EWB-UAA 524 Preliminary Design Reportewb-uaa.org/projects/rhema_grace/Documents/Phase 1/524...Document 524 PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER: University of Alaska Anchorage COUNTRY:

Document 524 PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER: University of Alaska Anchorage COUNTRY: Cameroon COMMUNITY: Rhema Grace Orphanage PROJECT: Water and Kitchen Improvements

PREPARED BY Brittany Barkshire, Robert Champion, Kelsey Coolidge, Crystal Dosser, Kris Homerding, Tim Peng, Wesley C. Phelps, Michael Ulmgren Mentors: Chuck Stilwell, Nancy Hibbert, John Pepe April 9, 2010

Document 524 - Preliminary Design Report EWB-UAA Rhema Grace Orphanage, Cameroon Water and Kitchen Improvements

© 2007 Engineers Without Borders – USA. All Rights Reserved Page 2 of 34

ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS-USA www.ewb-usa.org



Preliminary Design Report Part 1 – Administrative Information 1.0 Contact Information

Title Name Email Phone ChapterProject Lead Wesley

Phelps [email protected] 907-

299-4299

EWB-UAA

President Robert Champion

[email protected] 907-841-8434

EWB-UAA

Mentor #1 Nancy Hibbert


EWB-SCA

Mentor #2 Chuck Stilwell

PE


EWB-SCA

Mentor #3 John Pepe PE


EWB-SCA

Faculty Advisor (if applicable)

Utpal Dutta PhD


EWB-UAA

Health and Safety Officer

Carla Buys


EWB-UAA

Assistant Health and Safety Officer

John Pepe PE


EWB-SCA

NGO/Community Contact

Peter Njodzeka


EWB-UAA

Education Lead Carla Buys


EWB-UAA

2.0 Travel History

Dates of Travel Assessment or Implementation

Description of Trip



August 2009 Assessment

Collect information sufficient to develop a plan, based on needs identified by the orphanage and the goals of EWB, which can be developed into an engineered design that could be implemented in two weeks one year later.

3.0 Project Location

Latitude: 4.0786111; 4° 4' 43" N Longitude: 9.3680556; 9° 22' 5" E

The Republic of Cameroon (République du Cameroun) is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. The country is well known for its successful national football team. English and French are the official languages. Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Province. Home to Cameroon's largest port and it’s

Figure 1 – Map of Cameroon major international airport, Douala Airport; it is the commercial capital of the country. Consequently, it handles most of the country's major exports, such as oil, cocoa and coffee, timber, metals and fruits. Douala is the richest city in the whole CEMAC region of 11 countries. The city is located on the banks of the Wouri River, the two sides linked by Bonaberi Bridge. Its population in 2008 was recorded at close to 3,000,000. The climate is tropical. The Orphange is approximately 30 miles from Douala, an estimated 1.5 hour trip by vehicle.



Tiko is an important port town in the southwest of Cameroon. As of 2005, the town is estimated to have a population of 48,220 and is a popular tourist destination for those visiting Cameroon. This town is also an industrial area, which is mostly occupied by the CDC (Cameroon Development Co-operation), which produces rubber, banana and palm oil. Tiko also hosts the Special Forces, which explains the peace and security enjoyed by the inhabitants. Mutengene, a small town west of Tiko, is a cross roads leading to Buea and Limbe. The town is well known for its Nigeria population and a well-organized marketplace. The Orphange is approximately 30 miles from Tiko, an estimated 45 minute trip by vehicle. Limbe (1858–1982: Victoria; also spelled Limbé) is a seaside city in the South West Region of Cameroon. Victoria was founded in 1858 on the southern slopes of Mount Cameroon by the British missionary Alfred Saker. According to the 2001 estimate, the population was 84,500. In 1886 Great Britain and Germany agreed to exchange Victoria. Victoria became British again in 1915. In 1982, Victoria was renamed and is since known as Limbe. The Southwest Province's official language is English, although French is often spoken due to the city's geographic proximity to Douala, where the official language is French. Most of the population speaks Cameroonian Pidgin English. The native language of the region is Bakweri or Mokpwe. In 2008, Limbe became the site of a cement works (en.wikipedia.org). The Rhema Grace Orphanage is located closest to Mutengane. About 3 km west of Mutengane on Route N3 there is a dirt road leading south to the east of the river. About 2.5 km south of Route N3, the Orphanage is located on the east side of the road. It is the first of a number of buildings after passing through farmland and the name of the orphanage is painted prominently on the front of the building. There is a small population center surrounding the orphanage but it is known by a number of names and not officially recognized. According to Mercy, the Director of the Orphanage, the recent population is diverse and composed of many tribal groups from other parts of the country. She indicated that the government had recently made inexpensive land available in the area and that is what had drawn the people from many different areas. See Appendix A for Detailed Vicinity Map Preliminary Design Report Part 2 – Technical Information 1.0 INTRODUCTION The following conceptual design document was developed with the help of Rhema Grace Orphanage, our NGO partner (Life and Water Development Group) and our professional mentors and funders. It will serve to communicate between these groups and EWB-USA the current scope of work for the proposed project, including the suggested phasing of the project. The project scope for water and kitchen improvements includes the following components:



• Replacement of the existing electric well pump with a hand-pump on the existing well casing (borehole).

• Rain water capture system for the Kitchen building and Dormitory • Construction of a ventilated, wood fired cook stove for the Kitchen

Based on design and implementability issues, it is expected that this project may be implemented in phases, as follows:

• Phase 1: Rain water capture system for the Kitchen building, construction of cook stove, and further assessment and/or partial construction of the hand pump on the existing well

• Phase 2: Rain water capture system for the Dormitory building, and completion of the hand pump system on the existing well

See Sections 3.0 Facility Design and 5.0 Constructability for addition detail on the phasing of the project’s implementation. 2.0 PROGRAM BACKGROUND

In August of 2009, a team including two students and one professional engineer conducted an assessment of the conditions at the Rhema Grace Orphanage. The assessment team found that there were many projects that could be made to improve the living conditions of the children that live in the orphanage. Please refer to the Community Assessment Document submitted to EWB-USA in September of 2009. An initial project was proposed at that time that included building a refectory with hand sinks; however, after beginning to design the project, we found that this proposal was less than ideal. In December of 2009, in cooperation with our professional mentors, we re-evaluated the information gathered on the assessment trip and developed a new project scope. The new project scope is discussed in the Introduction section. The goal of this project is to meet the needs identified by the orphanage while addressing the long term sustainability and ownership requirements of EWB-USA. This new project is also more realistic in terms of funding and implementability. The methodology used to arrive at this scope is described in the Alternative Analysis document submitted to EWB-USA in January 2010. Our NGO partner in Cameroon, Peter Njodzeka of the Life and Water Development Group, traveled to the orphanage in February 2010 to collect additional information needed for the new scope of the project. Peter was given an extensive list of required information and questions for the Orphanage staff regarding existing facilities, water use and cooking practices, current water demand, etc.. Direct correspondence with the orphanage has also provided further data as well as additional insight into their needs and priorities. This information has been incorporated into the design documents for the project.



In August 2009, fifty-four children and 17 full- and part-time employees and volunteers were at Rhema Grace Orphanage and reliant on its water and cooking systems. Refer to the Site Drawing B-1 in Appendix B for the site layout. The orphanage rents some of the space they occupy and own another portion, as further described below. The scope of Phase 1 includes only work on property owned by the orphanage. A number of facilities, including a kitchen, a building with latrines, a borehole and a water tank, are present on the orphanage-owned property adjacent to the dormitory. The back of this property is effectively limited by a creek. The creek is contaminated but still used by the orphanage for washing and it is used to a larger extent by the surrounding community. Common law and societal expectations dictate that the surrounding community must be allowed access through the orphanage property to the creek. Since the time of the assessment, construction has begun on a new building (a reading room) as well. This is near the creek and will not be near the areas of our planned work. The second piece of property owned by the orphanage is approximately 1 km away. This property is used to grow food, and will not be included in this project.

Project Description

Hand Pump We are proposing to install a hand pump to reduce the cost of delivering clean water to the orphanage for drinking and cooking. The Orphanage currently receives their clean water from a well on the property. A submersible electric pump is installed in the existing borehole. The following provides a brief history of the existing well and pump, and why the hand pump is being proposed. Rotary International has done a great deal of water work on the property. A Spanish Rotary Chapter in partnership with a Limbe Cameroon Rotary chapter constructed much of the system we intend to improve on. It is for this reason that we have partnered with the Limbe Rotary Club. In 2008, they installed a submersible electric pump and water tank. This Rotary project included other water and sanitation improvements, including a hose bibb installed near the kitchen and the pump powered by a diesel generator housed in the dormitory building. A building containing showers and latrines was constructed on the property, which replaced a now-unused pit toilet near the dormitory. The generator delivered by Rotary International, at the time of the installation of the well and latrines has broken and not been repaired. An older generator in marginal condition now powers the submersible pump. It does not have sufficient power to run the well pump to properly. The cost of diesel is a serious financial burden on the orphanage; it has prevented them from being able to pump enough water to meet the orphanage’s basic needs. It has also prevented them from sharing clean water with the surrounding community, leading to friction between the two groups. Water from the creek continues to be used to some extent for drinking, and significant health benefits would be found by delivering additional clean water at little or no cost. Nonetheless, the



orphanage may be reluctant to give up an existing functional system, however marginal, for one unproven to them. Our initial intent was to install a hand pump without compromising the existing system. To install a hand-pump that can be obtained in Cameroon, the existing submersible pump and drop pipe would need to be removed and the hand-pump installed in its place. We have sent this information to the orphanage and asked if they would like us to install a hand-pump to replace the existing pump/generator system or if they would like to continue to use the system as is. We have included the hand-pump as a part of our concept but, depending on the response from the orphanage, it may yet be removed from the scope of the project. We recognize this component as a major issue in our design development. It is critical that we obtain very clear understanding with the Orphanage about our intent in replacing the pump and gain agreement from them that this acceptable. It is clear to us the potential to disrupt their current availability of potable water which would be extremely detrimental to the goals of this project. Multiple chapters of Rotary International here in Anchorage, Alaska are partners in this project. They have an interest in the success of their work last year as well as ours this year. In the event that the orphanage does not want the hand pump to replace the electric system, we will, on behalf of Rotary, oversee the selection of a new and appropriate generator, arrange repairs for the old generator, and assist in creating a viable operation and maintenance plan. Rotary International is financially supporting all our efforts to provide clean water. Given the issues with the hand pump, as described above, we intend to further assess the hand pump option before and during this year’s trip (Phase 1). Implementation of the hand pump is proposed in Phase 2.

Cook Stove The kitchen was constructed by the US Navy in 2006. It consists of a cement slab and wood-frame structure, see Figure 3 below. The current cooking method creates unsafe and unhealthy cooking conditions and uses the wood fuel inefficiently. The amount of smoke the fire produces is putting the orphans and staff at risk for many smoke related illnesses. We are proposing to construct a ventilated cook stove to eliminate the health impacts of the existing system and reduce fire wood use and the associated costs. The metal roofing on the kitchen will need to be replaced as part of the new rain-water catchment system installation as discussed below.

Rain-Water Catchment We propose to install a rain water capture system to deliver clean water for washing and bathing at low cost for many of the same reasons listed in justification of the hand pump. For the Phase 1 implementation, we intend to install a system on the existing kitchen structure. This system will include gutters, first-flush/filters, and a tank on an elevated concrete pad. With a catchment system, our goal is to deliver clean water for the Orphanage’s non-potable water needs at low cost for many of the same reasons listed in justification of the hand pump. The metal roofing on the kitchen will need to be replaced. This work shall be conducted entirely



from the ground and from ladders. No worker shall at any time allow themselves to be supported by the roof or framing because the building structure is of indeterminate strength. Phase 2 may include a catchment system on the existing dormitory. However, there are a number of issues to address, like the Orphanage not owning this property, before this can be considered a viable option. 3.0 FACILITY DESIGN 3.1 Description of the Existing Facilities Well Pump System In 2008, the Spanish Rotary Club installed a 37 meters deep-drilled well with a submersible electric pump and water tank. The top of the well casing is surrounded by a concrete box and lid to protect the apparatus and prevent debris from going down the hole. A heavy-duty plastic bag covers the well head to the prevent debris from entering the borehole. The water tank is elevated about 5 meters, has a capacity of approximately 1000 liters, and sits on a reinforced concrete tank stand about six meters from the borehole, see Figure 2 below.

Figure 2 - Elevated Tank and Well Kitchen Facilities The Orphanage currently has a kitchen facility that is inadequate. The facility has a tin roof and wood walls, with a small wood-fire cooking pit made by the U.S. Navy. This cooking pit has three fire grates supported by a poured concrete structure. See Figure 3 and 4 below.



Figure 3 – Existing Kitchen

Figure 4 – Existing Cooking Facilities



Dormitory As discussed above, the Dormitory is a rented building adjacent to the road and acts as the primary residence for orphans and live-in staff. It is located on a small parcel of land adjacent to the property owned by the Orphanage.

Figure 5 – Dormitory Building 3.2 Description of the Proposed Facilities 3.2.1 Hand Pump Description of Design Having clean, cheap water readily available will significantly reduce current risks associated with the use of creek water. We have proposed to install a hand pump on the existing borehole to replace the existing submersible electric pump. We are at the moment lacking some key elements that will be discussed below. It the event that we elect not to implement this aspect of the scope this August 2010, as a short term solution we will oversee selection of an appropriate generator to replace their existing broken generator on behalf of Rotary. We need to gain some key elements before implementing this hand pump. We have provided a description of the idea to the orphanage and have received blanket approval. We would like more of their feedback and specific support before proceeding. We have received conflicting reports about the availability of this model pump in Douala. It would also not be possible to complete within the two weeks planned for travel (curing of the concrete requires 10 days total). Some of the alternatives we are evaluating include: conducting an assessment of this component in August, sending an advance team, and returning to the community for a second implementation in December 2010. We have found this component to be a challenging exercise. This meets the top need identified by the orphanage, they already have excellent infrastructure



and this model pump seems to be the best way to create a sustainable source of clean, affordable water. On the other hand, we have had great difficulty gaining information from the distributor in Douala, are lacking specific support from the orphanage, and cannot complete it within the planned time in Cameroon. Then there is the inherent risk of removing a component of a functioning system, however precarious, which makes it especially important for us to have a thorough design and implementation plan. Please review this section in that light. In order to provide the children and volunteers at the Orphanage with a potable, sustainable groundwater source, we are proposing to remove the existing submersible electric pump and to install a hand pump in the existing borehole. The installation of a hand pump will reduce the current fuel costs associated with running the existing electric pump with a generator. This will enable the orphanage to provide enough clean drinking water for its inhabitants and increase sustainability both financially and ecologically. Water Usage At this current time, the Orphanage uses water for selected task from a storage tank that is filled from the well. This information was derived from a questionnaire administered by our NGO partner, Peter Njodzeka, in February 2010. The amount of water used for each task is listed below:

• Drinking: 100 L • Cooking: 100 L • Dishes: 50 L • Bathing: 100 L • Hand Wash: 20 L • Surrounding Communities: 200 L

Total: 570 L/day = 150 gallons/day Considering that the borehole is 37 meters deep, the Afripump is expected to pump 19 L (5 gallons) of water per minute. Based on the orphanage’s current need of water from the well, the hand pump would need to be operated for 30 minutes a day to meet their current demand for the tasks listed above. Characteristics of the Afripump: The hand pump to be installed at the Orphanage has a minimum number of moving parts, is a simple design, is made of locally available parts, and requires no special tools so that the local workforce can perform necessary maintenance and repairs. The hand pump we are proposing to install is called the Afripump and it is manufactured by Jansen Venneboer B.V. Figure 6 shows an Afripump in operation. The existing borehole and proposed pump diameters are:

• Borehole depth 37m



• Well casing ID 10cm • Well casing OD 12cm • Drop pipe OD 4cm • AfriPump OD 8cm

Technical characteristics of the Afripump:

Rising Main: PVC, ø 70 x 2850 mm, glued PVC sockets ø80 Rods ø9 x 2850 mm, threading 10 mm Rod Centralizers: ø60 mm Bearings: Maintenance free Cylinder: ø53 x 1000 mm Piston Stroke: ø53 x 380 mm (bronze reinforced ends) Installation Depth:

Standard 1-45 m (No bottom support needed for depths above 45 m)

Water level / Discharge: 25 m / 22 L/min; 50 m / 16 L/min Head 5 m

Figure 6 - Image of Afripump Figure 7, shows a cross-section of the Afripump. The Afripump will be secured to a concrete pedestal with four anchor bolts. Part list for the Afripump:



• Threaded PVC pipe for quick installation. • The PVC rising main is extended in the borehole. • Stainless steel cylinder and a piston without rubber seals. • Cylinder is locked in a socket in the PVC pipes below the water level. • Without having to pull up the PVC pipes, the cylinder can be taken out the pipes by

pulling up the rods. • The piston inside the rod is made out a corrosive resistant material with a ball valve made

of out stainless steel. The piston is maintenance free. No rubber seals used! • Pumping pressure is created by slip water that moves at different speeds between the

piston and the cylinder. • A sand trap prevents sand from coming between the piston and the cylinder.

Figure 7 - Cross-section of Afripump



3.2.2 Water Catchment Description of Design In order to provide the Orphanage with a sustainable and convenient water supply for their everyday needs, excluding drinking, we are proposing to install a water catchment tank and the necessary gutter and flush systems on the existing kitchen building. This system will supplement the existing creek water supply and proposed hand pump non-potable demand. Based on our preliminary calculations, the tank will have a 5,000 liter capacity which will sustain the water needs of the orphanage through at least three months of the year. Due to the poor condition of the kitchen roof, it will be replaced in order for the catchment system to be installed. Corrugated sheet metal, found in the region in 2 meter by 80 cm strips, will be used to replace the roof. The roof will be screwed to the existing purlins. Description of Design and Design Calculations The catchment system was designed to collect and store the maximum possible amount of water, while still being a practical size. The tank size was limited by the height of the roof, less than 2 meters, as well as the constructability of the system. For instance, a tank that held 10,000 Liters would provide water for a longer period, but its large size would either be too tall for the building or too wide to transport. The capacity was determined based on the average monthly rainfall of the region. The table below shows the average rainfall in mm and the conversion to inches and feet.

Table 1: Average Monthly Rainfall in Tiko, Cameroon

Month

Avg. Rainfall mm* in ft

January 25 0.98 0.08February 50 1.97 0.16March 175 6.89 0.57April 225 8.86 0.74May 250 9.84 0.82June 425 16.73 1.39July 690 27.17 2.26August 750 29.53 2.46September 625 24.61 2.05October 400 15.75 1.31November 130 5.12 0.43December 25 0.98 0.08

*Averages Based off estimates from various sources The catchment system will have eight key components:



• Gutters (9.3 Meters), • Screening (9.3 Meters), • First flush system (3.6 Meters PVC, total), • Runoff system (1.8 Meters PVC, total), • Capture tank (5,000 Liter, HDPE, 1.7 Meters Height, 2.2 Meters Diameter), • Foundation (Concrete, rebar, rock, sand), • Water spigot (valve and hose connection), and • Locking Valve Box

Before the kitchen catchment can be installed, the roof must be replaced. Since the integrity of the structure of the kitchen is unknown, all construction will be done from the ground or from ladders. The current roofing material will be removed. The existing sub structure of the roof will be examined to assess whether or not any of the members will need replacement. Provided that the existing members meet requirements, a new roofing material will be secured to the existing purlins. According to Peter Njodzeka, our local liaison, a metal roofing material can be found in the area in sheets 2 meters by 80 centimeters. By overlapping 25 of these sheets, the roof can be replaced. These sheets will be connected to the existing sub structure using screws with washers, to prevent leaking. Once the roof is replaced, the water catchment system can be implemented. It will require eight (8) specific steps. First, gutters will be installed along the down slope edges of the kitchen. The proposed gutters and fittings are commonly available in the area in 6 meter lengths. The purposed size was based on the availability in the region. Hangers will be placed every 0.875 meters to secure the gutters to the current structure. According to most gutter related information, hangers should be placed at a maximum distance of 1 meter. By using the value 0.875 meters, ten hangers can be spaced evenly across the length of the roof, while being within the suggested 1 meter length. The water entering the gutters will be relatively clean, but it has potential to collect debris from the roof. To prevent large debris from entering the catchment system, screening will be placed along the length of the gutter. Screen available in the region will be used since no specific size is required. Although the water is not intended for drinking, the intentions are to provide the cleanest water possible to the orphanage. In order to successfully do this, the intake piping will be equipped with a “first flush” system. This system will sit between the catchment tank and the gutters. The water will flow from the gutter into a two larger diameter, vertically mounted PVC pipes. These “first flush” pipes will capture the first flow from the gutter system when rainfall begins. Each pipe will fill completely with water before the remaining water is allowed to drain into the tank. This will allow the first run off of a storm to be collected, keeping the majority of debris out of the tank. The system will have capped ends with small holes to allow the system to slowly drain between rainfall events. The two vertical pipes, each with a 10 cm diameter and a length of about 2 meters (whatever height is determined best to direct the run off). Thus, the total volume of



water collected by this system will be about 0.31 cubic meters, 31 liters. During the rainiest month, August, the average rainfall is 1 mm per hour. At 1 mm per hour with a roof area of 64 square meters, the catchment system will collect approximately 50 liters an hour. For the first hour, the first flush system will collect the majority of the runoff from the roof (see below for calculations). As this water will be collecting the leaves and dirt on the roof, the system will be helping to ensure the water collected is as clean as possible. First Flush Calculations: As August is typically the rainiest month in Cameroon, first flush calculations were done using average rainfall in August.

Monthly Average Rainfall in August

mm in ft 750.00 29.53 2.46

Monthly Average Collection, in gallons, can be found by multiplying the average rainfall (in ft) by the area of the roof (690.72 square feet), by an efficiency factor (0.9 for metal roofing), and finally by the conversion 1 cubic foot= 7.48 gallons. Monthly Average Collection (Gal) = 2.46*690.72*0.9*7.48 = 11,438.82 Gallons The monthly average collection in Liters is 43,300.51 L. Thus, the average daily collection is 1,396.79 Liters, or 58.20 Liters per hour. The “first flush” system will catch over 50% of this initial rainfall. Also located in series, after the first flush system, will be the runoff system. The runoff system is placed slightly higher than the first flush system, thus allowing the water to bypass it as it enters the tank. Once the tank is filled, the water level in the PVC entering the tank will rise until the overflow reaches the runoff system. Once there, the runoff will exit the system and run downhill, away from the foundations of the buildings and the tank, in a slight triangular ditch. If erosion problems seem possible, these small ditches will be lined with rock. If erosion is certain, a 2 meter long, by 0.5 meter wide, and 0.5 meter deep well dry well will be dug and lined with gravel. The water tanks that will be installed will be made of high density polyethelene [HDPE], which provides excellent durability and a 20+ year useable lifespan for the structure. Using the average rainfall as well as the roof size for each building, it was calculated that a 5,000 liter tank would provide enough water to supply the basic needs of the orphanage for a limited amount of the year (about three months). A detailed analysis of these calculations can be found in Appendix E. Based on the HDPE tanks available in the area, a tank with a 2.2 meter diameter and 1.7 meter height will likely be used. The design was created under the assumption this tank size tank could be found. The water tank will be secured to a spread foot concrete foundation using cable straps.



It is understood that this tank will not provide water for the entirety of the year. This initial catchment system is being implemented to reduce the volume of water the residents must collect from the nearby stream. It will not eliminate the need for other water sources. Provided this implementation is successful, and the residents benefit from the system, another catchment could be placed on the dormitory in the future. This additional catchment could provide enough water for the residents to use throughout the year. By placing two catchment systems on the dormitory, it would be possible to eliminate the need for water from the creek. Our chapter will evaluate the success of the initial kitchen implementation before planning for an additional implementation. The foundation will be a simple reinforced concrete step foundation. The foundation will be cast using a lumber form. It will be important to obtain quality aggregates and potable water to ensure the concrete will reach the necessary required strength. The foundation will contain two layers of rebar, placed in a grid formation. After consulting with Keith Korri, the foundations professor at UAA, it was determined that the concrete foundation should extend 0.5 meters beyond the tank in two layers. Similarly, it should extend 1 meter deep. This foundation will be necessary to counteract the force from the full tank (approximately 4000 psf). The final design will include details of this engineered foundation. The water will be accessed by the user via a gate valve attached to a hose near the bottom of the storage tank. The valve will turn off and on, allowing the user to control the amount and speed of the flow. The hose will allow the valve to sit at any level and still be capable of filling any size bucket or pan the orphanage may use (given that water level in the tank is large enough to provide the necessary pressure). Depending on where the tank is bought, frequently the tank will come with all necessary valve parts. The distribution valve on the tank will be secured to allow only certain individuals to access the water. A locking valve box, made of lumber, will be placed over the valve. Only individuals with a key to the box will be able to access the valve. This is done to ensure water is not wasted in the community. It would be simple for a child to accidently hit the valve, or for an individual to forget to turn it off. Leaving the valve open would severely limit the amount of water the residents would be able to receive from the tank. 3.2.3 Cook Stove Description of Existing Kitchen Facility The Orphanage currently has a kitchen facility that is inadequate. The facility has a tin roof and wood walls, with a small wood-fire cooking pit made by the U.S. Navy. This cooking pit has three fire grates supported by a poured concrete structure, see Figure 4. The Orphanage currently does not use these fire pit structures for cooking as frequently as a three-rock fire system shown in Figure 8. Although the three rock setup is more effective at boiling water and cooking food, both systems produce unsafe and unhealthy cooking conditions and use fuel inefficiently. The amount of smoke the fire produces is putting the orphanage at risk for many



health-damaging illnesses. Some of these potential health risks include pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Description of Design We are proposing the installation of a wood-cook stove with a chimney in the existing kitchen facility. This installation has two goals: to improve heat transfer efficiency to the cook pot therefore reducing fuel use and to improve combustion efficiency by reducing the amount of smoke and harmful emissions. Our current design intent is to accomplish both of these goals. Through a site questionnaire, developed by EWB-UAA and administered by Peter Njodzeka, we concluded that the orphanage would like a stove that will boil water quickly, uses less wood fuel, and keeps smoke out of the kitchen. We presented them with details of several different stoves designs. The ideal stove for the orphanage cooking habits contain holes so the pots will sit very near the fire for optimal heat transfer. While discussing design and construction options, we have developed a stove design that we feel will fit the needs of the orphanage. We used the published document “Design Principles for Wood Burning Cook Stoves” by the Aprovecho Research Center as the basis for our design principles and theory of operation. We also collaborated with the EWB Princeton Chapter on their “Improved Cooking Technology” project in Peru. Ten principals of wood burning cooking stoves were reviewed and applied to our design. The airflow or draft through the fuel must be balanced; a good fast draft is necessary for a hot fire but too much draft just cools the fire and too little draft results in smoke. A constant cross sectional area throughout the openings in the stove should be maintained to keep a good draft. Placing a metal grate under the fire helps to heat and maintain the airflow through the fire for complete combustion and a hotter fire. Placing a short combustion chamber chimney below pots increases draft and keeps the fire burning hot and reduces emissions. To reduce smoke, heating and burning only the tips of logs as they enter the fire and keeping the rest of the log cold. The heat of the fire is controlled by how many sticks are burning; for a hotter fire put more wood in. The heat flow path should be insulated to keep the transfer of the fire’s heat to the pot and not to the stove body. Use lightweight, heat resistant materials full of natural air pockets as insulators. Keeping the pot gaps small but not so small that they eliminate good draft, maximizes heat transfer to pots. The stove design has holes cut into a steel sheet (plancha) where pots will sit in the combustion chamber. There will be removable plates that sit over the holes when they are not in use. Using a small opening to the combustion chamber changes the air flow and less unheated air will enter the combustion chamber therefore improving efficiency and creating a hotter fire that uses less wood. A hotter fire will create less smoke, better efficiency, and fewer harmful emissions. The pots will fit snuggly into the holes in the plancha to minimize the amount of smoke that may escape from around the pots. Below the seal and around the pot there will be a proper sized gap to optimize the heat transfer from the hot flue gases that flow past the sides of the pots. This is similar to a pot skirt system where flue gases can freely circulate around the pot. The orphanage



uses large pots (see Figure 4) for cooking and this will provide a large surface area to increase heat transfer. The flow of heat in the combustion chamber will form hot flue gases that move at high velocities toward and around the pots. This high velocity will circulate the cooler stagnant boundary layer of air out. This improves the heat transfer which is the most important factor because it will help reduce the fuel used for cooking. There is a dimensional relationship between the chimney and the wood feed opening which creates good air draft through the stove. Therefore, the opening, the combustion chamber, and the chimney will all be about the same size. A good draft in the stove is essential so the hot air created by the fire can effectively transfer its heat to the pot. A grate will be placed under the wood to create more efficient air flow and cleaner smoke. An insulation material will surround the combustion chamber and create a heat trapping barrier to keep flue gases hot so they can more effectively heat the pots. The preliminary stove design concept drawings are shown in Appendix B. This concept is still under development and will be optimized based on our current design criteria and existing conditions in the Kitchen. 3.2.4 Drawings See the attached Appendix B for preliminary design drawings. Drawings B-1: Site Plan B-2: Existing Borehole Cross-Section B-3: Hand-Pump, Existing Borehole Cover B-4: Hand-Pump, Afripump Cross-Section B-5: Hand-Pump Foundation, Plan and Profile New B-6: Water Catchment System, Isometric Existing Kitchen Building B-7: Water Catchment System, Kitchen Building Proposed New Layout B-8: Water Catchment System, Existing Kitchen Building Plan and Profile B-9: Cook Stove, Kitchen Building Proposed New Layout B-10: Cook Stove, Proposed Stove Layout 1 B-11: Cook Stove, Proposed Stove Layout 2 4.0 PROJECT OWNERSHIP The facilities contained in this design are to owned and maintained by the Rhema Grace Orphanage following their completion. In the event that the orphanage vacates the Dormitory, the intent is that the tank will be connected to the kitchen system and the gutters left on the building. In this case the gutters would belong to the owner of the dormitory building. 5.0 CONSTRUCTABILITY 5.1 Schedule



We intend to spend 14 days completing this trip. We must allow two days of travel time each way, so 10 days will be available for construction. Our preliminary plan is to leave Anchorage on Friday July 30, 2010 and arrive in Douala Saturday night the 31st. The night will be spent in Douala. If possible we will have a rented van with driver to meet us at the airport Saturday night. Generally, it is assumed that most of the work will be performed by the EWB-UAA implementation team however we are likely to receive a great deal of basic assistance from the Orphanage. Examples of this might include staging materials, digging, and cleaning. The children of the orphanage were quite helpful in the assessment; the older children were tasked with assisting us and were eager to help, capable, and not disruptive. We also have established a relationship with the local mason and would like to involve him wherever possible to cultivate his interest and input especially in stove construction. However, we also intend to follow carefully our Health and Safety Plan, see Appendix D. The children will be kept from areas and tasks that have any element of risk of injury. For planning purposes, two schedules based on two different construction scenarios are provided below: 1. Assuming all three design elements in this report are implemented this August; and 2. Assuming construction only of the capture system on the Kitchen and the stove. It will be determined prior to the 525 submittal which scope and schedule will be implemented.

Schedule 1: All Project Design Elements

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Travel

Arrive Douala in the evening

Travel to the orphanage

Depart Douala

Pump

Site prep, Purchase Materials Foundation Pedestal

Install Pump & Test

Stove

Site prep, Purchase Materials Foundation

Masonry construction

RW Capture

Site prep, Purchase Materials Foundation

Replace Kitchen Roof Hang gutters

Place Tanks & Install Piping

Education O & M Education

Health Assessment

O & M Education



Schedule 2: Phase 1 (Kitchen Rain Water Capture System and Stove only)

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Travel

Arrive Douala in the evening

Travel to the orphanage

Depart Douala

Pump Assess Assess Assess

Stove

Site prep, Purchase Materials

Found‐ation

Masonry construction

RW Capture

Site prep, Purchase Materials

Found‐ations

Replace Kitchen Roof Hang gutters

Place Tanks and Install Piping

Education Health Assess

Health Assess

O & M Education

Health Assess

O & M Education

5.2 Hand Pump Pre-construction involves removing the existing hollow concrete foundation around the borehole. The pipe and submersible pump will be lifted in the borehole and suspended by a tripod to allow room for building the foundation while not compromising the source of water for construction or for the day-to-day needs of the orphanage. The installation of the Afripump involves two steps. The first step is to construct a foundation over the existing borehole for the pump itself. The foundation will consist of a concrete platform and a concrete pedestal on top of the platform. The second step involves the installation of the hand pump on top of the pedestal. Drawings of the foundation, existing electric pump and the Afripump are shown in Appendix B. Student team members from EWB-UAA will be supervised by three professional advisors during the implementation of planned construction. Any staff at the orphanage willing and capable to assist during the construction phase, will be supervised by the EWB professional advisers and team members. All material to be used during construction will be purchased locally in Douala, which is located approximately 40 km from Tiko. The Afripump will be delivered to the Rhema Grace Orphanage by Jansen Venneboer B.V's distributor in Douala. Due to the fact that the construction of the platform will take approximately 10 days, a few different scenarios are being considered to facilitate the construction of the foundation and the installation of the hand pump.



Scenario A: A technician will purchase and transport all the wood for the molds and other materials for the construction of the foundation to the orphanage. Prior to the arrival of the EWB Team, the technician will build the foundation so that the Afripump can be installed while the team is on location. Scenario B: All material will be delivered to the orphanage by a technician as in the previous scenario; however, the foundation will be constructed while the team is on the ground in Cameroon. EWB-UAA would then return during phase 2 of the project to install the Afripump, which would either take place in December of 2010 or sometime in 2011. During phase 1, EWB-UAA would replace the currently underpowered generator currently being used, to ensure that the existing system would last until Phase 2 is implemented. Scenario C: A smaller group of the EWB-UAA team would arrive in Cameroon prior to the arrival of the rest of the group. They would then assist a technician with the construction of the foundation, so that the hand pump could be installed before all the EWB members left Cameroon. At this point, it has not yet been decided which scenario is the most feasible; however, it will be decided prior to the submittal of the 525 report. Procedure to construct foundation The casing inside the existing borehole protrudes approximately 5 cm above the surface. Care must be taken so that a PVC pipe and socket, 8 cm in diameter, can pass down through the pedestal and platform into the borehole. The construction of the foundation involves the following steps:

1. A space equal to (100x30x200) cm will be excavated around the borehole to make room for the platform. In this space concrete will be poured into a mold, which will make up the platform.

2. After the concrete has cured for 5 days a pedestal (50x50x70) cm will then be poured on top of the platform.

3. Immediately following the pour of the pedestal, a mold will be used to situate the anchor bolts properly into the concrete. When the concrete has been cured for 5 days the installation of the Afripump can begin.

Procedure to install Afripump 1. Glue a socket on one side of each PVC pipe. 2. Place the blue pump box on the anchor bolts. Secure the pedestal to the concrete pedestal

with nuts. 3. Attach the nylon rope to the PVC pipe and wrap the rope around the handle stop. 4. Lower with the rope the pipes inside the borehole. When a new section of PVC pipe is

glued to a socket, use handle bearings bolts to secure the rope. 5. Repeat this process until all the PVC pipes have been attached to each other.



6. Glue the flange to the last piece of pipe. Give the glue at least 10 minutes to harden before hanging all the pipes on the flange.

7. Secure the end of the installation rope inside the blue box. 8. Connect piston rod with pump rod and lower cylinder slowly inside the pipe. 9. Lower all rods inside the pipe; secure centralizer and all nuts firmly by using two

spanners. Secure the rod bearings to the last rod. 10. As the last rod has been placed inside the PVC pipe, the conical cylinder top should enter

into the PVC conical seat. 11. Move the rods slowly up until you feel that the piston touches the top of the cylinder;

lower the rod until free space is greater than 10 cm. 12. Fit the T-piece inside the blue box. Put a plastic extension pipe over the overflow.

Tighten the 4 nuts to avoid leakage. 13. Fit the spout to the blue box and secure the 2 round nuts inside the blue box. 14. Fit the handle with the bearings to the blue box and connect the rod bearing. 15. Measure the discharge per minute, and verify that the water level inside the PVC pipes

does not drop after pumping. 16. Close the blue box with the special key. 17. Hose will be connected from the spout to the holding tank. 18. Afripump is ready for operation.

5.3 Water Catchment The construction of the water capture system should be fairly straightforward. The entire system should be successfully implemented in the time limit of the trip given that all materials can be located and transported to the site in a timely manner. It is most essential that the foundation be set as soon as soon as possible during the implementation, as they must cure before the tank can be placed and secured. After the foundation is placed, the team will replace the roof on the kitchen, hang the gutters, place and pipe the system. In removing the existing tin from the roof and replacing it with new tin material, the installation will be done with workers on sturdy ladders and/or scaffolding. This will be possible due to the relatively low profile of the kitchen (i.e. the highest point of the roof is less than eight feet). This will avoid placing workers at unsafe heights on the existing kitchen structure. If not already purchased and delivered, the tanks can be purchased and delivered while the foundations are curing. It will then be placed and secured, with the piping to connect the gutters to the tank being completed next. This will include the first flush system, as well as overflow system. Valves and valve boxes will then be installed. Finally, any necessary ditching or grading of the ground to facilitate capturing and directing overflow away from the tanks and kitchen will be completed. The EWB-UAA team members will assist in the above tasks as well as material acquisition. The local community will help implement the design under the guidance of the team members while adhering to the requirements of the Health and Safety Plan. All materials will be purchased in the



region, using local modes of transportation to reach the site. Below is a list of necessary materials and tools: Materials The following are the materials we will use in the construction of the wood-stove and chimney:

• Sheet Metal Roofing • Gutters • Gutter Hangers • Nails/Screws • Screen • HDPE Tank • PVC Pipe • PVC Fittings • Misc. lumber

Tools The following are tools needed for the demolition and construction of the catchment system:

• One 10 foot (or metric equivalent) A-frame ladder • One 6 foot (or metric equivalent) A-frame ladder • Two claw hammers • Large Pry Bar • Small Pry Bar • Pliers • Tin snips for cutting metal • Drill, bits, and driver • Measuring tape • Chalk line • Two spades • Flat blade shovel • Pick • Handsaw • Duplex nails • Calibrated Buckets for measuring concrete mix • Wheel barrow • Mixing trough for concrete • Trowels • Level • PVC glue and cleaner • Utility knife • Pencils • Rag tape



• Hose • Sponge • Engineer level • Nails • Chisels, wood and cold

5.4 Cook Stove EWB-UAA will construct the kitchen improvements with the help of a hired local mason to ensure the quality of the construction. The EWB-UAA construction team will oversee project schedule and methods. The health safety officer will review safety. Everyone is responsible for their own safety and the safety of others. Site safety strategies are discussed in Appendix D, Health and Safety Plan. Procedures: The following are the steps the construction team will take in the Implementation of the wood-stove and chimney:

• Demolish existing cooking area built by the Navy o This includes demolishing the fire grates and the poured concrete that supports the

grates and encloses the cook area. o Use a straight edge to verify demolition is to or below finished floor.

• Grout the floor to level, prepping it for the new wood-stove • Construct pad to build stove on. • Build side walls of stove • Construct front wood feed opening • Form the combustion chamber • Shape pot skirt system • Cut holes in plancha to size of pots • Build chimney • Test stove for workability

Materials The following are the materials we will use in the construction of the wood-stove and chimney:

• Cement block brick • Burning bricks • Sheet metal stove pipe • Metal plate for plancha • Rebar • Cement • Insulation Material • High temperature grout



Tools The following are tools needed for the demolition and construction of the wood-stove and chimney:

• Sledge hammer • Cold chisel • Straight edge • Tape measure • Square • Two different sized hand levels • Small hammer • String-line • Two flat shovels • Mixing trough • Buckets with calibrated measurements • Trowels Screws and driver/duplex nails for forms • Wood-saw • Tin Snips, for cutting stove pipe • Oxy-Acetylene torch or have the plancha cut at a local machine shop

6.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 6.1 Hand Pump According to the manufacturer, the Afripump can be operated and maintained by the owner due to the fact that maintenance needed involves only locally available parts, does not require special tools, is based on a simple design, and has very few parts requiring replacement. The villagers will be able to perform maintenance, such as, cleaning the pump and platform and tighten nuts and bolt using the tools we will leave them, the documentation they will have and the planned educational materials we will provide. The following are reasons why the Afripump is considered to be “maintenance free” and may be suited for this application:

• The piston has no rubber seals. • The corrosion-free PVC rising main and the stainless steel rod. • A simple bolt system connects the handle to the rod. • The stainless rod can easily be lifted out of the borehole for maintenance without having

to lift out the PVC rising main. • Standard bearings are used, which facilitates the acquisition of replacement parts. • The Afripump can be made from locally available materials. Therefore, in case a part is

needed, it can be obtained locally.



The operations and maintenance requirements and suitability for use at the Orphanage will be determined through further investigation and discussion with the staff.

6.2 Water Catchment The operation of the system will require some maintenance from the Orphanage staff. It is our intent to develop a system requiring minimal annual maintenance. Education on system construction, operation/maintenance and water conservation will be part of our implementation plan. Foreseeable maintenance consists of periodic cleaning of the gutters, tank and the first flush pipes. Also to ensure gutters remain firmly fastened to the building, they should be periodically checked and tightened as needed. Repairs should be simple, as the gutters will simply need to be reaffixed to the building using the appropriate fasteners. While placing the screen over the gutters will prevent much of the debris from entering the gutter, there is potential for some debris to enter the gutter and block the system. The system will need to be monitored to determine when the gutters will need to be cleaned. Over time, the tanks themselves may accumulate sediment, therefore, will need to be cleaned though purging. Also, the hose connection at the valve could break with age. By using a local common hose, the orphanage should easily be able to replace it. If a case occurs where they cannot replace the hose, the valve can be used alone. By properly educating the residents of the orphanage about the importance of maintaining their system, it should be able to be maintained properly and continue to function. Teaching the importance of preserving the water; turning of the valve when not in use and not using more water than necessary for everyday tasks, even when the water supply seems unlimited will be the ultimate factor in ensure success of this system. The residents will need to be aware of state of the gutters. They will need to know to watch out for a back up of debris or any sign of malfunction in either the first flow system or the runoff system. Cleaning of the gutters and the first flush system should be done periodically, prior to plugging, as it will be more difficult to clean once the problem gets bad enough to limit the flow of water. It will also be essential to remind the children that this new system is not a toy. Gutters are not to hang on, and valves are not to be played with unless water is needed. Greater maintenance would be necessary if the system is not treated properly. 6.3 Cook Stove The new cook stove will be operated and maintained by the Orphanage. We will provide training on how to operate and clean the new stove and wood management techniques. Detailed operation and maintenance manuals for the new wood-stove will be provided to the orphanage by EWB-UAA. The local mason will also be given these materials so he can help with maintenance as necessary. Maintenances include cleaning the combustion chamber on a daily basis, periodically cleaning the chimney/flue, and watching for any cracks that may appear that



affect air flow. A long narrow shovel will be provided to clean out the combustion chamber, and a chimney brush will be provided for clean out of the chimney. 7.0 SUSTAINABILITY We have discussed sustainability at every step of this design project and have come to realize that sustainability is critical for determining the design and how it is ultimately maintained. A critical component is ownership from the community. We have made comparisons of each alternative suggested based of relative sustainability and this consideration has been a driving force in all of our decisions. There are a number of partners in this effort. First, the Orphanage has the role of owner, which will include operation and maintenance following construction. In addition, they will provide limited unskilled labor, and the resources that they have available to assist in construction of the proposed facilities. Examples of this include space for lodging if desired by EWB-UAA, food preparation, and use of tools/facilities they own. EWB-UAA’s role is that of providing sustainable design, education, management and funding for the project. Rotary International is the funding agency for all water aspects of the project. The assistance of a local mason and other skilled labor may be used but responsibility for their performance will reside with EWB-UAA. 7.1 Hand Pump The hand pump is almost exclusively for the purpose of making an existing system more sustainable both financially and ecologically. We also chose the pump model because of its low maintenance and associated sustainability. The increase in availability of low cost potable water we hope will build sustainable positive relations with the surrounding community. The orphanage has expressed a desire to share clean water but has difficulty with the cost associated with this effort. Members of the surrounding community have clearly expressed a desire for access to this potable water source. The sustainability aspects of the Afripump are as follows:

• According to the manufacturer, the Afripump has an expected functional lifetime of 25+ years.

• It is very reliable; no spare parts are needed. • Maintenance materials are available locally. • Cost of operation is low and the pump won't break down. • The installation of the pump is relatively simple and can be completed without expert

supervision. • The cylinder can be taken out of the borehole with ease. • The Afripump can effectively be used up to a depth of 100 m. • The borehole can easily be cleaned with an airlift. • Spill water cannot enter in the borehole; thus possible contamination is avoided.



7.2 Cook Stove The orphanage will be able to maintain the stove themselves from the information and training provided by EWB-UAA. Teaching wood management techniques will reduce emissions that harm the environment and the human health of the orphanage inhabitants. The stove will be more efficient while will reduce the amount of fuel required for cooking. This will reduce the amount of time and energy required by the inhabitants to collect wood. This extends the natural resource available in the area. Most of the materials to make the stove will be purchased from the city nearby. 7.3 Rain Catchment The sustainability of the project is high as it requires little knowledge or experience to operate and maintain. The lifespan of the HDPE storage tank is 20+ years and the gutters can easily be repairs should they be necessary. At the completion of the construction of the rain catchment system, the orphanage will take ownership of the rain catchment system and will be able to repair any minor problem. As rain is fairly predictable in the region, the system should be sustainable for many years at minimal financial cost to the orphanage. The only potential environmental harm would be from erosion by the runoff, but by directing it away from critical structures, even this aspect is sustainable. Through proper training, the community will learn to use their system and the water to benefit their current situation, and hopefully improve the health and happiness of the residents at the orphanage for many years to come. 8.0 COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT Local and Regional Demographics Data regarding the health status of children in southwest Cameroon, specifically the population of the children in Rhema Grace Orphanage, are unavailable. A comprehensive community health assessment survey will be conducted to determine if this target population of approximately 54 children and 17 adults resembles or differs from the rest of the country and to identify community perceptions and priorities. Methods will include: 1) collection of specific data from key informants; 2) on-site surveys of children and staff/caretakers; and 3) observation of daily living activities especially water, food, cooking, and sanitation practices.

Additionally, it will be important to determine the burden of chronic disease, such as HIV/AIDS, special health care needs and disabilities in this vulnerable population to more fully understand the impact of diarrheal and respiratory illness among residents.

Community Illness/Injury Information Community perceptions of illness will be assessed during the August 2010 visit. It is expected that quantitative and qualitative data about prevalent causes of illness, especially diarrheal and respiratory ailments, will be gathered from the caretakers at the orphanage, clinics or medical providers who attend sick children, and at least one (1) local non-governmental organization



(NGO) if available. Data about community health perceptions will also be collected through questionnaires which will be administered on-site with the assistance of interpreters, if necessary. Quantitative morbidity and mortality data as described in Morbidity/Mortality Information section below will be compared to the perceived causes of illness and injury identified by residents, staff/caretakers and health care providers. Morbidity/Mortality Information In Cameroon, child health indicators such as infant mortality rate (IMR) and life expectancy would suggest that children in Cameroon may be healthier than many other African children. Fewer persons in rural areas (41%), however, have access to improved water sources compared to 45% in the World Health Organization Region (see Appendix F). Leading causes of death for children < 5 years are neonatal causes, malaria, pneumonia and diarrheal diseases, respectively. For adults, HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections, malaria and diarrheal diseases are the top four causes of mortality.

Specific data on the Rhema Grace population including: causes of death in children <5 years of age; percent of children <5 years of age who are underweight, immunization coverage in 1-year olds; and percent of children < 5 years of age who sleep under treated bed nets will be collected and compared to Cameroon Indicators in Table 1 (Appendix F.) Data sources will include staff and caretakers at the orphanage and as well as hospitals and other medical facilities/providers within a 50 km radius of Rhema Grace. Data specific to Rhema Grace Orphanage will be collected during the August 2010 implementation visit.

Daily Living Information Information about daily living activities, especially water, food, cooking, and sanitation practices, will be collected on site during the August 2010 visit. Methods will include surveys of residents and staff/caregivers as well as ongoing observation while in country. Digital photos will be used to document findings as needed.

Community Health Resources Assessment of community health resources will be completed during the August 2010 implementation trip. Preliminary information, however, will be obtained through communication with Rhema Grace staff and medical facilities in Douala or Yaoundé. Information on any NGOs providing services to this population will also be identified.

Education/Health Education While targets for health educational activities can only be finalized after data are collected and analyzed during the August 2010 visit, it is highly likely that topics such as safe water practices, including the use of safe water for bathing and hand washing, and respiratory hygiene, will be appropriate given the goals of the Rhema Grace project. The team will prepare some pictorial educational materials prior to arrival on-site. Possible sources for health education materials include:

• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium



• UNICEF • Massachusetts Department of Public Health Division of Epidemiology and Immunization • GloGerm • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Transportation/Communication Currently being developed as part of the trip preparation.

Goals of EWB-UAA Project Comprehensive Health Assessment of Children at the Orphanage The community assessment will include regional and target population demographics, morbidity, injury and mortality information, activities of daily living including water, food and sanitation practices, community health resources, education status and needs, resources for transportation and communication. In addition to surveying all of the approximately 17 full- and part-time caregivers at the orphanage, all orphans at least 5 years of age or older will be surveyed. The surveys will be designed to identify information related to food- and water-borne as well as respiratory illnesses. Survey instruments for young children and older adolescent/adults will be developed prior to the August 2010 implementation trip.

Orphanage Census EWB-UAA will collect information about the ages and medical histories of current residents at Rhema Grace. Information about the distribution of resident’s ages will be obtained via email (from the caregivers) before the implementation trip in August 2010. The number and type of surveys administered (see 1.8.1) may be adjusted based on any additional information from administrators and caregivers at the orphanage.

Health Education at the Orphanage The health education component will be based on information obtained from both the Comprehensive Health Assessment and Census sections. Educational materials focusing on hand-washing, safe-water, sanitation, and hygiene will be used as preliminary materials as discussed in the Education/Health Education section. Once information from the assessment has been analyzed, education materials will be tailored appropriately. Materials reinforcing desired behaviors, such as digital photos or posters on hand washing, will be hung near sinks, water sources, etc. Such reminders will reinforce the health educational message long after the EWB team has departed.

Possible partnerships with the University of Alaska Anchorage’s Nursing and Early Education Departments may be formed to develop age-appropriate health education materials.

In addition to possible collaboration with other departments at the University of Alaska Anchorage, EWB-UAA may involve local Anchorage School District elementary and middle schools in the project. Local school-age children would be given the opportunity to learn about a



different culture and lifestyle as well as be given the opportunity to make a positive difference in the lives of the orphans at Rhema Grace. Local students could work on fundraising for bed nets, since malaria is the second leading cause of death in children under age 5 in Cameroon. The impact of such a project could be significant and long-lasting; the children at Rhema Grace would experience less disease and death from malaria while Alaskan children will learn the value of helping other and less-advantaged children. 9.0 HEALTH AND SAFTEY PLAN The Health and Safety Plan is referenced in many of the above sections. The preliminary draft document is attached in Appendix D. 10.0 COST ESTIMATE See Appendix C for Preliminary Cost Estimate. This cost estimate is based on locally available materials pricing and labor. 11.0 MENTOR ASSESSMENT This document was prepared by the design team of the EWB-UAA chapter with oversight by their professional mentors (Nancy Hibbert, Chuck Stilwell, John Pepe). Initial project scope information from the Rhema Grace Orphanage was acquired during an assessment trip in August 2009. However, due to a scope change in December 2009 more information was needed for detailed design. The design team prepared a survey which was sent to the project NGO contact in Cameroon, Peter Njodzeka in February 2010. Peter traveled to the orphanage and communicated measurements, photos, and preferences back to the team in Anchorage to incorporate into the design. In terms of a design process, the students organized the design effort to allow individuals to contribute the specific design elements, while the project lead, Wesley Phelps, was the overall lead for the design. The student design team was broken into three sub-teams by design component: hand pump (Michael Ulmgren), rain catchment (Brittney Barkshire) and cook stove (Tim Peng, Kelsey Coolidge, Crystal Dosser). Each sub-group prepared their own section of the 524 including drawings and the document was compiled by the project lead, Wesley Phelps. Wesley provided introduction material and the summary of previous travel and reports submitted in project development. A professional mentor was assigned to each design component (hand pump and cook stove--Nancy Hibbert, rain catchment--Chuck Stilwell) and drafts of each component were submitted for mentor review. Once revisions were communicated back to the design team, John Pepe held the master 524 document and all changes were incorporated into the final report by him for quality control. A final review of the document was then conducted by all design team members and mentors prior to submittal to the EWB-USA Project Manager. This document contains more than a 30% design effort due to the condensed time frame between 524 feedback and 525 submittal.



In summary, the mentors collectively agree that this report meets EWB’s expectations for the 524 report, and because it goes beyond the 524 expectations in many respects, will allow an efficient submittal of the 525 report, once feedback is received from the EWB-USA Project Manager. Also, given the proposed phased implementation of the project, we believe the implementation will be more effective and lead to a higher degree of the project’s success. 12.0 APPENDICES Appendix A: Vicinity Map – Project Area Appendix B: Drawings (See Drawings List) Appendix C: Cost Estimates Appendix D: Health and Safety Plan Appendix E: Water Catchment System Calculations Appendix F: Cameroon Health System Facts Sheet