Point



The gamma-ray spectrometry

AMP.

HV(-3.5kV)

HPGe Irradiated sample

Pb bricks

MCA



Gamma-ray spectrometry and Standard Sources

Nuclide Half-life Energy Activity

109Cd 462.6d 88.0336 keV 123.7 kBq

57Co 271.79d 122.06065 / 136.47350 keV 53.2 kBq

137Cs 30.07y 661.657 keV 370.2 kBq

54Mn 312.1 d 834.841 keV 6.9 kBq

60Co 5.27 y 1173.228 / 1332.490 keV 266.3 kBq

22Na 2.6019 y 1274.537 keV 219.1 kBq



Calculation of proton beam energy degradation

• SRIM(The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) : Monte Carlo Transport

Calculation

• Calculate the stopping and range of ions

http://www.srim.org



0

t

CPS

A e I

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400010

0

101

102

103

104

105

511keV

60Co

1173.23keV/1332.51keV

22Na

1274.54keV

54Mn

834.81keV

137Cs

661.62keV57Co

122.07keV/136.43keV

Co

un

ts/C

h.

Channel Number(ch.)

109Cd

88.04keV

40-K

1460.7

5keV

Determination of efficiencies of HPGe detector

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.01

0.1

1

10

Det

ecto

r ef

fici

ency

Photon energy (KeV)

Fitting: 5 cm

Efficiency: 5 cm

Fitting: 10 cm

Efficiency: 10 cm

Fitting: 20 cm

Efficiency: 20 cm



Determination of efficiencies of HPGe detector



0

t

CPS

A e I

Efficiency Calibration Fit

Knee Energy = 196.67 keV

Above the Knee: Quadratic Uncertainty = 1.6103 %

LOG(Eff) = 3.9510 -1.696426*LOG(Eng) +0.0714642*(LOG(Eng))**2

Below the Knee: Quadratic Uncertainty = 0.0000 %

LOG(Eff) = -24.4158 +9.026110*LOG(Eng) -0.941801*(LOG(Eng))**2

Determination of beam flux

T1/2=2.602 y

)()( icm λtλtλt eee 11 t d

NγI ε

λC

http://www-nds.iaea.org/medical/monitor_reactions.html

Nuclide Half-life Eγ(keV) Iγ(%) Reaction Q-value(MeV) Threshold(MeV)

22Na 2.6019 y 1274.53 99.944 27Al(a,2an) -22.510 25.849 24Na 14.659 h 1368.598 100 27Al(a,an2p) -31.427 36.089

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 400010

1

102

103

104

105

600 700 800 900 1000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

232-

Th

964k

eV

226-

Ra

1120

keV

232-

Th

232-

Th

232-

Th

232-

Th

226-

Ra

232-

Th

232-

Th

226-

Ra

226-

Ra

232-

Th

226-

Ra

226-

Ra

226-

Ra

40-K

860k

eV

1460

.75k

eV

1377

keV

1345

keV

1332

keV

1238

keV

1173

keV

1115

.5k

eV

968k

eV

911k

eV

794k

eV76

8keV

727k

eV

609k

eV596.

7keV

582k

eV548.

35k

eV511k

eV

Cou

nts

/CH

.

Channel Number (CH.)

Cu spectrum

246k

eV

238k

eV

243k

eV

260k

eV

294k

eV

351

keV

393k

eV



Decay data for the produced radionuclides

Nucl-ide Half-life Decay

mode

(%)

Eγ

(keV)

Iγ

(%)

Contributing

reactions

Q-value

(MeV)

Threshold

(MeV)

51Cr 27.7010 d(11) EC (100) 320.0824 (4) 9.9910(10) 56Fe(p, 6Li) 54Fe(p, 2p)

-15.954

-27.452

16.241

27.965

55Co 17.53 h(3) EC (100) 477.2 (2)

931.1 (3)

1316.6 (3)

1408.5 (3)

20.2 (17)

75

7.1 (3)

16.9 (8)

54Fe(p, ) 56Fe(p, 2n) 57Fe(p, 3n) 58Fe(p, 4n)

5.06

-15.43

-23.08

-33.12

0.0

15.71

23.49

33.7

56Co 77.226 d(26) EC (100) 846.770 (2)

1037.843 (3)

1238.288 (3)

99.9399

14.05 (4)

66.46 (12)

56Fe(p, n) 57Fe(p, 2n) 58Fe(p, 3n)

-5.35

-12.99

-23.04

5.44

13.22

23.44

57Co 271.74 d(6) EC (100) 14.4129 (6)

122.06065(12)

136.47356(29)

9.16 (15)

85.60 (17)

10.68 (8)

56Fe(p, ) 6.0 0

52Mn 5.591 d(3) EC (100) 744.233 (13)

935.544 (12)

1434.092 (17)

90.0 (8)

94.5 (9)

100.0 (6)

54Fe(p, p) 56Fe(p, n) 57Fe(p, 2n) 58Fe(p, 3n)

-18.682

-13.11

-20.75

-30.80

19.031

13.34

21.12

31.33

54Mn 312.05 d(4) IT+EC

(100)

834.848 (3) 99.9760(10) 57Fe(p, ) -1.1 1.1

www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/

natFe : 54Fe(5.845%), 56Fe(91.754%), 57Fe(2.119%), 58Fe(0.282%)



http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/

Identifications of gamma-ray peak

122.0

6 k

eV

136.4

7 k

eV

834.8

6 k

eV

846.7

7 k

eV

1037.8

4 k

eV

1238.2

8 k

eV

irradiation time : 1h

cooling time : 10 Mon

Proton beam energy : 18.8 MeV

natFe(p, x)57Co

natFe(p, x)58Co

natFe(p, x)54Mn



Identifications of gamma-ray peak

834.8

6 k

eV

477.2

keV

irradiation time : 1h

cooling time : 2 day

Proton beam energy : 38.5 MeV

natFe(p, x)54Mn



R = Reaction rate

λ = decay constant, s-1

C = total counts of gamma-ray peak area

N = number of target atoms, atom

= peak efficiency

I = branching ratio of gamma-ray

tc, tm, tirr = cooling time, measuring time, irradiation time (s)

Q = proton beam current, coulomb.

)()( icm λtλtλt eee 11NQγεI

λCR

Reaction Rate Cross-Sections

= cross section, cm-2

Nd = atomic density, atom/cm3

l = foil thickness, cm

= beam intensity, p/cm2/sec

lN

RQNσ

d

)()( icm λtλtλt eee 11 t d

NγI ε

λC

Formula of Cross sections calculations



Deduction of Integral Yield

λdE.

dxdE

σ(E)..NIY

E

0E

dp

Ip = Proton flux (p/cm2-sec)

Nd = Number density (atoms/cm3)

σ(E) = Cross-sections (cm2)

(dE/dx)E = Stopping power (MeV/cm)

dE = Ein-Eout: energy difference

λ = Decay constant



3. Results and discussion

Excitation functions of the measured radionuclides

http://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/exfor.htm

20 30 40 50

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(mb

)

Proton Energy(MeV)

This work

M.Al-Abyad(2009)

I.F.Barchuk(1987)

I.R.Williams(1967)

R.Michel(1979)

R.Michel(1997)

TALYS

natFe(p,x)

51Cr

20 30 40 50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(mb

)

Proton Energy(MeV)

This work

I.R.Williams(1967)

M.C.Lagunas-Solar(1979)

TALYSnat

Fe(p,x)52

Mn

10 20 30 40 50 60

0

50

100

150

200

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(mb

)

Proton Energy(MeV)

This work

E.Daum(1997)

I.F.Barchuk(1987)

I.R.Williams(1967)

M.Al-Abyad(2009)

R.L.Brodzinski(1971)

R.Michel(1979)

R.Michel(1997)

TALYS

natFe(p,x)

54Mn



Excitation functions of the measured radionuclides

10 20 30 40 50

0

20

40

60

80

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(mb

)

Proton Energy(MeV)

This work

E.Daum(1997)

I.R.Williams(1967)

J.N.Barrandon(1975)

M.Al-Abyad(2009)



ZhaoWenrong(1993)

R.Michel(1979)

R.Michel(1997)

TALYS

natFe(p,x)

55Co

0 10 20 30 40

0

100

200

300

400

500

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(mb

)

Proton Energy(MeV)

This work

E.Daum(1997)

I.F.Barchuk(1987)

I.R.Williams(1967)

J.N.Barrandon(1975)

M.Al-Abyad(2009)


N.C.Schoen(1979)

P.Jung(1991)


S.Sudar(1994)

ZhaoWenrong(1993)

S.Takacs(1994)

R.Michel(1979)

R.Michel(1980)

R.Michel(1997)

TALYS

natFe(p,x)

56Co

0 10 20 30 40

0

5

10

15

20

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(mb

)

Proton Energy(MeV)

This work

E.Daum(1997)

E.Daum(1997)

M.Al-Abyad(2009)

N.C.Schoen(1979)

S.Sudar(1994)

ZhaoWenrong(1993)

R.Michel(1979)

R.Michel(1980)

R.Michel(1997)

TALYS

natFe(p,x)

57Co



Deduction of Integral Yield

10 20 30 40

10

20

30

40

50

Inte

gral

Yie

ld (

MB

q/u

A-h

)

Proton Energy (MeV)

51Cr

54Mn

55Co

57Co

10 20 30 40

200

400

600

800

1000

Inte

gra

l Y

ield

(M

Bq

/uA

-h)

Proton Energy (MeV)

52Mn

56Co

natFe(p, x) natFe(p, x)



We measured the production cross-sections of 52,54Mn, 55,56,57Co, and 51Cr

radionuclides from 3-40 MeV proton-induced reactions on natural iron at the

MC50 cyclotron of the KIRAMS(Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical

Sciences).

The results are compared with the available literature values as well as the

theoretical data calculated by the TALYS codes.

The thick target integral yields were also deduced using the measured cross-

sections of the produced radionuclides.

4. Conclusions



Thank you

Documents

Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear ...anrdw-3.knu.ac.kr/resources/PDF/22-VI.1_AASPP_kskim_2012.pdf · Excitation functions of the proton-induced nuclear reactions