Editors

Harri HolmaAntti ToskalaPablo Tapia

HSPA+Evolution to Release 12

Performance and Optimization

HSPA+EVOLUTION TO RELEASE 12

HSPA+EVOLUTION TO RELEASE 12PERFORMANCE AND OPTIMIZATION

Edited by

Harri HolmaNokia Networks, Finland

Antti ToskalaNokia Networks, Finland

Pablo TapiaT-Mobile, USA

This edition first published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

HSPA+ Evolution to release 12 : performance and optimization / edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Pablo Tapia.pages cm

Includes index.ISBN 978-1-118-50321-8 (hardback)

1. Packet switching (Data transmission) 2. Network performance (Telecommunication) 3. Radio–Packettransmission. I. Holma, Harri, 1970– II. Toskala, Antti. III. Tapia, Pablo. IV. Title: HSPA plus Evolution torelease 12. V. Title: High speed packet access plus Evolution to release 12.

TK5105.3.H728 2014621.382′16–dc23

2014011399

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118503218

Set in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

1 2014

To Kiira and Eevi—Harri Holma

To Lotta-Maria, Maija-Kerttu and Olli-Ville—Antti Toskala

To Lucia—Pablo Tapia

Contents

Foreword xv

Preface xvii

Abbreviations xix

1 Introduction 1Harri Holma

1.1 Introduction 11.2 HSPA Global Deployments 11.3 Mobile Devices 31.4 Traffic Growth 31.5 HSPA Technology Evolution 51.6 HSPA Optimization Areas 71.7 Summary 7

2 HSDPA and HSUPA in Release 5 and 6 9Antti Toskala

2.1 Introduction 92.2 3GPP Standardization of HSDPA and HSUPA 92.3 HSDPA Technology Key Characteristics 102.4 HSDPA Mobility 162.5 HSDPA UE Capability 172.6 HSUPA Technology Key Characteristics 172.7 HSUPA Mobility 222.8 HSUPA UE Capability 232.9 HSPA Architecture Evolution 232.10 Conclusions 24

References 24

3 Multicarrier and Multiantenna MIMO 27Antti Toskala, Jeroen Wigard, Matthias Hesse, Ryszard Dokuczal, and MaciejJanuszewski

3.1 Introduction 27

viii Contents

3.2 Dual-Cell Downlink and Uplink 273.2.1 Dual-Cell Downlink 283.2.2 Dual-Cell HSUPA 32

3.3 Four-Carrier HSDPA and Beyond 333.4 Multiband HSDPA 363.5 Downlink MIMO 38

3.5.1 Space Time Transmit Diversity – STTD 393.5.2 Closed-Loop Mode 1 Transmit Diversity 393.5.3 2 × 2 MIMO and TxAA 403.5.4 4-Branch MIMO 42

3.6 Uplink MIMO and Uplink Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity 463.6.1 Uplink MIMO Channel Architecture 473.6.2 Scheduling and Rank Selection with Uplink MIMO 493.6.3 Uplink MIMO Performance Evaluation 50

3.7 Conclusions 52References 52

4 Continuous Packet Connectivity and High Speed Common Channels 53Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho

4.1 Introduction 534.2 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) 54

4.2.1 Uplink DTX 554.2.2 Downlink DRX 584.2.3 HS-SCCH-Less Transmission 59

4.3 High Speed FACH 614.4 High Speed RACH 634.5 High Speed FACH and RACH Enhancements 664.6 Fast Dormancy 674.7 Uplink Interference Reduction 684.8 Terminal Power Consumption Minimization 724.9 Signaling Reduction 734.10 Latency Optimization 744.11 Summary 75

References 75

5 HSDPA Multiflow 77Thomas Hohne, Karri Ranta-aho, Alexander Sayenko, and Antti Toskala

5.1 Introduction 775.2 Multiflow Overview 77

5.2.1 Multiflow Principle 785.2.2 Multiflow Configurations 78

5.3 Multiflow Protocol Stack 805.4 Multiflow Impacts on UE Architecture 805.5 Uplink Feedback for Multiflow 81

5.5.1 HS-DPCCH Structure with Multiflow 815.5.2 Dynamic Carrier Activation 84

Contents ix

5.5.3 Timing of Uplink Feedback 845.5.4 HS-DPCCH Power Levels 86

5.6 RLC Impact 875.6.1 RLC Timer_Reordering 875.6.2 RLC Reset 88

5.7 Iub/Iur Enhancements 895.7.1 Flow Control 895.7.2 Multiflow Extensions 90

5.8 Multiflow Combined with Other Features 915.8.1 Downlink MIMO 915.8.2 Uplink Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity and Uplink MIMO 915.8.3 DTX/DRX 92

5.9 Setting Up Multiflow 935.10 Robustness 94

5.10.1 Robustness for RRC Signaling 945.10.2 Radio Link Failure 945.10.3 Robustness for User Plane Data 96

5.11 Multiflow Performance 965.11.1 Multiflow Performance in Macro Networks 965.11.2 Multiflow Performance with HetNets 96

5.12 Multiflow and Other Multipoint Transmission Techniques 1005.13 Conclusions 100

References 100

6 Voice Evolution 103Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho

6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Voice Quality with AMR Wideband 1036.3 Voice Capacity with Low Rate AMR 1066.4 VoIP Over HSPA 1076.5 Circuit-Switched Voice Over HSPA 1116.6 Voice Over HSPA Mobility 1126.7 Circuit-Switched Fallback 1146.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 1156.9 Summary 116

References 116

7 Heterogeneous Networks 117Harri Holma and Fernando Sanchez Moya

7.1 Introduction 1177.2 Small Cell Drivers 1177.3 Base Station Categories 1187.4 Small Cell Dominance Areas 1197.5 HetNet Uplink–Downlink Imbalance 1227.6 HetNet Capacity and Data Rates 1247.7 HetNet Field Measurements 128

x Contents

7.8 Femto Cells 1307.9 WLAN Interworking 133

7.9.1 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) 1337.9.2 Hotspot 2.0 1357.9.3 Differences between ANDSF and Hotspot 2.0 136

7.10 Summary 136References 137

8 Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms 139Antti Toskala and Hisashi Onozawa

8.1 Introduction 1398.2 Advanced UE Receivers 1398.3 BTS Scheduling Alternatives 1438.4 BTS Interference Cancellation 1458.5 Further Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms 1498.6 Conclusions 150

References 151

9 IMT-Advanced Performance Evaluation 153Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala

9.1 Introduction 1539.2 ITU-R Requirements for IMT-Advanced 1539.3 3GPP Features to Consider in Meeting the IMT-Advanced Requirements 1559.4 Performance Evaluation 157

9.4.1 Eight-Carrier HSDPA 1579.4.2 Four-Antenna MIMO for HSDPA 1599.4.3 Uplink Beamforming, MIMO and 64QAM 1609.4.4 HSPA+ Multiflow 1629.4.5 Performance in Different ITU-R Scenarios 1639.4.6 Latency and Handover Interruption Analysis 164

9.5 Conclusions 168References 168

10 HSPA+ Performance 169Pablo Tapia and Brian Olsen

10.1 Introduction 16910.2 Test Tools and Methodology 17010.3 Single-Carrier HSPA+ 173

10.3.1 Test Scenarios 17310.3.2 Latency Measurements 17410.3.3 Good Signal Strength Scenario 17510.3.4 Mid Signal Strength Scenario 17710.3.5 Poor Signal Strength Scenario 17910.3.6 Summary of Stationary Tests 18210.3.7 Drive Test Performance of Single-Carrier HSPA+ 183

Contents xi

10.4 Dual-Cell HSPA+ 18810.4.1 Stationary Performance 18910.4.2 Dual-Carrier Drive Performance 19210.4.3 Impact of Vendor Implementation 196

10.5 Analysis of Other HSPA Features 19810.5.1 64 QAM Gains 19810.5.2 UE Advanced Receiver Field Results 20010.5.3 2 × 2 MIMO 20310.5.4 Quality of Service (QoS) 206

10.6 Comparison of HSPA+ with LTE 20910.7 Summary 211

References 212

11 Network Planning 213Brian Olsen, Pablo Tapia, Jussi Reunanen, and Harri Holma

11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Radio Frequency Planning 213

11.2.1 Link Budget 21511.2.2 Antenna and Power Planning 21911.2.3 Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) Tools 22211.2.4 Neighbor Planning 223

11.3 Multilayer Management in HSPA 22411.3.1 Layering Strategy within Single Band 22511.3.2 Layering Strategy with Multiple UMTS Bands 23011.3.3 Summary 233

11.4 RAN Capacity Planning 23311.4.1 Discussion on Capacity Triggers 23411.4.2 Effect of Voice/Data Load 23711.4.3 Uplink Noise Discussion 23811.4.4 Sector Dimensioning 24011.4.5 RNC Dimensioning 242

11.5 Packet Core and Transport Planning 24311.5.1 Backhaul Dimensioning 244

11.6 Spectrum Refarming 24611.6.1 Introduction 24611.6.2 UMTS Spectrum Requirements 24711.6.3 GSM Features for Refarming 24911.6.4 Antenna Sharing Solutions 249

11.7 Summary 250References 251

12 Radio Network Optimization 253Pablo Tapia and Carl Williams

12.1 Introduction 25312.2 Optimization of the Radio Access Network Parameters 254

12.2.1 Optimization of Antenna Parameters 255

xii Contents

12.2.2 Optimization of Power Parameters 25712.2.3 Neighbor List Optimization 26212.2.4 HS Cell Change Optimization 26512.2.5 IRAT Handover Optimization 26812.2.6 Optimization of Radio State Transitions 27112.2.7 Uplink Noise Optimization 275

12.3 Optimization Tools 28112.3.1 Geolocation 28412.3.2 User Tracing (Minimization of Drive Tests) 28512.3.3 Self Organizing Network (SON) Tools 286

12.4 Summary 292Reference 292

13 Smartphone Performance 293Pablo Tapia, Michael Thelander, Timo Halonen, Jeff Smith, and Mika Aalto

13.1 Introduction 29313.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis 29413.3 Smartphone Data Consumption 29713.4 Smartphone Signaling Analysis 299

13.4.1 Smartphone Profiling 30113.4.2 Ranking Based on Key Performance Indicators 30213.4.3 Test Methodology 30313.4.4 KPIs Analyzed during Profiling 30413.4.5 Use Case Example: Analysis of Signaling by Various Mobile OSs 306

13.5 Smartphone Performance 30813.5.1 User Experience KPIs 31013.5.2 Battery Performance 31113.5.3 Coverage Limits for Different Services 31313.5.4 Effect of TCP Performance 31513.5.5 Web Browsing Performance 31813.5.6 Video Streaming 321

13.6 Use Case Study: Analysis of Smartphone User Experience in the US 33013.7 Summary 334

References 335

14 Multimode Multiband Terminal Design Challenges 337Jean-Marc Lemenager, Luigi Di Capua, Victor Wilkerson, Mikael Guenais,Thierry Meslet, and Laurent Noel

14.1 Cost Reduction in Multimode Multiband Terminals 34014.1.1 Evolution of Silicon Area and Component Count 34014.1.2 Transceiver Architecture Evolutions 34214.1.3 RF Front End 350

14.2 Power Consumption Reduction in Terminals 36914.2.1 Smartphone Power Consumption 36914.2.2 Application Engines 371

Contents xiii

14.2.3 Power Amplifiers 37814.2.4 Continuous Packet Connectivity 382

14.3 Conclusion 387References 389

15 LTE Interworking 393Harri Holma and Hannu Raassina

15.1 Introduction 39315.2 Packet Data Interworking 394

15.2.1 Example Trace of 3G to LTE Cell Reselection 39815.2.2 Example Trace of LTE to 3G Redirection 400

15.3 Circuit-Switched Fallback 40615.3.1 Example Circuit-Switched Fallback with Location Area Update 41015.3.2 Example Circuit-Switched Fallback without Location Area Update 413

15.4 Matching of LTE and 3G Coverage Areas 41515.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 41715.6 Summary 419

References 419

16 HSPA Evolution Outlook 421Antti Toskala and Karri Ranta-aho

16.1 Introduction 42116.2 HSPA-LTE and WLAN Interworking 42116.3 Scalable Bandwidth UMTS 42316.4 DCH Enhancements 42516.5 HSUPA Enhancements 42716.6 Heterogenous Networks 42816.7 Other Areas of Improvement for Release 12 and Beyond 43016.8 Conclusions 430

References 431

Index 433

Foreword

Our industry has undergone massive change in the last few years and it feels like onlyyesterday that T-Mobile USA, and the industry as a whole, was offering voice centric servicesand struggling to decide what to do about “data.” Once the smartphone revolution started andconsumption of new services literally exploded, wireless operators had to quickly overcomemany new challenges. This new era of growth in the wireless industry continues to create greatopportunity coupled with many new challenges for the wireless operators.

In my role of Chief Technical Officer at T-Mobile USA, I have enjoyed leading our companythrough a profound technology transformation over a very short period of time. We have rapidlyevolved our network from a focus on voice and text services, to providing support to a customerbase with over 70% smartphones and a volume of carried data that is growing over 100% yearon year. At the time of writing, we offer one of the best wireless data experiences in the USAwhich is one of the fastest growing wireless data markets in the world. We provide theseservices through a combination of both HSPA+, and more recently, LTE technologies.

Many wireless operators today have to quickly address how they evolve their network. Andwith consumer demand for data services skyrocketing, the decision and choice of technologypath are critical. Some operators may be tempted to cease investments in their legacy HSPAnetworks and jump straight to LTE. In our case, we bet heavily on the HSPA+ technologyfirst, and this has proved instrumental to our success and subsequent rollout of LTE. As youwill discover throughout this book, there are many common elements and similarities betweenHSPA+ and LTE, and the investment of both time and money into HSPA will more than payoff when upgrading to LTE. It certainly did for us.

Furthermore, industry forecasts indicate that by the end of the decade HSPA+ will replaceGSM as the main reference global wireless technology and HSPA+ will be used extensively tosupport global voice and data roaming. This broad-based growth of HSPA+ will see continueddevelopment of existing economies of scale for both infrastructure and devices.

This book provides a great combination of theoretical principles, device design, and practicalaspects derived from field experience, which will help not only tune and grow your HSPA+network, but also LTE when the time comes. The book has been written by 26 experts frommultiple companies around the world, including network infrastructure and chip set vendors,mobile operators, and consultancy companies.

As worldwide renowned experts, Harri and Antti bring a wealth of knowledge to explainall the details of the technology. They have helped create and develop the UMTS and HSPAtechnologies through their work at NSN, and more recently pushed the boundaries of HSPA+from Release 8 onward.

xvi Foreword

Pablo has been a key player to our HSPA+ success at T-Mobile, working at many levelsto drive this technology forward: from business case analysis and standardization, to leadingtechnology trials through design and optimization activities. His practical experience providesa compelling perspective on this technology and is a great complement to the theoreticalaspects explored in this book.

I hope you will find this book as enjoyable as I have, and trust that it will help advance yourunderstanding of the great potential of this key and developing technology.

Neville RayCTO

T-Mobile USA

Preface

HSPA turned out to be a revolutionary technology, through making high-speed wide-areadata connections possible. HSPA is by far the most global mobile broadband technology andis deployed by over 500 operators. Data volumes today are substantially higher than voicevolumes and mobile networks have turned from being voice dominated to data dominated.The fast increase in data traffic and customer expectation for higher data rates require furtherevolution of HSPA technology. This book explains HSPA evolution, also called HSPA+.The book is structured as follows. Chapter 1 presents an introduction. Chapter 2 describesthe basic HSDPA and HSUPA solution. Chapter 3 presents multicarrier and multiantennaevolution for higher efficiency and higher data rates. Chapter 4 explains continuous packetconnectivity and high speed common channels. Multiflow functionality is described in Chapter5, voice evolution in Chapter 6, and heterogeneous networks in Chapter 7. Advanced receiveralgorithms are discussed in Chapter 8. ITU performance requirements for IMT-Advanced andHSPA+ simulation results are compared in Chapter 9. Chapters 10 to 13 present the practicalnetwork deployment and optimization: HSPA+ field measurements in Chapter 10, networkplanning in Chapter 11, network optimization in Chapter 12, and smartphone optimization inChapter 13. Terminal design aspects are presented in Chapter 14. The inter-working betweenLTE and HSPA is discussed in Chapter 15 and finally the outlook for further HSPA evolutionin Chapter 16. The content of the book is summarized here in Figure P.1.

Acknowledgments

The editors would like to acknowledge the hard work of the contributors from Nokia, fromT-Mobile USA, from Videotron Canada, from Teliasonera, from Renesas Mobile and from Sig-nals Research Group: Mika Aalto, Luigi Dicapua, Ryszard Dokuczal, Mikael Guenais, TimoHalonen, Matthias Hesse, Thomas Hohne, Maciej Januszewski, Jean-Marc Lemenager, ThierryMeslet, Laurent Noel, Brian Olsen, Hisashi Onozawa, Hannu Raassina, Karri Ranta-aho, JussiReunanen, Fernando Sanchez Moya, Alexander Sayenko, Jeff Smith, Mike Thelander, JeroenWigard, Victor Wilkerson, and Carl Williams.

We also would like to thank the following colleagues for their valuable comments:Erkka Ala-Tauriala, Amar Algungdi, Amaanat Ali, Vincent Belaiche, Grant Castle, CostelDragomir, Karol Drazynski, Magdalena Duniewicz, Mika Forssell, Amitava Ghosh, JukkaHongisto, Jie Hui, Shane Jordan, Mika Laasonen, M. Franck Laigle, Brandon Le, HenrikLiljestrom, Mark McDiarmid, Peter Merz, Randy Meyerson, Harinder Nehra, Jouni Parviainen,Krystian Pawlak, Marco Principato, Declan Quinn, Claudio Rosa, Marcin Rybakowski, David

xviii Preface

A. Sanchez-Hernandez, Shubhankar Saha, Yannick Sauvat, Mikko Simanainen, Dario Tonesi,Mika Vuori, Dan Wellington, Changbo Wen, and Taylor Wolfe.

The editors appreciate the fast and smooth editing process provided by Wiley and especiallyby Sandra Grayson, Liz Wingett, and Mark Hammond.

We are grateful to our families, as well as the families of all the authors, for their patienceduring the late night writing and weekend editing sessions.

The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements orchanges that could be implemented in forthcoming editions of this book. The feedback iswelcome to the editors’ email addresses harri.holma@nokia.com, antti.toskala@nokia.com,and pablo.tapia.m@gmail.com.

3. Multicarrier and

Multiantenna MIMO

1. Introduction

2. HSDPA and HSUPA

in Releases 5 and 6

5. Multiflow

6. Voice Evolution

7. Heterogeneous Networks

8. Advanced UE and BTS

Receivers

9. IMT–Advanced Performance Evaluation

4. Continuous Packet Connectivityand High Speed Common Channels

10. HSPA+ FieldMeasurements

11. Network Planning

12. Network Optimization

13. Smartphone Optimization

14. HSPA Terminal Design Aspects

15. LTE Interworking

16. HSPA Evolution Outlook

Figure P.1 Contents of the book.

Abbreviations

3GPP Third Generation Partnership ProjectACK AcknowledgmentACL Antenna Center LineACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage RatioACP Automatic Cell PlanningADC Analog Digital ConversionAICH Acquisition Indicator ChannelAL Absorption LossesALCAP Access Link Control Application PartAM Acknowledged ModeAMR Adaptive MultirateANDSF Access Network Discovery and Selection FunctionANQP Access Network Query ProtocolANR Automatic Neighbor RelationsAPE Application EngineAPNS Apple Push Notification ServiceAPT Average Power TrackingaSRVCC Alerting SRVCCAWS Advanced Wireless ServicesBBIC Baseband Integrated CircuitBCH Broadcast ChannelBH Busy HourBiCMOS Bipolar CMOSBLER Block Error RateBOM Bill of MaterialBPF Band Pass FilterBSC Base Station ControllerBT BluetoothBTS Base StationCA Carrier AggregationCAPEX Capital ExpensesCCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCIO Cell Individual Offset

xx Abbreviations

CL Closed LoopCL-BFTD Closed Loop Beamforming Transmit DiversityCM Configuration ManagementCMOS Complementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCoMP Cooperative MultipointCPC Continuous Packet ConnectivityC-PICH Common Pilot ChannelCPU Central Processing UnitCQI Channel Quality InformationCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCS Circuit-SwitchedCSFB CS FallbackCSG Closed Subscriber GroupCTIA Cellular Telecommunications and Internet AssociationDAC Digital Analog ConversionDAS Distributed Antenna SystemDASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTPDC Direct CurrentDC Dual-CarrierDCA Direct Conversion ArchitectureDCH Dedicated ChannelDC-HSDPA Dual-Cell HSDPADC-HSPA Dual-Cell HSPADDR Double Data RateDF Dual FrequencyDFCA Dynamic Frequency and Channel AllocationDL DownlinkDM Device ManagementDMIPS Dhrystone Mega Instructions Per SecondDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDRAM Dynamic Random Access MemoryDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDS Deep SleepDSL Digital Subscriber LineDSP Digital Signal ProcessingDTX Discontinuous TransmissionE-AGCH Enhanced Absolute Grant ChannelEAI Extended Acquisition IndicatorEc/No Energy per Chip over Interference and NoiseE-DCH Enhanced Dedicated ChannelEDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM EvolutionE-DPCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical ChanneleF-DPCH Enhanced Fractional Dedicated Physical ChannelEGPRS Enhanced GPRSE-HICH E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChanneleICIC Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Cancellation

Abbreviations xxi

EIRP Equivalent Isotropical Radiated PowerEMI Electro-Magnetic InterferenceEPA Extended Pedestrian AEPC Evolved Packet CoreEPS Evolved Packet SystemE-RGCH Enhanced Relative Grant ChanneleSRVCC Enhanced SRVCCET Envelope TrackingEU European UnionE-UTRA Enhanced Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessEVM Error Vector MagnitudeFACH Forward Access ChannelFBI Feedback InformationFDD Frequency Division DuplexF-DPCH Fractional Dedicated Physical ChannelFE Front EndFE-FACH Further Enhanced Forward Access ChannelfeICIC Further Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference CoordinationFEM Front End ModuleFGA Fast Gain AcquisitionFIR Finite Impulse ResponseFM Frequency ModulationFOM Figure of MeritFS Free SpaceFTP File Transfer ProtocolGAS Generic Advertisement ServiceGCM Google Cloud MessagingGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGoS Grade of ServiceGPEH General Performance Event HandlingGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGPU Graphical Processing UnitGS Gain SwitchingGSM Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGSMA GSM AssociationGTP GPRS Tunneling ProtocolHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-reQuestHD High DefinitionHDMI High Definition Multimedia InterfaceHDR High Dynamic RangeHEPA High Efficiency PAHLS HTTP Live StreamingHO HandoverHPF High Pass FilterH-RNTI HS-DSCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier

xxii Abbreviations

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHS-DPCCH High Speed Downlink Physical Control ChannelHS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared ChannelHS-FACH High Speed Forward Access ChannelHSPA High Speed Packet AccessHS-RACH High Speed Random Access ChannelHS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control ChannelHSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocolIC Integrated CircuitIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIIP Input Intercept PointIIR Infinite Impulse ResponseILPC Inner Loop Power ControlIMEISV International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software VersionIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIMT International Mobile TelephonyIO Input–OutputIP Intellectual PropertyIP Internet ProtocolIQ In-phase/quadratureIRAT Inter Radio Access TechnologyISD Inter-Site DistanceISMP Inter-System Mobility PolicyISRP Inter-System Routing PolicyITU-R International Telegraphic Union Radiocommunications sectorJIT Just In TimeKPI Key Performance IndicatorLA Location AreaLAC Location Area CodeLAU Location Area UpdateLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayLDO Low Drop OutLNA Low Noise AmplifierLO Local OscillatorLS Light SleepLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMAPL Maximum Allowable PathlossMBR Maximum BitrateMCL Minimum Coupling LossMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMDT Minimization of Drive TestsMGW Media GatewayMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMIPI Mobile Industry Processor Interface

Abbreviations xxiii

ML Mismatch LossMLD Maximum Likelihood DetectionMME Mobility Management EntityMMMB Multimode MultibandMMSE Minimum Mean Square ErrorMO Mobile OriginatedMOS Mean Opinion ScoreMP MultiprocessingMPNS Microsoft Push Notification ServiceMSC Mobile Switching CenterMSC-S MSC-ServerMSS Microsoft’s Smooth StreamingMSS MSC-ServerMT Mobile TerminatedNA North AmericaNACK Negative AcknowledgementNAIC Network Assisted Interference CancellationNAS Non-Access StratumNB NarrowbandNBAP NodeB Application PartNGMN Next Generation Mobile NetworkOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOL Open LoopOLPC Open Loop Power ControlOMA Open Mobile AllianceOPEX Operational ExpensesOS Operating SystemOSC Orthogonal SubchannelizationOTA Over The AirPA Power AmplifierPAE Power Added EfficiencyPAM Power Amplifier ModulePAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPCB Printed Circuit BoardPCH Paging ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDP Packet Data ProtocolPDU Payload Data UnitPIC Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC)PICH Paging Indicator ChannelPLL Phase Locked LoopPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPM Performance ManagementPRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPS Packet SwitchedP-SCH Primary Synchronization Channel

xxiv Abbreviations

PSD Power Spectral DensityQAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQBE Quadband EGPRSQoE Quality of ExperienceQoS Quality of ServiceQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingQXDM Qualcomm eXtensible Diagnostic MonitorR99 Release 99RAB Radio Access BearerRAC Routing Area CodeRACH Random Access ChannelRAN Radio Access NetworkRANAP Radio Access Network Application PartRAT Radio Access TechnologyRB Radio BearerRET Remote Electrical TiltRF Radio FrequencyRFFE RF Front EndRFIC RF Integrated CircuitRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerROHC Robust Header CompressionRoT Rice over ThermalRRC Radio Resource ControlRRM Radio Resource ManagementRRSS Receiver Radio Signal StrengthRSCP Received Signal Code PowerRSRP Reference Signal Received PowerrSRVCC Reverse SRVCCRSSI Received Signal Strength IndicatorRTP Real Time ProtocolRTT Round Trip TimeRUM Real User MeasurementsRX ReceiveSAW Surface Acoustic WaveS-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical ChannelSCRI Signaling Connection Release IndicationSD Secure DigitalSD Sphere DecodingS-DPCCH Secondary Dedicated Physical Control ChannelS-E-DPCCH Secondary Dedicated Physical Control Channel for E-DCHS-E-DPDCH Secondary Dedicated Physical Data Channel for E-DCHSF Single FrequencySF Spreading FactorSFN System Frame NumberSGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

Abbreviations xxv

SHO Soft HandoverSI Status IndicationSIB System Information BlockSIC Successive Interference CancellerSIM Subscriber Identity ModuleSINR Signal to Interference and Noise RatioSIR Signal to Interference RatioSMSB Single Mode Single BandSNR Signal to Noise RatioSoC System on ChipSON Self-Organizing NetworkSRVCC Single Radio Voice Call ContinuityS-SCH Secondary Synchronization ChannelSSID Service Set IdentifierSTTD Space Time Transmit DiversitySW SoftwareTA Tracking AreaTAC Tracking Area CodeTAU Tracking Area UpdateTDD Time Division DuplexTD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple AccessTFCI Transport Format Control IndicatorTIS Total Isotropic SensitivityTM Transparent ModeTRP Total Radiated PowerTRX TransceiverTTI Transmission Time IntervalTVM Traffic Volume MeasurementTX TransmitUARFCN UTRAN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel NumberUDP User Datagram ProtocolUE User EquipmentUHF Ultrahigh FrequencyUI User InteractionUL UplinkUM Unacknowledged ModeUMI UTRAN Mobility InformationUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemURL Uniform Resource LocatorUSB Universal Serial BusU-SIM UMTS SIMUTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkVAM Virtual Antenna MappingVCO Voltage Controlled OscillatorVIO Input Offset VoltageVoIP Voice over IP

xxvi Abbreviations

VoLTE Voice over LTEvSRVCC Video SRVCCVST Video Start TimeVSWR Voltage Standing Wave RatioWB WidebandWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessWi-Fi Wireless FidelityWiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWLAN Wireless Local Area NetworkWPA Wi-Fi Protected AccessWW World WideXPOL Cross-PolarizedZIF Zero Insertion Force

1Introduction

Harri Holma

1.1 Introduction

GSM allowed voice to go wireless with more than 4.5 billion subscribers globally. HSPAallowed data to go wireless with 1.5 billion subscribers globally. The number of mobilebroadband subscribers is shown in Figure 1.1. At the same time the amount of data consumedby each subscriber has increased rapidly leading to a fast increase in the mobile data traffic:the traffic growth has been 100% per year in many markets. More than 90% of bits in mobilenetworks are caused by data connections and less than 10% by voice calls. The annual growthof mobile data traffic is expected to be 50–100% in many markets over the next few years.Mobile networks have turned from voice networks into data networks. Mobile operators need toenhance network capabilities to carry more data traffic with better performance. Smartphoneusers expect higher data rates, more extensive coverage, better voice quality, and longerbattery life.

Most of the current mobile data traffic is carried by HSPA networks. HSPA+ is expected tobe the dominant mobile broadband technology for many years to come due to attractive datarates and high system efficiency combined with low cost devices and simple upgrade on topof WCDMA and HSPA networks. This book presents HSPA evolution solutions to enhancethe network performance and capacity. 3GPP specifications, optimizations, field performance,and terminals aspects are considered.

1.2 HSPA Global Deployments

More than 550 operators have deployed the HSPA network in more than 200 countries by2014. All WCDMA networks have been upgraded to support HSPA and many networks alsosupport HSPA+ with 21 Mbps and 42 Mbps. HSPA technology has become the main mobilebroadband solution globally. Long Term Evolution (LTE) will be the mainstream solution in

HSPA+ Evolution to Release 12: Performance and Optimization, First Edition.Edited by Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, and Pablo Tapia.© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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-201

3

Mill

ion

s

Subscribers globally per technology (broadband solutions)

WCDMA

CDMA

LTE

TD-SCDMA

Figure 1.1 Number of subscribers with mobile broadband technologies

the long term for GSM and HSPA operators and also for CDMA and WiMAX operators.HSPA traffic will continue to grow for many years and HSPA networks will remain in parallelto LTE for a long time. The technology evolution is shown in Figure 1.2.

HSPA has been deployed on five bands globally, see Figure 1.3. The most widely usedfrequency band is 2100 MHz 3GPP Band 1 which is used in many countries in Europe, Asia,the Middle East, and Africa. The other high-band options are Band 4 at 2100/1700 MHzand Band 2 at 1900 MHz. In many cases operators have deployed HSPA on two bands: highband for capacity and low band for coverage. The two low-band options are 900 MHz and850 MHz. The low-band rollouts have turned out to be successful in improving the networkcoverage, which gives better customer performance and better network quality. Low bandshave traditionally been used by GSM. Using the same bands for HSPA is called refarming.GSM and HSPA can co-exist smoothly on the same band.

LTE

HSPA

GSM

CDMA

WiMAX

Figure 1.2 Radio technology evolution