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The next battle happened in the place causing the conflict, Cuba. And was not nearly the picnic for the American’s that the Philippines was. One of the keys for America though, were the Rough Riders. Theodore Roosevelt organized this group of volunteers out of just about anyone looking for adventure. Originally set to ride horses, the Rough Riders ended up hoofing it in Cuba. On July 1st, the Rough Riders, ninth and tenth cavalries (experienced African American soldiers), as well as the regulars fought to take over Kettle and San Juan hills. This was later known as the Battle of San Juan Hill. Soon after, the whole Spanish fleet was sunk and soon after that, troops in Cuba surrendered. Next, the Spanish were defeated in Puerto Rico. A peace treaty would come soon after the Spanish were defeated.

Ultimately, the peace treaty between the countries benefited the United States. The Spanish gave up Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the islands of Guam to the United States. The Philippines were also given to the U.S., and the Americans had to fork over $20 million dollars to the Spanish. The United States gained territory for trade and navy bases as a result of the war, but also sacrificed lives and money. Despite just about four months of battle, much had been gained and lost on both sides.

There were many components that made the Spanish-American war a great triumph for the United States. As Spain withheld the Cuban’s independence, anger and tension grew between the two countries. With Americans already considering going to war with the Spanish, the de Lome letter and the explosion of the USS Maine just added fuel to the fire for the Americans which led them to declare war. The United States triumphed in the war, defeating the Spanish and gaining control of various areas of land. While short, the Spanish-American war was a landmark in the countries history that will never be forgotten.

A few years back there was a short , yet eventful war

won by the United States of America ,that is not widely known about, despite the fact that it was a large victory for the country. The Spanish-American war was a heroic win for the United States, as the Americans not only defeated Spain, but also helped Cuba gain its independence in doing so. The unselfishness and helpfulness of the United States was on full display in the Spanish-American war. Conflicts in Cuba, controversy between the Spaniards and Americans, and the war itself were all vital parts to making Cuba an independent country. Any Cubans that chose to fight for independence were likely to be exiled. At this point the Spanish appeared to have a collar on Cuba, but it would soon turn for the worse for the Spanish. After Jose Marti was exiled, he moved to New York City where he continued to support Cubans. In 1895, joined by Marti, the Cubans revolted against Spain. After battle and conflict, Spain sent General Weyler to put an end to the Cuban Rebellion. After thousands of innocent people perished, American’s were fueled to even greater hatred towards the Spanish than before. Just a few years later, however, even more controversy would arise.

One Sided Affair By Keil Huber and Koy Schneider

These riots led to concern from President William McKinley

towards Americans living in Havana, as a result President McKinley sent the USS Maine ,a second class battleship, to ensure the safety of these people. On February 15, 1898, just twenty days after the ships arrival, there was a massive explosion killing over 260 sailors. Just a few days earlier, the de Lome letter was published in the New York Journal. This letter, written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, called President McKinley “weak” and the article just added to American anger towards Spain. Both these factors, and Spain's refusal to grant Cuba its independence, led Congress to declare war on April 25,1898. The first battle went on to occur in the Philippines. Assistant Navy Secretary Theodore Roosevelt would go on to order George Dewey to attack the Spanish in the Philippines, if war were to start. Sure enough, war was soon declared. With superior equipment and better preparation, the Americans came away with an easy victory. When it was all said and done,

almost 400 Spanish laid dead, while the only American casualty occurred from heat stroke. This war ended when the Spanish surrendered on August 14, 1898

Teddy Roosevelt and the rugged Rough Riders

Political Cartoon depicting the war.

.PROS Many people believe that Imperialism is a positive idea and that the pros outweigh the cons. It is often thought that imperialism is part of the American lifestyle. We have followed the ideal of manifest destiny and it is our right to expand our nation. It also follows the ideas of social Darwinism. It is our responsibility, as the better suited people, to help others by taking over their nation and leading them in the right direction. This way we can spread our democratic ideals around the world. Also, missionaries help spread our religion to other colonized nations. We can share the success of our country with others and help to better them. The U.S. would also reap the rewards of imperialism. The placement of colonies especially in Asia have a huge positive impact on our economics. These are prime areas for trade. We can require the colony to only trade with us and allow us to use their strategically placed ports. It also gives us a place to stop during long travels and refuel and gather supplies. We can have access to their resources and land while away from the mainland. Places like China also offer military and naval positions that would strengthen our defenses. With all of these benefits, it's easy to understand why imperialism is popular, but there are also some drawbacks.

CONS Our country has been relatively isolationistic throughout history and many people want to keep it that way. Even at the start of our country we had anti-imperialism ideals. Most of these stem from the fact that we were once a colony and know what it is like so we do not want to force it on anyone else. In his farewell speech, George Washington stated that we should try to keep our country out of as many foreign interactions as possible. Many other influential figures are against imperialism. In 1899 the American Anti-Imperialist League was created and included people such as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie. A major reason why they feel this way is because they have had the chance to see the problems that imperialistic countries have had to deal with. One of the biggest problems are the rebellions. Often, the colonies are unhappy being controlled by another nation which leads to uprisings. The Boxer Rebellion is a prime example of how people rebel. They do have many reasons to feel the need to fight back, because they are often treated unfairly. Colonizing an area in the past has often involved unequal treaties in which the colony usually gets the short end of the stick. A more recent example is the Chinese exclusion act that prohibited unskilled workers room immigrating to the US. This was created quickly after the Open Door policy was created. There are many other examples of how imperialism can be harmful and unfair and it may not be something that is a good idea for the U.S.

BACKGROUND Imperialism is the policy of expansion or taking over of another nation either through diplomacy or military force. East Asian countries, especially China know all to well the impacts of imperialism. Many European countries have been extending their power over these areas for years. The countries were attracted by the strategically placed ports, which they eventually controlled. The Chinese had little say in what the foreign countries were doing. Here in the United States, we decided that it was time to catch up with the other countries and join in the imperialistic control over China. We wanted to improve our trade and become more powerful. Nations such as Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia had already established spheres of influence in China, but the U.S. had not. Spheres of influence are territories that gave a foreign nation trading privileges. Chinese civilians were not very pleased with the Europeans control. This contempt eventually led to a rebellion known as the Boxer Rebellion. This rebellion took place in 1900 and targeted European influence in China. Rebels attacked Christian missions and murdered the German ambassador. Eventually the violence settled down and the Europeans remained in control. The U.S. did not want to China to give special privileges to certain countries, so we created the Open Door Policy. John Hay, the Secretary of State is credited as the author of this policy. He passed diplomatic note to major leaders urging them that the policy was needed to give countries a more even playing field. He asked that all nations have equal trading rights in all of China. No one formally agreed or flat out denied the request, so he took that as a 'yes', and the U.S. was no longer excluded from commercial activities. Japan had been relatively isolated from other nations until recently. Japanese ports had been closed to all but a few traders. Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to encourage the Japanese to open up trade. He took four black ships which astounded the Japanese who had never seen steamboats before. He delivered a letter from President Fillmore to the emperor of Japan. Japan knew that they could not defend against a foreign power and did not want to risk war. They agreed to Perry's conditions. A treaty was created that promised peace between Japan and the U.S., opened up two ports to American trade, required Japan to help any shipwrecked Americans, and gave Americans permission to gather supplies in Japanese ports. Imperialism is a very complex and controversial policy. There are benefits and drawbacks to following though with this imperialistic viewpoint.

Pros and cons of imperialism in Japan and China

By: Lauren Young and Megan Fleming

The Story of the Annexation of Hawaii By: Megan Fleming and Lauren Young

We asked Harold how the leadership of Hawaii is different now compared to when it was under Hawaiian rule. He stated, "Well, there have been many changes through the years. You may not know this, but Hawaii used to have a monarch system set up. That is how they controlled the islands! Anyway, the last king was King Kalakaua. He became king in the 1870's, but passed away in 1891. Unfortunately for him, he had to sign the Bayonet Constitution. This constitution was named by him because he was angry about being forced to sign it at gunpoint. This constitution restricted his power, left most Hawaiians out of the right to vote, and gave the U.S. Pearl Harbor. This gave the United states ships permanent porting in Hawaii. Once he was out of the picture, his sister, Queen Liliuokalani took over the monarchy. She was trying to get rid of the bayonet constitution and wanted to keep Hawaii as a separated nation. Now, I was part of the group of businessmen that overthrew her. If you were in my position, you would have done the same thing. Hawaii is in such a convenient place for a port for American warships, farming, and more, and we didn't want to practically give Hawaii away to another country!"

We asked Harold, "Why did you choose to come to Hawaii, and why might other people come to Hawaii?".

He responded, "When I first came Hawaii in 1870, I was a young businessman with my family looking to strike great fortune. I settled on the island called Oahu and began running my sugarcane plantation. Around this time, there were many missionaries who were trying to convert the native Hawaiians to Christianity and traders visiting the islands looking to trade. Another reason people came to Hawaii was to gain power over the Hawaiians so that the United States could annex, or add, Hawaii to the U.S." All of the visitors who were once foreigners brought in diseases that the native Hawaiians were not immune to, so the population of Hawaii dropped from about 300,000 to 40,000 from the 1770's to 1893.

Harold also told us about Queen Liliuokalani's economic interests. He said that she was very nationalistic and wanted to remain as a separate nation from all countries. She also was trying to get rid of the Bayonet Constitution. When Queen Liliuokalani announced all of this, the business people disagreed and she was overthrown by the business community. Sanford B. Dole was the president of a regime of rebel leaders that was formed against the queen. Once the queen was gone, America took control of Hawaii with ease.

The road to control and annexing Hawaii was a bumpy road for America. It took much more than just prancing in and taking over the government. The process took determination and leadership. Today, Hawaii acts as a port for our warships, a great place to grow crops, and is an additional prosperous state in the American family.

Hawaiian annexation was the addition of Hawaii to the United States. Roughly twenty-five years ago, the United States added Hawaii to its family of states. This new addition was not easily achieved, though. The United States had to bend over backwards in order to accomplish the task of adding a new state to America, and Harold Morgan, an experienced businessman, lives today to tell of his experiences through this process.

When Congress decided to build a canal, their main reason was to allow our navy to move faster and protect both our coasts. With a sea level canal in mind they had two choices on were to build it, They bought the work from the French, and talked to Columbia's government offering ten million for the area they would build the canal. When Columbia wanted more for it, America helped encourage the people that lived in the Panama area to break off of Columbia. America told the people of what would be Panama that they would help if the accepted the offer they gave Columbia. Having no real option they accepted the offer and broke off of Columbia. America faced many challenges building the canal. They had diseases and mudslides making dangerous working conditions. The deceases were minimized from a finding that mosquito's were transmitting the yellow fever. The doctors then applied extreme measures to wipe out all of the mosquito's by emptying small water pools or by putting oil in the lager ones pools.

The Panama Canal By: Kyle McGivern and Melissa Duffin

The Panama Canal was one of the most

expensive building projects of its time, not only in money but also in lives. The Panama Canal was a building project used to connect the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific ocean. This made shipping objects around the world much easier and was a huge feat at the time. What people don't know of it is that we were the second to try it, how we go the land, and the lives that were lost in the building of it.. The French were the first people to try to build the canal. They spent 512 million francs, a French currency, on construction cost and 26,000 lives trying to build it . The major problems the French had were due to disease. The tropical climate of Columbia was a breeding ground for the yellow fever. They also had many deaths from work accidents and landslides. While they were working, 26,000 workers lost their lives

Despite how many lives were lost, some people could argue that it was a worthy sacrifice. The canal will charge ships a large toll to pass through and will be a great source of income for America. It also lowers the time it takes to receive goods from China, Russia, and Japan on the eastern coast. On top of that, it allows military ships to move between the Atlantic and the pacific ocean faster and

easier. The panama canal is an amazing building feat that helped make the united states more rich. It also allowed for the us to move the naval military much more easily. Despite the usefulness it came at a large cost in lives. The canal is a major accomplishment for the American people but their may have been many ways to lower the loss of life.

They brutally harmed the wild life to help stop the disease. While draining the swamps still stopped most of the disease, they still had 5,600 people due to working accidents.

Mexican Revolution By Koy Schneider and Keil Huber

We caught up with Woodrow Wilson who had this to say, " We (the U.S.) are selling fire arms to Huerta's enemies to try to take out Huerta's power." On April 9, 1914, nine members of the USS Dolphin went ashore for supplies and were arrested by Huerta's soldiers. They were immediately released, but U.S. Admiral Henry Mayo demanded for more than just an apology. He said that the Mexican government had to give a 21-gun salute to the American flag. Huerta refused. On April 20, 1914, Woodrow Wilson authorized the youth of armed forces against Mexico, in other words, the Tampico incident and congress approved the law on April 22, 1914. Huerta could not remain in power very long, and in 1914, he resigned and fled to Spain. Soon after this, Venustiano Carranza took over as president of Mexico. Emiliano Zapata and Francisco "Pancho" Villa, however did not like Carranza. This worried the U.S. because with Villa and Zapata in charge, they thought that U.S. economic interests would be harmed by the land redistribution Villa and Zapata wanted. The U.S. supported Carranza and he had a successful run in office for his time being.

Many wars and battles have gone on in this heated war between the U.S. and Mexico. One of the big battles between the U.S. and Mexico was the Battle of Veracruz. President Wilson learned that a ship full of fire arms from Germany was on its way to Veracruz and ordered the U.S. Navy to go take control of the city. As soon as the ship landed ashore, the Mexicans were waiting for them and started a big war. A total of 17 Americans were killed while on the other side, a total of 300 Mexicans were killed. The U.S. troops occupied the city for six months. Another battle that took place between the Americans and the Mexicans was when Villa secretly led hundreds of troops into Columbus, New Mexico. Villa's troops burned down the city and killed 17 Americans. After this terrible event, General John J. Pershing led 10,000 plus troops into Mexico. They searched for Villa for 11 months, but they never found him. In September 1916, there were 150,000 U.S. troops stationed on the U.S. and Mexican border. In January of 1917, the president called off the search for Villa and evacuated his troops out of Mexico. On February 5, 1917, Carranza and the congress passed a new constitution saying that it protected liberties and rights of citizens and all the revolutionary groups. Many Mexicans fled for America in these times for a better life and a better job.

The Mexican Revolution caused a big feud between the U.S. and Mexico, but they are now allies and are good friends with each other. The Mexican Revolution was composed of three main topics, changes in goverment, U.S. involvement, and wars/battles. After following the Mexican Revolution around and reporting over it, I learned a lot about this Revolution. This is Koy Schneider signing off. Over and out.

I have been covering this story since the very beginning of the Mexican Revolution and I am here to tell you how it all began and ended. The Mexican Revolution was a big point in not only Mexico's history, but also America's history. The Mexican Revolution was composed of three concepts, changes in government, U.S. involvement, and many wars and battles. The Mexican Revolution led to many disagreements between the U.S. and Mexico, but most of them have been resolved and that is why Mexico and America are so close. A main reason the Mexican Revolution began was because of the disagreement over President Porfirio Diaz. People found him to be very unfair and during his 31 year reign, only a select few of people had power, money, and most of the people had no power to elect public officials or express their opinion. When I interviewed Francisco I. Madero, he had nothing but contempt for Diaz and adamantly told me that, " Diaz is a bad person who is running this country into the ground and he needs to be stopped." Madero was a good person who raised wages for all his workers, paid for orphans to go to school, gave homes to children that didn't have any, gave people good hygienic places to live, and gave people free medical attention. But disaster struck right before the 1910 election. To keep Madero from running, Diaz had him arrested and thrown in jail so Diaz could remain in power. Madero wrote a document called "Plan of San Luis," which was a book about how the 1910 election was rigged and unfair. Diaz resigned in 1911, and Madero became president. Madero was eventually overthrown by Victoriano Huerta in 1913, imprisoned and then eventually executed. Huerta was immediately attacked by four Mexican armies and had a lot of problems in his career of presidency.

The Philippine Insurrection Editorial By: Melissa Duffin and Kyle McGivern

The annexation and take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War is for the improvement for all. The expansion of the land will help bring values overseas, give a station for ships and other needs, and will help civilize the people of the Philippines. Through the take over, leaders have helped overcome America's past obstacles with Spain, shown who has betrayed the U.S during the insurrection, has shown how those who betrayed the U.S. fell into defeat, and how America will deal with the Philippines following the war. The Spanish-American War between the United States and Spain caused great leaders to defeat the Spanish in an effort to end conflicts. Towards the beginning of the war, the United States had George Dewey in charge of looking for Spanish ships within Manila, the capital of the Philippines, in order to stop and defeat them. Dewey was part of the American force that fought against the Spanish, and was in the U.S. Naval forces. During this battle, Dewey and his men defeated all of Spain's fleet without the harm of any of the U.S. troops. This was one of the main victories towards the defeat of the Spanish in the Spanish-American War. Dewey gave America a great advantage at the overall defeat of Spain as well. Within the war, Filipino commander, and Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo, helped the Americans against the Spanish and their defeat also. Aguinaldo lead Philippine forces after the proclamation of his presidency, following the Battle of Manila. With his leadership, he joined up with our American forces in order to defeat Spain with the later intention of independence along with Cuba. With these two leaders, the Spanish-American War was a great success to the overall defeat of Spain.

Following the Spanish-American War, the Treaty of Paris caused great changes of heart by the Philippines. After the war was officially over, the Treaty of Paris was signed declaring defeat of Spain. The treaty granted us the Philippine country for twenty million dollars, along with the protectorate of Cuba. President McKinley caused us to annex the Philippines after the war. After much debate, America took over the Philippines in an effort to spread values over seas. The leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had previously made himself president, was furious along with other Filipinos. This was due to the fact that the country thought they were getting independence, and instead got a new ruler. Shortly after the take over, Aguinaldo declared war with the United States, showing that the previous alliance with the U.S. was officially over. Along with this change of heart, the United States also declared war with the Philippines, and years of war began again. Aguinaldo fought guerrilla warfare in battle for independence against us, and led the resistance and rebellion of the U.S. Although Aguinaldo had an alliance with the U.S. previously, they quickly turned against us at the thought of American control. When the war was continuing between the U.S. and the Philippines, a great eventual defeat of the rebels had occurred. When the United States fought with Aguinaldo and the Filipinos, the Filipino massacres and battles caused the rebels to struggle. Battles and episodes such as the Samar Island massacre killed many, including Filipino men above age ten, and the deaths of Filipino women and children as well. At the beginning of the Filipino war with America, U.S. troops of the thousands also covered the islands and lost their lives to Filipinos. Overall, killing more Americans than Filipinos over the course of the war. The defeat of the rebels was official when Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 in Palanan, Isabela. Some of Aguinaldo's followers and other Filipinos continued to fight until 1902, but then stopped fighting and surrendered shortly after Aguinaldo was captured. The war with the Philippines ended in 1902 with the victory of the U.S. After the war, America is now free to do what it wants with the Philippines. For the future of the Philippines, America intends to continue to develop the country for future improvements. First, America will take the Philippine people and make them more civilized, instead of the rebels they had become in times of war only years ago. Then, the U.S. will use the many islands of the Philippines for ships to load and dock, and for the land to be used as a great resource and station for the military. After those uses, America will find the Philippines in an overall better place for our usage and overall future needs after such a war. After the war with Spain, Dewey and Aguinaldo were recognized for their leadership, Aguinaldo became a traitor and was defeated in the insurrection, and following the war changes can now be made. Within the war, many battles occurred with the traitor, Emilio Aguinaldo. The rebels tried to win their independence with battles and guerrilla warfare, but were unsuccessful. They were officially defeated in 1902, but stopped much fighting after Aguinaldo was captured in 1901. Now that the Philippine War is over, there is a chance to use the land for better purposes other than the shed of blood. This can be done by spreading values, civilizing the people, and using the land as a station for ships. Though more lives were lost in the Philippine insurrection then the Spanish-American War, America experienced victory and acquired the Philippines.

More then ten times the amount of U.S. troops died in the Philippine Insurrection than in the Spanish-American War. Between 1899 and 1902, the U.S. fought to control rebels within the Philippines. Filipinos started a rebellion in order to gain independence as America fought to control them.

Magazine Bibliography

Research Editor: Keil Huber Cover Story: The Spanish-American War

Lead Author Sources (Keil Huber): http://www.history.mil/faq71-1.htm http://www.spanamwar.com http://ushistory.org/us/44d.asp

Co-Author Sources (Koy Schneider): http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3617.html http://spanishamericanwar.info/

Picture Sources: http://americanhistoryin12weeks.blogspot.com/p/midterm-study-sheet.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Riders

Editorial: Mexican Revolution Lead Author Sources (Koy Schneider): http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2824-the-mexican-revolution-1910 http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch03mex.htm

Co-Author Sources (Keil Huber): http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/mcbride/ws200/mex-davi.htm http://www.wfu.edu/history/StudentWork/fysprojects/kmason/second.htm

Picture Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz

Personal Choice: Philippine Insurrection

Lead Author Sources (Melissa Duffin): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Timeline_of_Philippine%E2%80%93American_War http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=7 http://www.historynet.com/folly-in-the-philippines.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/treaty-of-paris-ends-spanish-american-war http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronphil.html

Perspectives: Imperialism in China and Japan

Lead Author Sources (Lauren Young): http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/boxer_rebellion.htm http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/china_in_1900.htm http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h908.html http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h908.html

Co-Author Sources (Megan Fleming): http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_imperialism.htm http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html

Picture Sources: http://www1.assumption.edu/users/mcclymer/His130/P-H/burden/default.html http://21stcenturymanifesto.wordpress.com/2011/04/03/german-imperialism/

Interview: Hawaiian Annexation Lead Author Sources (Megan Fleming): http://www.hawaii-nation.org/betrayal.html http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/ http://www.summ.org/tj/hi-report/timeline.htm http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/about/annexation.htm

Co-Author Sources (Lauren Young): http://www.hawaii-nation.org/betrayal.html http://www.fordham.edu/page_not_found_78088.asp?ref=&req=404;http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898hawaii1.aps

Picture Sources: http://www.printsellers.com/product_info.php?products_id=2191 http://www.dipity.com/jworonoff1/Unit-6-Timeline_1/

Co-Author Sources (Kyle McGivern): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War http://www.military.com/Resources Picture Sources: http://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=1280&bih=800&q=the+philippine+insurrection+maps&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq= http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1280&bih=800&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=philippine+american+war+political+cartoon&oq=philippine+american+war+political+cartoon&aq=f&aqi=g1&aql=&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=18728l23983l0l25498l26l18l0l0l0l4l496l2953l1.6.6.0.1l14l0

Kyle McGivern Panama Canal

Canal Paragraph Pictures/visuals:

http://www.everyculture.com/images/ctc_03_img0848.jpg (black and

white canal)

http://0.tqn.com/d/geography/1/G/y/A/panama2.gif (map)

Sources/bibliography Panama Canal:

http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/panamacanal.h

tm

http://www.eclipse.co.uk/~sl5763/panama.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal

Co-author sources Melissa:

http://panamacanalmuseum.org/index.php/history/interesting_facts/>.

http://www.answers.com/topic/canal-zone>