FINAL EXAM REVIEW ANSWER KEY

1. A student designed an experiment to study how temperature affects the rate at which enzymes digest protein. She put equal masses of liver into four equal-sized test tubes, brought the test tubes to different temperatures, introduced equal amounts of enzyme into each tube and measured the duration of the chemical reaction. What would be the best control for this experiment?

A. Liver massB. Enzyme amountC. Test tube temperaturesD. Test tube that stays at room temperature

Control is the sample that does not contain the variable. It stays at room temperature/ does not change.

2. A student hypothesized that robins prefer large bird houses to small ones. He built four bird houses of different sizes to test his hypothesis. What was the independent variable in the student’s study?

A. The size of the bird house.B. The number of birds in a house.C. The location of the bird house.D. The season of the year.

The independent is the cause in the experiment- the size of birdhouse. The dependent variable is the factor that changes – which would be the number of birds.

Base your answers to the following questions on the information and diagrams below.

Saltwater plants of the same species were grown in soil in separate containers with 1 liter of water. All of the plants were the same height at the beginning of the experiment. Different amounts of salt were dissolved in each container as shown in the diagrams. All other conditions were held constant. Measurements for the final height of each plant are provided.

3. What is the problem or testable statement for this experiment?

Does the amount of salt dissolved in water affect the growth of saltwater plants? The problem is the question that leads to the hypothesis.

4. What is the dependent variable for this experiment?

A. the amount of salt added.B. the amount of water in the container.C. the height of the plant.D. the type of plant.

The dependent variable is the variable that changes because of the independent. It is the “effect” in the cause and effect relationship in the hypothesis.

5. Write a possible hypothesis for this experiment.

The greater amount of salt dissolved in water, will cause greater growth in saltwater plants.

6. Define atom – The smallest unit of an element consisting of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons and an electron cloud that surrounds the nucleus.

USE THE PERIODIC TABLE TO ANSWER QUESTION #7

________7. Which element has 13 protons, 14 neutrons and 13 electrons?

A. Sodium B. Magnesium C. Aluminum D. SiliconThe atomic number is the only number that matters when identifying an element. All other numbers can vary for each element.

8. Match the following : A element C compound B mixture

A. made of 1 kind of atom. B. 2 substances physically C. 2 or more elements chemically combined. combined.

D 9. The unit used to express liquid volume. A. centimeters (cm)

A 10. The unit used to express length. B. grams (g)

C 11. The unit used to express density. C. grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)

B 12. The unit used to express mass. D. milliliters (ml)

13. Which instrument is used to calculate: A. balance B. graduated cylinder C. metric Ruler A Mass of an object B Volume of a liquid C Length of an object

14. Metric conversions: 1cm = 10 mm 23cm = 230 mm

Move decimal point one place to the right.

15. Liquid Displacement is how to find the volume of an irregularly-shaped object. (Hint: putting it in a graduated cylinder and measuring the difference.)

16. Find the volume of the object using the graduated cylinders below.

Final Volume = 49mL

Initial volume = 33mL

Volume of object = 16mL

17. Using the picture, the mass of the object is 30g

18. Given the mass from Q. #17 and the volume of the object from Q. #16, what is the density

of the object? (D = M/V) 1.875 g/mL

30g/16mL = 1.875 g/mL

19. List the jars from the least energetic molecules to the most energetic molecules. Label the states of matter on the diagram below.

C solid B liquid A gas least energetic most energetic

20. Which substance below has the highest density? C

Substance Mass (g) Volume (ml)A 20 g 25mlB 15g 25mlC 25g 25ml

25g/25mL = 1g/mL, all the others would be less than 1g/mL

A B C

21. Below are examples of physical and chemical changes. Place a Letter P next to the physical changes, and a Letter C next to the chemical changes.

C rusting metal P ripping paper C burning wood P water freezing

P salt dissolving in water C mixing 2 liquids and a gas evolves.

Physical change is changing the size, shape or state of a substance, but it is still the same substance.

Chemical change is changing the substance. Burning wood is no longer wood, it is ash- hydrogen combing with oxygen to make water.

22. Identify convection, conduction, radiation in the picture below.

23. A renewable resource is one that can cannot be replaced in our lifetime.

A non-renewable resource is one that can cannot be replaced in our lifetime.

24. What forms these rock types?

C Igneous rock B Metamorphic rock A Sedimentary rock

A. from pieces of other rocks B. by changing existing rocks C. from cooled molten material

25. If an igneous rock cools quickly, it’s crystals will be large or small.The longer cooling = larger crystals; faster cooling = smaller crystals

26. Number the following in order from the most permeable (#1) to the least permeable (#4).

Silt/mud 4 coarse sand 2 gravel 1 fine sand 3

Permeable is how fast will water drain- the larger the particle, the more space between particles.

27. Scientists get information about the interior of the Earth by studying

Seismic Waves – vibrations from earthquake waves that travel through the interior of Earth.

28. Place the steps from the formation of a sedimentary rock from the first (#1) to the last (#5) step.

3 deposition 1 weathering 4 compaction 2erosion 5cementation

29. Oceanic crust is made of Basalt which is more dense than continental crust.

Convection

Radiation

Conduction

Basalt is a dark-colored rock that contains iron and magnesium, which is more dense than

silicon & aluminum.

30. Continental crust is made of Granite which is less dense than oceanic crust.

Granite is a light-colored rock that contains silicon& aluminum, which are less dense than

iron and magnesium.

31. Why were scientists unwilling to accept the continental drift hypothesis?

Wegener was unable to show the mechanism, or how, the continents move. Sea floor spreading was the

mechanism that supported the evidence from landforms, fossils, & climate.

32. According to the theory of sea-floor spreading:

The oldest rocks on the ocean floor are found: closest to furthest from the mid-ocean ridge.

The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are found? closest to furthest from the mid-ocean

ridge.

33. Which boundary is where plates:

convergent divergent transform

slide past each other transform

collide convergent

move apart divergent

34. What features are found at a convergent boundary? (Check all the fit.)

Convergent boundaries that involve oceanic crust will result in subduction and a trench. 2 continental plates will result in mountain building. New sea floor and mid-ocean are divergent boundary features.

_____ new sea floor _____ mid-ocean ridge X trench X mountain ranges

35. True or False: Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries because that’s where the plates interact the most.

36. If the difference in arrival times of the P and S waves is far apart, the epicenter is:

far away close

* Know how to read the chart on page 161 P and S waves and distance to epicenter.

37. True or False: Amount of gases and silica are two factors that cause a volcano to be more

explosive than others. These make the lava have higher viscosity or thickness.

38. Explosive volcanoes have high amounts of silica and high amounts of gas.

39. D wide, gentle sloped volcano A. cinder

A short, steep-sided cone B. composite

B tall, well-shaped cone C. hot spot

C volcano that forms in the middle of a plate D. shield

40. Using a pen/pencil, draw arrows to show how smoke would move if a lit punk was placed in tube A. Down A and up B

41. Why does the air flow in this direction?

Cool air above the ice is more dense causing high pressure, heated air

A B above the candle is less dense causing low pressure & rising air

42. Air has pressure because air has mass.

43. The layers of the atmosphere are divided by changing temperature the temperature falls as you rise through the troposphere and the mesosphere, the temperature increases as you rise through the stratosphere and thermosphere.

44. Rank the layers of the atmosphere from highest air pressure (#1) to the lowest air pressure (#4).

4 Thermosphere 3 Mesosphere 2 Stratosphere 1 Troposphere

Pressure is highest at the surface of the Earth and decreases as you go upwards

45. What do the instruments below measure?

Barometer air pressure Thermometer temperature

Psychrometer humidity Anemometer wind speed

__________ 46. How does burning fossil fuels affect the climate change?

A. creating nuclear wasteB. by concentrating sunlightC. adding greenhouse gases D. causes earthquakes

Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, carbon dioxide helps trap heat in the atmosphere increasing the greenhouse effect.

47. What is the major source of energy for Earth’s weather patterns?

A. gravity B. the sun C. the Earth’s magnetic field D. tides

The sun unevenly heats the Earth’s surface, which affects temperature and density of air.

48. Air masses are determined by temperature and humidity.

If an airmass forms over land it is a dry; over water it is a humid; if it forms close to equator it is tropical, near the poles it is polar.

49. Which wind belt moves weather across the United States from the west?

Polar Easterlies Prevailing Westerlies Trade Winds

50. Based on the Soil and Water lab:

Soil heats up faster than water.

Soil cools off faster than water.

Water has a higher specific heat than the land, so it takes longer to heat up & cool down.

51. The deflection (turning) of the winds due to the Earth’s rotation is called the

coriolis effect – spinning of the Earth causes winds to not travel in a straight path.

52. When a liquid changes into a gas it is called

condensation evaporation melting

When a gas changes into a liquid it is called

condensation evaporation melting

53. As the wet and dry bulb temperature get closer together the relative humidity is

low high

As the wet and dry bulb temperature are far apart, the relative humidity is

low highEvaporating water is a cooling process- when water is evaporating it is cooling the wet bulb thermometer. When water cannot evaporate because there is high humidity, the wet bulb is not cooled & the temperatures are very similar- when humidity is low the wet bulb will evaporate causing the wet bulbs temperature to drop.54. How does a cloud form? Air cools to its dew point – in order for condensation to begin, temperature has to drop.

55. Forms: Over cold land (Canada) Continental Polar Over warm oceans Maritime Tropical

Over warm land (Mexico) Continental Tropical Over cold oceans Maritime Polar

If an airmass forms over land it is a dry; over water it is a humid; if it forms close to equator it is tropical, near the poles it is polar

56. Cloud made of ice crystals Cirrus Puffy clouds cumulus Layered clouds that produce drizzle stratus Storm clouds Cumulonimbus

57. What kind of weather is associated with a low pressure system?

fair, cool, dry cloudy, rainy

Low pressure- rising less dense air, cools as it rises, water condenses as it cools, condensation creates clouds.

58. What kind of weather is associated with a high pressure system?

fair, cool, dry cloudy, rainy

Air that is cool and dry is more dense. It sinks towards the surface, creating high pressure

59. What kind of weather follows a cold front?

warm and humid clear skies/cooler/dry

Cold front causes thunderstorms, cool air condenses humidity, usually results in a brief storm, cold air is high pressure, clearing out the sky and bringing cooler weather.

60. What kind of weather follows a warm front?

warm and humid clear skies/cooler/dry

Less dense warm air is pushes a cold air mass bringing warmer air, high humidity that may result in rainy weather.61. An isobar or isotherm connects areas of equal temperatures.

An isobar or isotherm connects areas of equal pressure.

62. Draw a station model: Air pressure 29.2 inches Overcast/cloudy skies

65° F 29.2 Air temperature 65° F .3 inches of precipitation 56° F .3 Dew point temperature 56° F Wind speed: 14 mph Wind direction: southwest

63. Seasons are caused by: tilt of Earth’s axis & revolution around the Sun.

64. When the Earth is tilted towards the sun, the Northern Hemisphere the season is

Summer- northern hemisphere tilted towards the sun.

65. When the Northern Hemisphere has summer, the Southern Hemisphere has

Winter – Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun.

66. During a lunar eclipse, the moon is:

new moon 1st quarter full moon 3rd quarterLunar eclipse - the Earth’s shadow covers the Moon

67. During a solar eclipse, the moon is:

new moon 1st quarter full moon 3rd quarterSolar eclipse – the sun is blocked by the moon. Shadow is cast on the Earth.

68. Which 2 positions would the moon be in during a Spring tide? A B C D

Neap tide? A B C DSpring tides are biggest difference between high & low tide, cause when the Moon & Sun’s gravity pull in a straight line. Neap tides are cause when the Moon & the Sun pull at right angles to each other.

69. As you move from position C to position A, the amount of light on the moon’s surface would:

increase decrease stay the same It goes from a fully lit moon as seen from Earth, to an unlit Moon as seen from Earth.

70. Where are the brightest, hottest stars on the H-R diagram?

upper left

Coolest, dimmest stars?

lower right

71. Compare Rigel to Sirius B.

They both have similar surface temperatures, Rigel is

much brighter and bigger than Sirus B

C

D

B

A

72. A star the size of the sun will become a Dwarf when it dies.

73. A massive star will become either a Black hole or neutron star at the end of its life

cycle.

74. A star begins its life within a nebula.

Type X Type Y Type Z

75. Which galaxy is: Z irregular X spiral Y elliptical

76. The spinning of the Earth on its axis is called: revolution rotation

77. The Earth travelling once around the Sun is called: revolution rotation

78. The moon goes through phases because of its revolution rotation around the Earth.

79. Night and day are caused by the Earth’s revolution rotation

80. A planet is kept in orbit around the sun by Gravity and Inertia.

Gravity pulls the Earth towards the Sun & the Earth’s motion gives it inertia that pushes it away from the Sun. When the 2 forces are balanced (equal) it results in a stable orbit.81. A chunk of rock or metal that orbits in space is a meteroid.

A chunk of rock or metal that burns up in our atmosphere is a meteor.

A chunk of rock or metal that hits the surface of the Earth is a meteorite.

82. As a result of the Big Bang all galaxies are moving:

_X____away from each other _________ toward each other __________ are stationary