Excerpt from "Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America" by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. Copyright 2013 by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. Reprinted here by permission of Independent Institute

7/28/2019 Excerpt from "Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America" by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. Copyright 2013 by

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T H E I N D E P E N D E N T I N S T I T U T E

ALVARO VARGAS LLOSA

IMMIGRATION,

CIVILIZATION,

AND AMERICA


2/53

Praise for Global Crossings

T

. Global Crossings , , - -.

Dniel L. McFdden, N L E S;

E. M Cx P E, U C, B

Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America . T - . A - . Global Crossings .

Lind L. Chvez, , U.S. C C R

Global Crossings -. A , A , V L .

Stephen Moore, S E, U.S. C J

E C; F P, C G; ,

Whos the Fairest o Tem All?Te ruth about Opportunity, axes, andWealth in America

W ? W ? A V L q Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America. H U.S. T , z.


3/53

V L z .

Vicente Fox, P, R Mx

U , , x, A VL , . Global Crossings , , .

Richrd K. Vedder, D P E,

O U

V L , Global Crossings . I -, , H A. T , - , . H - , Quo vadis? W A?F , A z , . V L A , , , , , . L Global Crossings. I G D.

Deirdre N. McCloskey, D P E, H,

E, U I C

A , A V L - Global Cross-ings - U S . I A V L , x , x

.Mrio H. Lopez, P, H L F


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HE INDEPENDEN INSIUE -, -,

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SENIOR FELLOWS

B L. BI ER HR H. NC V. PB P

W F. S IIR . SA V LR K. V

aCaDEMIC aDVISORS

Lz Bzwarsaw school of economics

H Bzuniversity of maryland

E. Bclaremont graduate school

B Buniversity of ghent, belgium

A C. Choward center

R D. Cuniversity of california,berkeley

R W. Cbrookings institution

R A. Enew york university

B. D Gbrigham young university

G Gdiscovery institute

N Gzharvard university

S H. Hjohns hopkins university

J J. Huniversity of chicago

H. R H

sonic automotiveD N. MCuniversity of illinois, chicago

J. H MCohio state university

F MDuniversity of alabama

G Mhoover institution

C Mamerican enterpriseinstitute

M J. N, J.american enterpriseinstitute

J E. ONbaruch college

C E. P

university of rochesterP C Rinstitute for politicaleconomy

N Rstanford university

P H. Remory university

B M. Ryale university

P Suniversity of paris, france

V L. Sgeorge mason university

P . Suniversity of california,berkeley

J H. Sstate university of new york,old westbury

R L. Snorth carolina stateuniversity

R D. clemson university

A S. american university

G george mason university

R E. Wgeorge mason university

W E. Wgeorge mason university

C W, J.rand corporation

100 S W, O, C 94621-1428, U.S.A.Telephone: 510-632-1366 Facsimile: 510-568-6040 Email: [email protected] www.independent.org


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O, C


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Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America

C 2013 T I I

A R R. N - , , , , , x q . N I C.

T I I 100 S W, O, CA 94621-1428Telephone: 510-632-1366 Fax: 510-568-6040 Email: [email protected]

W: ..

Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available

ISBN: 978-1-59813-133-8

C D: K CC P: P R/E+/G II D C L ML D


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vii

Contents

A xP: F A Az x

parti The Immigrant Experience

1 T 3

2 N J H, N J N 19

3 W T M 29

4 T R 47

5 U B 69

6 T L F 80

partii Immigrants and Culture

7 I V N V 93

8 I, G, S 106

9 T M F 1 14

10 C C 127


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viii | Contents

partiii Immigrants and the Economy

11 I E S 155

12 W I D J, W, E 173

13 D I C M T C? 199

partivOpen Minds

14 I I L-W R-W C? 22315 S A 233

16 W T N P? 248

17 C N? 269

18 A P Cz 283

19 O M 295

Ax 307

Ix 337

A A 355


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ix

Acknowledgments

i w ish to thank G G I I . G .

I II, I . I x D M Tx

.S

. Ax , - , , , . R M. C U

S . F, W R - x .

N , - .


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12/53

xi

Prologue

From Altar To Arizona

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13/53

xii | Prologue

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14/53

Prologue | xiii

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Prologue | xv

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17/53

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Prologue | xvii

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Prologue | xix

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22/53

Prologue | xxi

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xxii | Prologue

act in the context o a discussion in which critics o immigration point to grave

dierences between current immigration and the type o immigration behind

the rise o the United States.

Te second theme, comprising Chapters 710, looks at immigrants rom

the point o view o culture. Tese chapters assess to what degree oreigners

are dierent, whether natives can adapt to them, how immigrants assimilate

into the new society, and whether there are good and bad aliens; these

chapters dissect the cultural arguments used against immigration. In assess-

ing whether critics are justied in pointing to a major cultural shit, I discuss

whether current immigrants dier widely rom those o yesteryear. In doing

so, I look at aspects as wide-ranging as religion, education, the entrepreneurialdrive and attitudes to the social environment. Te malleability o culture is a

major theme in these chapters. Extreme examples, such as the kind o Islamic

radicalism that has taken root in small but signicant parts o European socie-

ties, are also explored.

I do not seek to minimize the cultural argument regarding immigration. It

is true that some immigrant groups do bring with them cultural traits germane

to societies that have not thrived on the same kind o attitudes toward workorthe same relationships between eort and reward; between risk and achieve-

mentthat are prevalent in prosperous countries. However, several actors

point to assimilation patterns that replicate those o the past.

Coming rom a country with a long history o underachievement, partially

owing to cultural as well as institutional traits, I am aware o the importance

o culture in bringing about liberal democracy, the rule o law, and prosperity.

I have also admired and written in these chapters about the cultural condi-tions that have ueled Asias rise in recent decades, while other parts o the world

were still unable to shed their old habits. But as I see my country o

originas well as many other countries in the Western Hemispheregradu-

ally break ree o their old shackles in this new phase o globalization, I am

reminded o how adaptable and ever-changing culture can be. Many immigra-

tion critics in the United States understandably worry, in the light o Mexicos

socioeconomic and political underachievement during the twentieth century,

that the continuous infux o Mexicans might reinorce domestic trends in

this country that already point to a deviation rom the good old values that


24/53

Prologue | xxiii

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xxiv | Prologue

2. A Mx F M J G. C, 15,000 A 2009. A Mx- W C P S 2009, ://.

-.//27/E3. Z , Univision Noticias,A 26, 2010, ://../x///2010-08-26/z--

4. T , I E C N DH S C S C M, .://...x/INFORMES/E/ESM.


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parti

The Immigrant Experience


27/53


28/53

3

The Takeover

1

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29/53

4 | The Immigrant Experience

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30/53

The Takeover | 5

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31/53


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The Takeover | 7

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33/53


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34/53

The Takeover | 9

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The Takeover | 11

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Tble 1.1. H L O P : 2000 2010(F , , , ..//2010///.)

2000

2010

Chnge,2000 to 20101

Origin nd type

Number

Percentof Totl

Number

Percentof Totl

Number

Percent

Hispnic or Ltino Origin

Totl 281,421,906 100.0 308,745,538 100.0 27,323,632 9.7

H L 35,305,818 12.5 50,477,594 16.3 15,171,776 43.0

N H L 246,116,088 87.5 258,267,944 83.7 12,151,856 4.9Hispnic or Ltino by type

Totl 35,305,818 100.0 50,477,594 100.0 15,171,776 43.0

Mx 20,640,711 58.5 31,798,258 63.0 11,157,547 54.1

P R 3,406,178 9.6 4,623,716 9.2 1,217,538 35.7

C 1,241,685 3.5 1,785,547 3.5 543,862 43.8

O H

L 10,017,244

28.4 12,270,073

24.3 2,252,829

22.5D(D R)

764,945

2.2 1,414,703

2.8 649,758

84.9

C A(x Mx)

1,686,937

4.8 3,998,280

7.9 2,311,343

137.0

C R 68,588 0.2 126,418 0.3 57,830 84.3G 372,487 1.1 1,044,209 2.1 671,722 180.3H 217,569 0.6 633,401 1.3 415,832 191.1

N 177,684 0.5 348,202 0.7 170,518 96.0P 91,723 0.3 165,456 0.3 73,733 80.4S 655,165 1.9 1,648,968 3.3 993,803 151.7O CA2

103,721 0.3 31,626 0.1 72,095 9.5

S A 1,353,562 3.8 2,769,434 5.5 1,415,872 104.6A 100,864 0.3 224,952 0.4 124,088 123.0B 42,068 0.1 99,210 0.2 57,142 135.8C 68,849 0.2 126,810 0.3 57,961 84.2C 470,684 1.3 908,734 1.8 438,050 93.1E 260,559 0.7 564,631 1.1 304,072 116.7P 8,769 20,023 11,254 128.3


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The Takeover | 13

J Eq R, U , L A U.S. . T - U S W H C. T U S 1940, La ViolenciaC, .34 , S A -C, E, P, Bz .

H, x

H , - A. R, - U.S. .

2000

2010

Chnge,2000 to 20101

Origin nd type

Number

Percent

of Totl

Number

Percent

of Totl

Number

Percent

P 233,926 0.7 531,358 1.1 297,432 127.1U 18,804 0.1 56,884 0.1 38,080 202.5Vz 91,507 0.3 215,023 0.4 123,516 135.0O SA3

57,532 0.2 21,809 35,723 62.1

S 100,135 0.3 635,253 1.3 535,118 534.4

A H

L4 6,111,665 17.3 3,452,403 6.8 2,659,262 43.5

P 0.0.1T H C 2000 2010 C . D 2000, , , 2010 C . S H q C2000 2010 C. A, H 2010 . T H .

2T C A I , C Z,

C A.3T S A I S A.4T H L .

Sources: U.S. C B, Census 2000 Summary File 1 2010 Census Summary File 1.


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Tble 1.2. P W H N P H L: 2010

(F , ,

, ..//20I0//.)

Plce

Totl popultion

Hispnic or Ltino popultion

Rnk Number

Number

N Y, NY

L A, CA

H, X

S A, XC, IL

Px, AZ

E P, X

D, X

S D, CA

S J, CA

8,175,133

3,792,621

2,099,451

1,327,4072,695,598

1,445,632

649,121

1,197,816

1,307,402

945,942

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

2,336,076

1,838,822

919,668

838,952778,862

589,877

523,721

507,309

376,020

313,636

Plce1

Totl popultion

Rnk

Percent of totlpopultion

Percent

E L A, CA2

L, X

H, FL

B, X

MA, XE P, X

S A, CA

S, CA

Ox, CA

D, CA

126,496

236,091

224,669

175,023

129,877649,121

324,528

150,441

197,899

111,772

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

9

10

97.1

95.6

94.7

93.2

84.680.7

78.2

75.0

73.5

70.71P 100,000 . T 2010 C 282 U S

100,000 . T 273 ( 5

) 9 .2E L A, CA, .

Source: U.S. C B, 2010 Census Summary File 1.


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The Takeover | 15

Notes

1. O S P.H Who Are We?H q A-P A . . . . I , , L A A. . . .S P. H, Who Are We?(N Y: S & S, 2004), x.

2. R W, F I A, Te New Ameri-cans: A Guide to Immigration Since 1965, . M C. W R U (C-, M.: H U P, 2007), 143.

3. I , N, A, S, M S . B1629 1641, 21,000 E A P M; 1642 1675, 45,000 E V; 23,000 M Q D- 1675 1725, , 1717 1775, 250,000 B E S, U P, - A. S P B,Alien Nation: Common Sense About

Central American immigration

Mexican immigration

Central American population

Mexican population

Decade

2000s1990s1980s1970s1960s1950s1940s1930s1920s1910s1900s0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

10,000,000

Legalimmig

rationandimmigrantpopulation

Source: D H S (DHS) Yearbook o Immigration Statistics, (W, D.C.: DHS), U.S. C B, U.S. C, .

Figure 1.1. L P I F P Mx C A I U S, 19002000


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Americas Immigration Disaster(N Y: R H, 1995), 38. A z U S D H F,Albions Seed: Four British Folkways in America(N

Y: Ox U P, 1989).4. P Q. Y, Post-1965 Immigrants to the United States: Structural Determinants(W, C., P P, 1995), 10.

5. D , A 18511854, 18661873, 18811883, 19051924, . SR U, I I G H P, W U, TeNew Americans, 15.

6. J H, Strangers in the Land: Patterns o American Nativism 18601925(N B, N.J.: R U P, 1955), 16.

7. P Q. Y, Post-1965 Immigrants to the United States: Structural Determinants(W, C.: P P, 1995), 10.8. H, Strangers in the Land, 15.9. P B,Alien Nation: Common Sense About Americas Immigration Disas-

ter (N Y: R H, 1995), x.10. A M M, I M E U S,Perspec-

tives in American History1 (1984): 389392.11. S S L. B, T I D Oz L

A, Bz, U S,Journal o Social History(W 1969): 70, 129.

12. T S,Migrations and Cultures(N Y: B B, 1996), 282.13. T J A T C, S J P S -, Bz 1654. S M R, Te Promised City: New Yorks Jews,18701914 (C, M., H U P, 1967), 33.

14. T F J. H S. J C. I 1782, Let-ters From an American Farmer, q , . T

I. S ://x../~//03. [ 55] A - , F J Frontier Tesis, 1893, A-z, , x M W. T x -B- J I Z Te Melting Pot, W 1908. T Z x A . I A

G , E -. S N L. G, Repenser Les Migrations(P: P U F, 2002), 55. A G A G, Americans No More(N Y: T

A P, 1996), 101.


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The Takeover | 17

15. F , S L U S - . T E

Lz, A P S J - - , : G , , /Y ,/T , /S , - ,/ I . T I. ://../---.

16. J B C, A W O, Center For AnUrban Future, F, 2007, ://..

17. T O I S P D

www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics

/.../ois_ill_pe_2011.pd. Sx- Mx, 11 A, 11 C A, 7 S A, 4 C, 2 M E.

18. S R. E, M R-V, N G. A, Te Hispanic Popula-tion 2010, U.S. C B, M 2011, ://..//2010//2010-04.

19. N H U S - 45 , -q - , . P

H C,Modes o Entry or the Unauthorized Migrant Population, M 2006.://.//.?FID=1920. A A q , I

x -A E .

21. I 1982, C I R E - 70 , U.S. . O A 9, 1990,imez . E U.S. C B

. S S. F,America Extinguished: Mass Immigration and the Disintegration o AmericanCulture(M, V.: A I C, 2002).

22. G P, A S I: W A E W,Te Milken Institute Review(T Q 2007).

23. H, Who Are We?, 46.24. U.S. C B, Te Hispanic Population: 2010Census Bries, M 2011,

://..//2010//2010-04.I 1976, C U S -

: A S . T A S- Mx, PR, C, C A S A, S- .


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25. T ://../E/26. J C, Ex Mex: From Migrants to Immigrants(N Y: T N

P, 2007), 23.

27. C, Ex Mex, 24.28. S, , H P R C, Te State othe New Media: An Annual Report on American Journalism, 2009,P Ex J, W, D.C., 2009, ://../2009/x.

29. E, R-V, A, Te Hispanic Population 2010, ://..//2010//2010-04.

30. C, Ex Mex, 6.31. T NALHIS Mx M-

P O P R P U R D S M U G O. ://../2009/x.

32. B 1980 1990, E S- 472,393, G N 227,998 171,004, . T H . T , , . S N Sz C- N H, C A, X- Y, C: PR C, Te New American, . W U, 328332, 413.

33. O D. A 1 , 70 -. S P L, D R, TeNew Americans, . W U, 402. A C C 1.3 . L C A,

A. S, 37 P R, C- , . S L Pz, C, Te New Americans, . W U, 386.

34. A 45 , 30 M. W C F, N Y, N J, P q C. S L E Gz M E, C, Te New

American, . W U, 375376.


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19

Not Just Here, Not Just Now

2

modern-day immigrationis qA , , , - . A , - q A . A . B , , 30

.1

B 1960 -1990, 20 W E.2 I q , E A Mx.T A C A E; F P, C, E, I, A

F V, I F-I ; I z N A L, I PI M 180 L; B C-.3 T x C, F B, , .4

T E - q ,


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U S. A -, 10 F S (.., E U [EU]), 9 A

B , 6 S , 4 B .5 E x , S, x . A, S, F M, M . V, , L A

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z M MO S A, Az . A , -,

M.M , , , x B A, A. I , ; . B . S , x S. T , I I , . . . . . . I . I x S. E . . . .


46/53

Not Just Here, Not Just Now | 21

A M . T .I ; I , I ? I . M

I 2003, . M . I 2007, , . I , . I S . I S S . I C I, I .

S , I C, R- C I, W A. S - F , , -- . S 2002 2004, x. N

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S A, O, . M , , . H . H , , I

. M ; . M . T . T x , , I z I , I . I I . T , .

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. H M. T I , , I . I . A

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S, , . A I D, S W .

E, , U S .T . I W H, C, , P M P 1970. B , 17 C .I , , .8 F

, 40 S P, Bz, . T B, P, B,, x, C. T R B G-M C Mq .9

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; S A .T E x G , Y, S, S, L.11

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Figure

2.1.

ModernWorldMigrationFlows

FromU

K

ToNo

rth

Amer

ica

FromS

outh

America

ToAustralasia

ToJapan

Fro

mA

sia

Source:h

ttp://pstalker.com/migration/m

g_map.htm


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197

5

:VietnamtoMalaysia,AustraliaandUSA

197

3

:UgandanAsianstoUK

195

01960:WestIndiestoUK

195

01960:NorthAfricatoFrance,SpainandItaly

195

0

:MexicoandCentralAme

ricatoUSA

194

7

:India,

PakistanandSriLa

nkatoUK

194

5

:TurkeytoGermany

194

0

:EuropeanJewstoUSA

193

01940:RussiatoSiberia

191

8

:BritaintoAustralia,

SouthAfricaandNewZealand

191

81919:EasternEuropetoUSAandCanada

Figure

2.2.

AHistoryofMajorWorldMigrationFlows

Source

:http://www.b

bc.co.uk/scotlan

d/education

/geog/population/migration_map.s

html


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250,0

00

1million

Circlesareproportional

to

thenumberofpeople.

Moreleaving

Morecomingin

Figure

2.3.

AverageAnnualNumberofMigrants,20022005

Source:T

eNewYorkimes


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, . A x , .

B , 150 - E, A, A M E . I , , , , - . T P 1889.13

T I

72 z ! C . B -1990, 33 C C, P.14 L x . O , 14 L L A,N A, A, A, A .15

M , , . I

. A , x , .

Notes

1. T L F, Te Economist, J 24, 2000, 63.2. H M Ez, Civil War(L: G B, 1994), 112.3. M R ND, Regard sur lImmigration Aricaine en Europe: Les Dictat-

ures Aricains, Causes et Efects de lImmigration (P: E , 1999), 72.

4. Mx , Le Grand Bazar ou l Europe Face lImmigration (P:H, 2001), 3536.

5. rends in International Migration: Continuous Reporting System on Immigration, 2000edition (P: OECD, 2001.) A B K, Te Changing Face o EuropePopu-lation Flows in the 20th Century,(S: C E P, 2002), 41.

6. F , El Pas( ), N 29, 2009.7. CEAR S Comisin Espaola de Ayuda al Reugiado (S-

C A R).8. rends in International Migration A G A G, Americans No

More(N Y: T A P, 1996), 315.9. I L: S E S F C,

Report or Congress, T L L C, A 2006, ://.


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.//H/I%20J%5CUS%20H%20%20R%5CI%20L%20S%20%20E%20S%20F%20C.

10. T A q . B, P, I , - , . S , I H, . T , I M P M. A, I F . S N O, Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, andLabor Migration in Asia, (S, C.: S U P, 2005), 7.

11. N M. S, A M P G, Arab Migration in aGlobalized World(G: I Oz M, L AS, 2004), 91.

12. S, A M P G, 100.13. I C I I P P

E I. S N L. G, Repenser Les Migrations(P:P U F, 2002), 82.

14. Te Republic o China: Overseas Chinese Afairs Statistics(: O C- A C, 1994), 8.

15. R K, A M P: T Mq, Arab Migration ina Globalized World(G: I Oz M, L AS, 2004), 27.

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Excerpt from "Global Crossings: Immigration, Civilization, and America" by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. Copyright 2013 by Alvaro Vargas Llosa. Reprinted here by permission of Independent Institute