Final Exam Review Guide Fall 2014Unit 1: The Scientific MethodChapter 1 All Sections

VocabularyScienceObservationInferenceHypothesisControlled experiment

Independent variableDependent variableControl groupExperimental groupControlled variables

DataTheoryBias BiologyStimulus

Concepts1. Know the steps of the scientific method in order.2. List and describe the parts of a controlled experiment.3. List the 8 characteristics of living things.4. Identify examples of the characteristics of living things.5. Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.6. Explain why a hypothesis that has been proven false may still be useful.

Unit 2: BiochemistryChapter 2 Sections 2.3 and 2.4

VocabularyPolarityHydrogen bondCohesionAdhesionHeat capacityMixtureSolutionSolventSolute

SuspensionpH scaleAcidBaseBufferMacromoleculeMonomerPolymerPolymerization

CarbohydrateMonosaccharidePolysaccharideGlycogenStarchCelluloseLipidsFatty acid chainGlycerol

Saturated fatPolyunsaturated fatNucleic acidNucleotideProtein

Amino acidPeptide bondChemical reactionReactant Product

CatalystEnzymeSubstrateActive site

Concepts1. Explain why water is polar.2. Know the kind of bond water can make with other water molecules.3. Know the three properties of water, and explain how water’s charges are involved in each.4. Explain how a suspension is different from a solution.5. Know what the acid range, the basic range, and neutral are on the pH scale.6. Know that monomers are joined together to make polymers through the process of polymerization.7. List the elements, monomers and basic function of carbohydrates.8. Know which types of organisms use the three important carbohydrate polymers and give their function:

glycogen, starch, and cellulose.9. List the elements, monomers, and functions of lipids.10. Describe the difference between saturated and polyunsaturated fats.11. List the elements, monomers, and function of nucleic acids.12. List the elements, monomers, and functions of proteins.13. Know where the reactants and products occur in a chemical reaction.14. Explain why enzymes are catalysts.15. Describe how an enzyme’s active site interacts with its substrate.16. Explain why a lock-and-key is a good analogy for an enzyme and a substrate.17. Name the factors that can affect the activity of enzymes.

Unit 3: Cell Structure and FunctionChapter 7 Sections 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 (all)Chapter 8 Section 8.1 and Section 8.2 (bottom of p. 232 only)Chapter 9 Section 9.1 (pp. 250-251, 253)

VocabularyLight microscopeTransmission electron microscope (TEM)Scanning electron microscope (SEM)ProkaryoteEukaryoteCell membraneOrganellesNucleusCytoplasmNuclear envelopeNuclear poreChromatinNucleolusVacuoleVesicleLysosomeCytoskeletonCentriole

CiliaFlagellaRibosomeRough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)Golgi apparatusChloroplastMitochondriaCell wallLipid bilayerPhospholipidHydrophobicHydrophilicSelectively permeablePassive transportDiffusionFacilitated diffusionOsmosis

AquaporinIsotonicHypotonicHypertonicOsmotic pressureActive transportBulk transportEndocytosisExocytosisATP (adenosine triphosphate)AutotrophProducerHeterotroph ConsumerHerbivoreOmnivoreCarnivoreCellular respiration

Concepts1. Know which accomplishments Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke are known for, and the

approximate time they lived.2. Know how Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow contributed to the Cell Theory, and

the approximate time they lived.3. State all three parts of the Cell Theory.4. Describe the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope.5. Describe the difference between the two types of electron microscopes (TEM and SEM).6. List the four things all cells have in common.7. List the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.8. List the major differences between plant and animal cells.9. Know the name, location, and function of the following organelles: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus,

nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, vacuole, vesicle, lysosome, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilia, flagella, ribosome, RER, SER, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, mitochondria, and cell wall.

10. Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.11. Describe the fluid mosaic model.12. Give some reasons for why cells need to transport materials into and out of cells.13. List what kind of substances can and cannot cross easily through the lipid bilayer.14. Explain the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.15. List two ways that active transport is different from passive transport.16. Know why osmosis is a special type of diffusion.17. Understand how hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments affect water movement into and out of

cells, and what the consequences can be for cells (Shrivel? Fill with water?)18. Indicate why animal cells have a different reaction to osmotic pressure than plant cells.19. Explain the process of endocytosis, and its reverse, exocytosis.20. Know the structure and function of ATP.21. Explain how ATP is “rechargeable”.

22. For photosynthesis and cellular respiration, know the following:a. What overall function each reaction performsb. What kind of organisms perform each reactionc. The full balanced equations for each reaction

23. Know which products of photosynthesis cellular respiration uses as its reactants.24. Know which products of cellular respiration photosynthesis uses as its reactants.25. Explain how material and energy is cycled between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Unit 4: Cell DivisionChapter 10:

10.1 – pages 274, 276-27810.2 – pages 279-285 (all)10.3 – pages 286-290 (all)

Vocabulary:Cell divisionAsexual reproductionSexual reproductionChromosomesChromatin

ChromatidCentromereBinary fissionCell cycleInterphase

G1 phaseS phaseG2 phaseM phaseMitosis

CytokinesisProphaseMitotic spindleMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

Cell plateCyclinInternal regulatorExternal regulatorGrowth factorApoptosis

Cancer TumorMetastasisChemotherapyRadiation

Concepts:1. Explain the two main reasons why it is best that cells are small. (Hint: one reason has to do with DNA, and

the other reason has to do with exchange of materials.)2. Explain why a cell must replicate its DNA before dividing.3. List the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, as well as the advantages and disadvantages

of each.4. Know the difference in the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes.5. Describe the steps in binary fission, and know which type of organisms use this form of cell division.6. Name and describe the 2 basic phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle.7. Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome (include centromere and sister chromatid).8. Name and describe the three parts of interphase.9. Describe what happens in each of the four phases of mitosis. Know what each phase looks like, and be able

to list the phases in order.a. Five things in prophaseb. One thing in metaphasec. One thing in anaphased. Five things in telophase

10. Describe what cytokinesis is, and how it differs in plant and animal cells.11. Explain why the cell cycle must be regulated.12. Explain the role of cyclins and other regulatory proteins in regulating the cell cycle.13. Describe apoptosis, and why it is an important part of regulating the cell cycle.14. Explain the difference between a benign and malignant tumor, and how the latter can be spread.15. Describe what metastasis and cancer are.16. Describe the three ways to treat cancer.

Unit 5: GeneticsChapter 11 all sectionsChapter 14 section 14.1

Vocabulary:Genetics Fertilization Trait

HybridGeneAllelePrinciple of dominanceSegregationGameteProbabilityHomozygousHeterozygous

PhenotypeGenotypeIndependent assortmentIncomplete dominanceCodominanceMultiple allelesPolygenic traitPleiotropy (not in book)Environmental influences

Sex-linked gene/traitHomologous chromosomesDiploidHaploidMeiosisTetradCrossing-overLinked genePedigree

Concepts:1. Explain why Mendel’s work was so important.2. Describe the F1 cross process that Mendel used to arrive at his conclusions. Explain how the parent

generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation are related.3. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype, and how genotype affects phenotype.4. Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.5. Be able to do Punnett square word problems and predict genotype and phenotype ratios for the following

patterns of inheritance:a. Complete dominance b. Incomplete dominancec. Codominanced. Sex-linked traits

6. Be able to determine the parents involved in a two-factor cross. 7. Describe the different blood groups, and indicate which blood types are the universal donor and universal

receiver.8. Explain why blood type is an example of both codominance and multiple alleles.9. Explain why sex-linked traits are inherited differently, and therefore have different impacts on males and

females.10. Be able to interpret pedigrees, and write out the genotypes of the individuals in a pedigree. Explain why a

trait shown in a pedigree is dominant or recessive.11. Explain the difference between haploid and diploid chromosome number. Know which cell types are

diploid and which are haploid.12. Describe crossing over, and indicate what advantage this process has in sexual reproduction.13. Understand the purpose of meiosis, and know what type of cells meiosis creates.14. Know the phases of meiosis. Be able to recognize them in a diagram and know what occurs in each phase.15. List the similarities and differences between meiosis and mitosis.16. Explain why genes can be called linked.