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Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today’s Schools
Chapter 9
*Understanding Students with Intellectual Disabilities
*Defining Students with Intellectual Disability
*Used to be known as Mental Retardation, families and professionals now embrace the term Intellectual Disability
*A more positive implication , rather than a stigma attached to the term
Supports
*The services , resources, and personal assistance that enable a person to develop, learn, and live effectively
*These services can be intermittent or pervasive
Intensities of Support
* INTERMITTENT
*LIMITED
*EXTENSIVE
*PERVASIVE
* In the fall of 2006, approximately 0.08percent of all students age 6 to 21 in Special Education nationally were classified as having an Intellectual Disability
Two major characteristics of Intellectual Disability are: Limitations in
Intellectual Functioning
&
Limitations in Adaptive Behavior
*Limitations in Intellectual Functioning
*Intelligence refers to a student’s general mental capability for solving problems, paying attention to relevant information, thinking abstractly, remembering important information and skill, learning from everyday experiences, and generalizing knowledge from one setting to another
*Limitations in Intellectual Functioning
*Mild —IQ 50-55 to around 70
*Moderate—IQ 35-40 to 50-55
*Severe—IQ 20-25 to 30-40
*Profound—IQ below 20-25
*The AAIDD classification system has moved away from the IQ-levels approach and instead identifies the level of support a student needs
*Limitations in Intellectual Functioning
*1. Memory
*2. Generalization
*3. Motivation
*Limitations in Adaptive Behavior
*This term refers to the collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives
*Limitations in Adaptive Behavior
*By definition, people with Intellectual Disabilities have significant limitations in adaptive behavior
* Conceptual skills include language, reading, and writing, money concepts, and self-direction
* Social skills include responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, and rule-following
* Practical skills include activities of daily living, occupational skills, and maintenance of safe environments
*Determining the Causes
*Timing
*Prenatal
*Perinatal
*Postnatal
*Type
*Biomedical factors
*Social factors
*Behavioral factors
*Educational factors
*Evaluating Students with Intellectual Disabilities
*AAIDD proposes a comprehensive assessment that involves diagnosing intellectual disability, classifying and describing the student's strengths, weaknesses, and need for support.
*Designing an Appropriate IEP
*It is very important to form partnerships among students, parents, educators, and adult support providers in planning for the transition needs of students with disabilities
*Paraprofessionals can be a very valuable resource in helping students make progress in the general curriculum
*Assistive technologies such as audio and video resources help improve students’ literacy skills
*A functional curriculum is important for teaching skills for independent living
Using Effective Instructional Strategies
*Preschool and early-education students benefit from prelinguistic milieu teaching to prompt communication and language
*Elementary and secondary students develop their abilities to function effectively in school and post school environments by using the self-determined learning model
*Students in transitional programs benefit from community-based instruction
*Including Students with an Intellectual Disability
*For the most part, students are not included in general education programs, but when they are, students with an Intellectual Disability make significant progress in both academics and socialization
*Assessing Students’ Progress
*Data-based decision-making strategies document students’ progress in the general curriculum
*The ecological inventory process is useful in both planning community-based instruction and assessing students’ attainment of community-based instructional goals
*Students’ IEPs must describe the accommodations to which they are entitled such as dictating responses, having questions read to them, having more time, and having items clarified for them
*Thank you!