Evolution Definition: The process when the overall POPULATION
change over time.
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Natural Selection Definition: The process whereby organisms
better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce
more offspring.
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Adaptation A change or process of change by which an organism
or species becomes better suited to its environment.
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Evolution act at the level of POPULATION
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Natural selection at the level of INDIVIDUAL
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Mimicry Definition: The phenomenon whereby unprotected prey
species gain protection from predators by mimicking toxic or other
wise protect species.
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Evolution People & Theories
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Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Father of Evolution Born in 1809,
England Sailed on the HMS Beagle During his voyage, he made
observations that led him to his THEORY OF EVOLUTINON.
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Darwins THEORY OF EVOLUTION: a scientific explanation for the
diversity of life, by proposing how modern organism evolved from
common ancestors.
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This voyage lasted from 1831 to 1836.
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The Galapagos Islands lie 500 miles west of Ecuador in the
Pacific Ocean, directly on the equator. Many of Darwins conclusions
were based on observations of wildlife in the Galapagos Islands.
Galapagos means turtle.
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Darwin called this which means change in species over time
After returning from the Galapagos and studying different types of
plants & animals he collected during the voyage, Darwin
concluded that organisms change over time.
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Jean Lamarck French scientist, who in 1809 proposed a
hypothesis for how organisms change over generations. believed that
over the lifetime of an organism, physical features would increase
or decrease in size because of either the use or disuse of the
feature. changes would then be passed on to offspring, enabling
species to change over time.
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Lamarck had correctly identified that a change is a species is
linked to an organisms environmental condition.
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Thomas Malthus Wrote an essay in 1798 that said if the human
population grew unchecked, there wouldnt be enough living space and
food for everyone. Malthus said that the forces that controlled
population growth included war, disease natural disasters and
famine
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Alfred Wegener Most well known for his Continental Drift
hypothesis (1912), which led to the modern science of plate
tectonics.
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In 1910, upon examining a new map that included African and
South American coastline research data, Alfred noticed that depth
features for corresponding coastline contours of the two continents
matched, but did not have time to think about it much until later,
in 1911, when he read paleontological evidence of creatures
existing on the two continents that could not possibly have crossed
the vast ocean distances.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzzGPfVx32M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzzGPfVx32M
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Macroevolution Refers to major evolutionary changes over time,
the origin of new types of organisms from previously existing, but
different, ancestral types. Examples of this would be fish
descending from an invertebrate animal, or whales descending from a
land mammal.
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Microevolution Refers to varieties within a given type. Change
happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same
type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or
adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not
"vertical." Changes might be accomplished by "natural selection,"
in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best
for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial
selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of
dog.
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Pinky- 1. Population Size Small population allows chance to
take over.
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Ring Finger: 2. Non- Random Mating Organisms choose mate based
on physical features and location.
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Middle Finger- 3. Mutation Mutation, change in a DNA/gene, can
affect frequency of gene pool.
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Pointer Finger- 4. Movement/Migration Gene flow: Movement of
individual into an areal will change the gene frequency
Immigration: individuals moving into an area Emigrate: individual
moving out of an area
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Thumb- 5. Adaptation Natural selection Favors individuals with
traits that are suitable for the environment (thumbs up) Selects
against individuals with traits that are unfit for the environment.
(thumbs down)
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Main Types of Selection Pressures Stabilizing Selection Natural
selection favors the average for population selected Directional
Selection Natural selection favors one extreme of the population
for that trait often happens when environment changes in a
consistent way- e.g.climate gets colder. Disruptive Selection
Natural selection favors both extremes selected Causes species to
diverge
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Artificial Selection The intentional breeding for certain
traits, or combinations of traits, over others this can lead to
speciation. (Human induced) What types of traits are selected
for?
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Speciation: The formation of new and distinct species in the
course of evolution WHAT IS SPECIATION?
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Allopatric Speciation Definition: new species evolves as a
result of geographic isolation TYPES OF SPECIATION
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Sympatric Speciation Definition: new species evolves from
single ancestor while living in same geographic niche (organisms
place in ecosystem) TYPES OF SPECIATION
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Parapatric Speciation Definition: new species evolves as a
result of partial geographic isolation as a result of occupying a
new/different niche TYPES OF SPECIATION
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Divergent Evolution Definition: new species evolves from a
common ancestor TYPES OF EVOLUTION
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Convergent Evolution Definition: unrelated species become
similar as they adapt to similar environments TYPES OF
EVOLUTION
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Parallel Evolution Definition: development of a similar trait
in related, but distinct, species descending from a common ancestor
TYPES OF EVOLUTION
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Coevolution Definition: influence of closely associated species
on each other in their evolution TYPES OF EVOLUTION
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Definition: structures present in different organisms that have
the same function but are structurally different and have different
origins ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
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Definition: structures present in different organisms that have
the same underlying structure but may have different functions
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
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Prezygotic Isolation TYPES OF ISOLATION Definition:
reproductive isolation preventing a zygote Example: geographic,
behavioral, mechanical
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Geographic Isolation When a population is divided into two or
more smaller populations due to PHYSICAL BARRIERS. This can occur
when rivers change course, mountains rise, continents drift, or
organisms migrate. Example: Northern Spotted Owl and Mexican
Spotted Owl
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Behavioral Isolation Two species do not mate because of
differences in courtship behavior. Example: Blue footed boobies
(mating dance), birds (mating song), nocturnal versus diurnal
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Postzygotic Isolation TYPES OF ISOLATION HorseDonkey Hybrid =
Mule Can NOT reproduce Definition: reproductive isolation that
occurs after two species have mated Example: hybrid mule offspring
are infertile
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Embryology Station- a science which is about the development of
an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage
Sort the cards into their correct location in the chart then answer
questions.
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Embryology
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Comparative Anatomy (Homologous structure) study of the body
structures of different species of animals in order to understand
the adaptive changes they have undergone Read and compare the
anatomical structures of different species and answer the
questions.
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Molecular Biology- study of biology at a molecular level
Compare the Hox gene sequences between different species and answer
the questions.
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Cladogram- a chart that shows an organism's evolutionary
history Study the cladogram and answer the related questions.
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Biogeography- study of geographical distribution of
organisms
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What is evolution? Definition: Change in the allele frequency
of a population over time.
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Allele Frequencies The amount of an allele in a population B
b
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How does a population change over time? Genetic Drift- Reduce
genetic variation When the allele frequencies of a population is
changed due to randomness or chance. Reduce genetic variation
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How does a population change over time? Gene Flow When alleles
travel from one population to another population of the same
species. - Migration
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Genetic Drift vs. Gene Flow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6JEA2olNts
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Beetles Modeling Lab Objective: Observe how gene flow and
genetic drift can affect the allele frequencies of a
population.
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Bottle Neck When a populations size is reduced for at least one
generation due to catastrophic event. Example: Northern elephant
seal
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Founder Effect Occurs when a new colony is started by a few
members of the original population. Example: Polydactyl in Amish
communities
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Cladograms
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Cladograms are used to Organize organisms based on evolutionary
relationships (phylogeny). In other words who is related to who and
where did we come from
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How are cladograms constructed? Organisms are grouped together
based on their shared derived characteristics (trait modified from
the ancestral trait).
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What do you know? Using the cladogram, which animals have
claws/nails? (Hint: 4) Which animals have fur/mammary glands? (Hint
2) To what is the chimp most closely related to?
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Look at the cladogram at the right. What conclusions can be
drawn about the relationship between humans and chimps? Image
courtesy of
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
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How to read a Cladogram This diagram shows a relationship
between 4 relatives. These relatives share a common ancestor at the
root of the tree. Note that this diagram is also a timeline. The
older organism is at the bottom of the tree. The four descendents
at the top of the tree are DIFFERENT species. This is called
SPECIATION. Image courtesy of
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
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Branches on the tree represent SPECIATION, the formation of a
new species. The event that causes the speciation is shown as the
fork of the V. Image courtesy of
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
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Species B and C each have characteristics that are unique only
to them. But they also share some part of their history with
species A. This shared history is the common ancestor. Image
courtesy of
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
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A CLADE is a group of organisms that come from a common
ancestor. If you cut a branch of the tree, you could remove all the
organisms that make up a CLADE. Image courtesy of
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_06