European Timeline1450-2000

Donatello

Father of Renaissance sculpture

Most famous for the bronze statue David the first free-standing nude in Europe since Roman times

Brunelleschi

First major architect of the Italian Renaissance

Designed the church of San Lorenzo

Lorenzo Valla

Wrote On Pleasure

Exposed as a forgery the Donation of Constantine

Known as the “father of modern historical criticism

Machiavelli

Most important political writer during the Renaissance

Wrote The Prince, which rejected the traditional Christian view

A ruler must be willing to be ruthless to be successful – “end justifies the mean”

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

Castiglione

Wrote The Book of the Courtier

A gentlemen should be well-rounded, know several languages, be athletic, and polite

Leonardo da Vinci

First Italian painter to use oil

Painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper

He dealt with mostly religious themes but in secular manner

Michelangelo

Painter and sculpture

Painted the frescoes on the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II

Sculpted Pieta and Moses

1450

Movable Printing Press

Developed by Johannes Gutenberg

Spread ideas of Renaissance and humanistic literature to the rest of Europe

1456 Gutenberg Bible

1453

Charles VII revives France and monarchy

Organized France’s first standing army

By 1453, he had expelled English out of all of France except Calais

Ottomans capture Constantinople

1454

Peace of LodiFlorence, Milan, and Venice sign alliance to create new order in Northern Italy

The Medici

Medici Family

Held power in Florence Italy

Height of Florence

1469

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unites Spain

1479

Pazzi ConspiracyUnsuccessful attempt in Florence to overthrow the Medici

1461-1483

Louis XI ruled France

Known as the “Spider King”

Promoted new industry, welcomed foreign craftsmen, increased taxes in order to improve military

The end of the War of the Roses

English Civil War between York house and the Lancaster house

York (white) and Lancaster (Red)

Henry VII become first Tudor monarch – “New monarch”

1485

Portuguese Exploration

Prince Henry the Navigator Established sailing and navigation school at SagresResponsible for the growth of the Portugal colonial empire

Bartholomew Diaz - Portuguese sea captain and explorerIn 1487 became the first European to see Cape of Good Hope and to round southern tip of Africa

Portuguese Exploration

Helped find southeastern water route to Asia

1497-9 Vasco da Gama sailed in India

In 1500 Pedro Cabral sent to India but blown off course

Sighted Brazil and claimed it for Portugal

1492

Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile married and unified Spain Reconquista

Expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spainled to economic decline because no middle class

Christopher Columbus went out looking for new route to India, but instead reached the “New World” or the Americas Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Pope Alexander VI

Corrupt Spanish Pope

Aided militarily by his son, Cesare Borgia

Successfully recovered papal authority in the papal lands

In Florence the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola:

Attacked paganism and moral vice of Florence under Medici rule

Attacked undemocratic government and corruption of Pope Alexander VI

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas

The new world, or the Americas, was divided by the “line of demarcation” between Spain and Portugal

Decided by Pope Leo VI

Invasion of Italy by King Charles VIII of France

Medici driven from power

French welcomed by Savonarola

John Cabot

Italian navigator

Explored off the coast of New England, Nova Scotia,

and Newfoundland

Gave England claim to North America

1496

1498

Savonarola burned at the stake in Florence

1500’s – known as the cinquecentro1500-1527 – High Renaissance1503-1513 – Julius II is pope – Julius II was responsible for much of the artwork accumulated by the Roman Catholic Church in the Vatican and elsewhere. He commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel1506 – Julius II begins work on Saint Peter’s Basilica 1509 – Erasmus publishes Praise of Folly – a plea for Christian morality1509 – Henry VIII becomes King of England

1512

1512 – Lateran Council meets to reform the Church; Start of the Reformation

1512- Medici overthrow the Republic in Florence

1513

1513 – Balboa discovers the Pacific

1513 – The Prince written by Machiavelli

1513-1521 – Pope Leo X is pope

1516 – Thomas More publishes Utopia

1516- Concordat of BolognaEstablished royal control over church appointments

1517 – Luther posts 95 theses on Wittenberg Castle

1519-1522 – Charles V commissioned Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the earth

1519 – Leonardo da Vinci dies1519 – Charles V “universal monarch” becomes Holy Roman Emperor1520 – Luther publishes Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation1520- Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X

1521

Edict of Worms declared Luther a hereticHenry VIII writes the Defense of the Seven Sacraments, attacking LutherStart of the Hapsburg – Valois warsDiet of Worms called by Charles V, puts Luther on trial – “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”

1524-1525 – Peasants revolt in Germany1526- Turks defeat the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohács

1527

Machiavelli dies Charles V sacks RomeHenry VIII is thus unable to get Pope Clement VII to give him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon – a relative of Charles VEnd of Renaissance in Italy

1528 – Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier1529 – Colloquy of Marburg summoned to unite Protestant opinion – failed

1529 – The Turks besieged Vienna1529- Diet of Speyer – Charles V makes Anabaptism punishable by drowning1530- Augsburg Confessions – doctrinal basis for Lutheranism1531- Formation of the Schmalkaldic Leaguea defensive alliance by the Protestant German princes1531- Battle of Kappel – Zwingli killed1533 – Henry VIII issues the Act in Restraint of Appeals – King sovereign in England; forbade judicial appeals to the papacy

1534

Henry VIII issues Act of Submission of the Clergy – required churchmen to submit to the kingHenry VIII issues Act of Supremacy – king supreme head of the Church of EnglandHenry VIII issues Act of Succession – all subjects must swear oath of loyalty to the kingRabelais published Gargantua and Pantagruel

1535- Thomas More executed1536 – Pilgrimage of Grace – massive multiclass rebellion against Henrican religious policies – brutally suppressed1536- Ten Articles established the doctrine for the Church of England (basically Lutheran)

1536 – Institutes of Christian Religion published by Calvin1540 – Society of Jesus, Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola1541 – John Calvin begins theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland1542 – Roman Inquisition 1542 – Catholic Church publishes Index of Prohibited Books1543 – Copernicus publishes On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres – the year he died to avoid persecution by the Catholic Church

1545-1563 – Council of Trent called by Pope Paul III to suggest reforms of the Catholic Church; End of Reformation

1547 – Miguel de Cervantes born – author of Don Quixote a story that criticized the Spanish government for their negligence

1548 – Ignatius Loyola publishes Spiritual Exercises

1549 – Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer published

1550 – Start of Baroque movement – period of elaborate art, which was present in many Catholic churches and institutions art – Rubens The Horrors of War music - Bach

1550-1700

This period of time was known as the Baroque Movement

Emotional, exuberant art

Emphasized dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts

Developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic countries—Spain, Latin America, Austria, southern Germany, & Poland

1555

Peace of Augsburg(cuius regio, eius religio)

1556After the abdication of Charles V, his son Philip IIPhilip II became King of Spain in 1556

Marriage was only considered a political alliance to him:

Queen Mary I of England

Elisabeth of Valois, the daughter of Henri I of France

Anne, the daughter of emperor Maximilian II

Declared himself the leader of the Counter Reformation

Ignatius Loyola dies

1558 - death of Queen Mary of England

The daughter of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I took the throne in England, succeeding her half-sister

She was a politique

She was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty

1559

Act of Uniformity in England: required the use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer

Philip II of Spain & Henri II of France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis

Henry II killed in joust – Catherine de Medici becomes regent for Francis II

It ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars with Spain as the victor

It ended an era of dynastic wars so both countries could focus on wiping out Protestantism

1560-1660

This period marked the height of the Great European Witch-Hunt

The vast majority of “witches” were married or widowed women between the ages of fifty and seventy years old. They were usually crippled or bent with age, and with pockmarked skin.

3,229 witches were executed in southwestern Germany

1562-1598

The War of Three HenrysWar of Three Henrys was a French civil war for the throne between Henri of Navarre (Huguenot), Henri of Guise (Catholic), and Henri III of Valois (Catholic)

• Henri of Navarre emerged victorious and

became Henry IV of FranceValoisValois

GuiseGuise

NavarrNavarree

Johannes Kepler expanded on the work of his mentor, Tycho BraheThree famous laws of planetary motion:While Copernicus speculated, Kepler proved his ideas mathematically

1571-1630

1564-1642Galileo Galilei challenged old ideas about motionHe consolidated the experimental methodGalileo formulated the law of inertia and provided astrological evidence for the Copernican theoryTried for heresy by the papal Inquisition and forced to recant his views

1572

The wave of Catholic mob violence against the French Huguenots was known as St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

It marked a turning point in the War of Three Henrys

Several dozen Huguenot leaders were murdered in Paris

1579

The Union of Utrecht unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands and formed a Protestant republicFoundation of the republic of the Seven United NetherlandsTheir independence was not formally recognized until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

1584-1613

Following the death of Ivan the Terrible, Russia experienced a period of chaos and struggles known as the “Time of Troubles”

In 1613 the nobles elected Michael Romanov, sixteen-year-old grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible, to be the tsar of Russia – because they thought they could manipulate him

1587

Mary, Queen of Scots was beheaded on charges of plotting against her first cousin, Elizabeth I (“The Babington Plot”)

If Elizabeth were to die childless, the Catholic Mary would have become Queen of England

1588

The Spanish Armada defeated by the EnglishThe Spanish ironically had called the fleet la felícissima armada—”The most fortunate fleet”Prevented Philip II from imposing religious unity on Western Europe by force

1598The Edict of Nantes ended the War of Three HenrysHenry IV of France granted the French Huguenots liberty of conscience and worshipThe Huguenots were granted 150 places of safety, such as La Rochelle Its purpose was primarily to end the long-running French wars of religion & restore peacePrepared the way for French absolutism in the seventeenth century by restoring internal unity

1602 - Chartering of Dutch East India Company – reaped enormous wealth and allowed the Netherlands to dominate the European economy in 1650

1603: Death of Elizabeth I and the end of the Tudor dynasty and the start of the Stuarts; end of the northern Renaissance

1605

The Gunpowder Plot - a desperate but failed attempt by a group of unsophisticated English Catholics to kill King James I of England, by blowing up the Houses of Parliament

1611: King James Version of the Bible first published in England

1613: An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be the Tsar of Russia; establishes the Romanov Dynasty

1614

The French Estates General meets for the last time before the beginning of the French Revolution

1618-1648: Thirty Years’ War

Four phases:

Bohemian - Defenestration of Prague starts war in Bohemia; Protestant forces defeated

Danish – height of Catholic forces during the war; Edict of Restitution (1629) – emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 to be restored to Catholic Church

Swedish – Protestants liberate territory lost in previous phase

French – “International Phase” political

1624-1643: Richelieu dominates French government during Louis XIII’s reign.

Reshuffled the royal council, eliminated potential power brokers, crushed aristocratic conspiracies, used intendants

1625: Huguenots revolt in France

1625-1675: Golden Age of Dutch culture

1626: Charles I dissolves Parliament

He came to the throne when Europe was moving towards control by all-powerful monarchs, such as Louis XIV. Charles would attempt to pursue similar policies but would be limited by a powerful parliamentary opposition. widespread opposition to many of Charles' actions:

use of the Court of the Star Chamber to suppress dissenttaxation without the approval of Parliamenta religious policy that was seen by the puritans as an attempt to bring the Anglican Church closer to Roman Catholicism

1628

1628: Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies

limited the power of Charles I of Englandcould not declare martial lawcould not collect taxescould not imprison people without cause soldiers could not be housed without

consent

1632

Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published

1640

The English Long Parliament is summoned.

called by Charles I after the Bishop’s Wars. It receives its name from the fact that it sat almost continuously during the English Civil War. The sole reason Charles reassembled Parliament was to ask it to pass finance bills, since the Bishop’s Wars had bankrupted him.

1640-1688: Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg

Between the Royalists (supporters of Charles I of England) and the Parliamentarian supporters of the Long Parliament. 1648: Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe

1645: Cromwell creates The New Model Army

1649: Charles I executed

1642-49 English Civil War

1648

Start of the Fronde in France

English Parliament finds Charles I guilty of treason, and sentences him to be executed

Oliver Cromwell would soon become Lord Protector of England, a position which made him a virtual dictator

1648-1660: Fronde

The Fronde in France

series of outbreaks during the reign of King Louis XIV, caused by:• the efforts of the Parlement of Paris to limit the

growing authority of the crown• the personal ambitions of discontented nobles• the grievances of the people against the

financial burdens suffered under cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin

1650

William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange in the Netherlands

Netherlands is Protestant

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher & political theoristIn “Leviathan,” he explains that sovereignty is derived from the people, who in turn transfer it to the monarchyHe says the power of the ruler is absolute, but they do not have divine rightAdvocated absolutism - without it, there would be anarchy and chaosParliament passes first Navigation ActGoods imported into England must be on English ships

1651

Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-1675

Enforced by Oliver Cromwell & said that British goods have to be carried on British ships

Goal: to hurt Dutch shippingCaused the rise of British

Mercantilism & crushed the Dutch shipping dynasty

1650-1790 Marked unprecedented growth of Atlantic Trade!

1658 ~ Oliver Cromwell Dies So…

The RestorationCharles II Brought Back to the ThroneParliament Restored & Anglican Church

1670 ~ Charles II Secretly Agrees With to Louis XIV to:- ReCatholicize England - Declare himself Catholic (at the appropriate time)-Ease restrictions on Catholics

The Restoration 1660

1663-1683 ~ Colbert’s Mercantilism in FranceCreated powerful merchant marine under

Louis Xiv & greatly aided the development of manufactured goods

1665 ~ The Plague in GBBrought by fleas on black rats on ships

1666 ~ Great Fire in GBHelped end the plague

1660s

Test Acts 1673

People had to take the Eucharist or you would be limited from holding public office

1682-1725 Rule of Peter the Great in RussiaWesternization of Russia & Built St.

Petersburg1685 ~ Edict of Fontainebleau

1685 - Louis XIV Revoked the Edict of Nantes to ensure his complete unity of the state

1686 ~ Fontenelle published Conversation on the Plurality of Worlds

Attempt to make scientific revolution information witty & expose a new audience to it

1687 ~ Newton’s Principia Describes laws of motion & synthesizes

everyone’s work previous to him

1680s Start of Enlightenment

1685

Charles II’s brother James becomes king of England

Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes-ends religious toleration of the Huguenots

Glorious Revolution 1688

James II sympathetic towards CatholicsAll of England Scared of a Catholic King

& possibility of Catholic Heir James Violated Test Act!!! Tories –Parliamentary supporters of the

kingWhigs – Parliamentary opponents of the

kingWilliam of Orange & James’ daughter

Mary invited to take over No blood shed @ all = GLORIOUS!!! James flees to France

1689William and Mary accept the Bill of Rights

Affirms the rights of ParliamentAnglicanism is the established Church of EnglandCatholics prohibited from being on the throne

1690John Locke’s Essays Concerning Human Understanding

Tabula Rasa!!! ~ blank slate…experience and exposure

Second Treatise of Civil Government “Life, liberty & property”

1700-1721

Great Northern War

Charles XII (Sweden)

Peter the Great

Ended by Treaty of Nystad

• Peter gained Baltic states “window to the West”

1701

Tull invents the seed drillTurnipsBrought agricultural revolution to England from the Netherlands

Foundation of St. PetersburgWesternization of Russia by Peter the Great Influenced by Louis XIV’s Versailles

Act of Settlement in EnglandOnly Anglican could succeed to the throne of England After restorationCharles II= king

1701-1713

War of Spanish Succession

Between England, Spain, and France

Fought because of Louis XIV’s relative’s possibility of becoming the new Spanish King

1707

Act of Union

Unified Scotland and England

• English and Scottish Parliaments merged

Became Great Britain

1712

Savery and Newcomen invent steam pump

Agricultural Revolution

1713

Peace of Utrecht – end of War of Spanish Succession

Ended French expansion policies under Louis XIV • Destroyed French economy• Led to depopulation • Weakened Louis XIV

Britain= biggest winner• Got asiento from Spain• Spain lost most of its possessions

Pragmatic Sanction 1713

Pragmatic Sanction

Maria Teresa- reduced serfdom- Joseph II

1715

End of the reign of Louis XIV

He was the most successful absolute ruler

1733

Kay invented the flying shuttle

Agricultural Revolution

1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession

Prussia, France, Bavaria, and Spain vs. Austria and Russia

Prussia took Silesia from Austria making it the most powerful German State: “great power”

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Ended War of Austrian Succession

1748

Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Law

Power checks power

Influenced the American Revolution

1750

Beginning of the Population explosion in Europe

1751

First publication of the Encyclopedia by Diderot and d’Alembert (published until 1765)

1756

Start of the Seven Years War

Diplomatic Revolution (Alliance of Britain and Prussia)

1762

Rousseau’s Social Contract

Ascension of Catherine the Great

1765

Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny

Arkwright invents the water frame

1772

1st Partitioning of Poland by Catherine the Great of Russia, Maria Theresa of Austria, and Frederick of Prussia

Poland lost one-third of territory and half of the population

1774

1773-4: Pugachev’s Rebellion in Russia

Death of Louis XV

Ascension of Louis XVI

1776

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

Attacked mercantilism and advocated economic liberalism

1780

Death of Maria Theresa

Ascension of Joseph II of Austria

(ish) Arkwright: Steam engine to power looms

1781

Enlightened despot Joseph II abolishes serfdom

1789

Estates General called by Louis XVI

Tennis Court Oath

Declaration of the Right of Man

3rd Estate becomes the National Assembly

Storming of the Bastille

Women march to Versailles to demand action from Louis XVI

1791

Olympe de Gourges: The Rights of Women

Legislative Assembly convenes

Prussia and Austria issue the Declaration of Pillnitz

Death of Mozart

1792

Mary Wollstonecraft: Declaration of the Rights of Woman

Legislative Assembly declares war

Legislative Assembly disbands

National Convention formed

France declared a Republic

1793

2nd Partitioning of Poland

Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin

Louis XVI beheaded

Mountain ousts the Girondins

Committee of Public Safety formed

Start of the Reign of Terror

1794

Danton and Followers executedMarie Antoinette beheadedThermidorean ReactionEnd of the Reign of TerrorRobespierre executedGirondins readmittedEconomic controls lifted; ended control of sans-culottesInstitution of the Revolutionary Calendar

1795

3rd and Final Partitioning of Poland

Formation of the Directory

1799

Coup d’état Brumaire by Napoleon

Formation of the Consulate; Napoleon declared 1st Consul

Combination Acts – the British government prohibit the formation of unions

Napoleon <first consul in 1799>

Concordant (1801): creates reconciliation between the church and government

Louisiana Purchase (1803): allows France to concentrate on its European agenda

Napoleonic Code (1804): system of rules and civil code

Napoleon becomes the self proclaimed emperor of France (1804)

War efforts

1805 - Battle of Trafalgar: Nelson of Britain destroys the French Navy and any chance of a French invasion1805 - Battle of Austerlitz: France defeats invading Russian ArmyCreation the Confederation of the Rhine and Grand Duchy of Warsaw establishes Napoleon’s European PowerAfter failing to wipe out Britain with the continental system Napoleon comes to odds with Spain and touches off the Peninsula War1807 - Treaty of Tilsit: Between Russia and France. Keeps Russia out of European Conflict

End of Napoleon

Grand Army in Russia (1812): French face defeat due to the harsh winter

He is then defeated by a European Coalition and exiled to Elba, but shortly escapes. (Hundred Days)

Waterloo (1815): Napoleon defeated by England and is exiled to St. Helena where he dies

Congress of Vienna

From 1814-1815, major European powers were called together to decide what they should do with post-Napoleon Europe

They decided to strengthen France’s border states in order to create a balance of power

The leading speakers where Metternich (Austria), Talleyrand (France), and Castlereagh (England)

Liberalism

1819: Carlsbad Decree – limited freedom of the press and prohibited fraternities in Germany

England

1807: Britain outlaws slave trade in its colonial trade possesions

1824-1825: Combination Acts repealed in London allowing the formation of unions

1825: First Railway in the world built in Great Britain

1834: Britain outlaws slave ownership in colonial possesions

1837: Queen Victoria comes to power marks the end of the industrial revolution

Ireland

Irish potato famine (1845-1850)Potato crop ruinedMassive starvation, Many people immigrated to England and America

Karl Marx

Marx, who lived in Paris, was influenced by the French Utopian socialists but thought they were unscientificBelieved capitalism was simply a stage of history marked by class strugglesMarx developed the idea of “scientific socialism”The Communist Manifesto (1848): Written by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, introduces socialism attractive to many struggling European countries“He who controls the means of production controls power”

Revolutions of 1848

February Rebellion in France: overthrows the rule of Louis Philippe (1830-1848) and established the Second republic, ended with the creation of a republic where Napoleon the III was elected president

Revolutions of 1848

Germany: influenced by the French, the Germans revolt to create a unified, national government. After indecisiveness to agree on a national constitution by the provisional government, the old regime gains power again

Italy: After their revolt causes the Pope Pius IX to leave Italy, Mazzini is given the power to unify Italy, but could not due to the rigid individuality of city states

Revolutions of 1848

Austria:

All the revolutions of 1848 – FAILED!!!

Revolutions of 1848

Second Empire in France

1852-1871

Emperor Napoleon III seizes power in December 1851 via coup d’etat

Disastrous Foreign Policy

Liberal reforms to cover foreign policy

Extended power of Legislative Assembly

Ended by Franco-Prussian War

Third French Republic

Adolphe Thiers- created National Assembly

Paris Commune: 1870-71, radical

Chamber of Deputies- Nobles had power

Gambetta- leading radical republican

Ferry- secular education

Boulanger Crises (1887-89)- leader against the republic committed suicide & this weakened support for reforms, good for republicans

Dreyfus Affair: 1894, threat to republic, Emile Zola~ realist author, condemned military

Great Britain

Lord Palmerston- dominant power from 1850-65

Conservative party- from Tory Party

Liberal Party- from Whig Party

Mill- On Liberty (1859)

Reform Bill of 1867- Disraeli’s “leap in the Dark”

Reform Act of 1884- suffrage to adult males in some counties

Fabian Society (1883)- advanced form of revisionist Marxism

Dispute over privileges in Holy Land - Concert of Europe failed Turks negotiate with FranceRussian Czar Nicholas II threatened by negotiationsFighting between Russians and TurksBritain, France, and Piedmont join against RussiaConcluded by Peace of Paris- Russians big losers @ conference

Crimean War 1853-1856

Austria-Hungary

Ausgleich- 1867~ this “compromise” made Austria into the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Karl Luegar- Vienna mayor, anti-Semitism

Magyars- integrated with Hungary

Unification of Italy 1859-1870

Sardinia-Piedmont led way in unification under Count Cavour

Cavour sought unity for Northern Italy

Realpolitik – Pragmatic and Machiavellian view of politics

France agreed to support Sardinia if there was a war with Austria so Sardinia could establish a Northern Italian state

France ignored agreement because didn’t want to go to war with Prussia

Sardinia got Lombardy• 1860- Cavour annexes Parma, Modena,

Romagna, and Tuscany • Nice and Savoy transferred to France

May 1860- Liberated Southern Italy and Sicily with support of his “Red Shirts”

September 1860- took control of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Allowed these territories to be annexed by Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia Piedmont

1866- Venice included in Italian Kingdom due to agreement with Otto Van Bismarck

1871- Rome captured by Italian Troops

Rome made capital of Italy

Italian completes political unification

Cultural gap between progressive, industrial North and Agrarian South

Otto Von Bismarck

Bismarck-Imperial Chancellor – “Iron Chancellor” – dominated 1850-1900A member of the Prussian Junker aristocracyIn 1862 he claimed that Prussia must use “Blood and Iron”

Schleswig-Holstein 1863

Schleswig and Holstein were located south of Denmark The people were most German speaking, but ruled by the Danish kingThe Danish king annexed SchleswigBismarck proposed an alliance with AustriaDenmark quickly defeated in 1864Prussia would occupy SchleswigAustria would occupy Holstein

Austro-Prussian War 1866

Bismarck made sure Russia, France, and Italy would remain neutral if there was a conflict with AustriaFrance agreed because they expected a long war and Austrian victoryItaly would gain possessions from AustriaRussia had gained the support of Bismarck in the suppression of the Russian peasants in 1863Prussia accused Austria of interfering in the affairs of SchleswigIn the Seven Weeks War the Prussians soundly defeated the Austrians

Bismarck wanted to be lenient towards Austria because he knew he would need their help against France1866: Treaty of Praguea) Prussia get possession of Schleswig and Holsteinb) also gets some northern German statesc) Austria agreed to dissolution of the German Confederationd) Italy gained VenetiaNorth German Confederation (1867) now dominated by PrussiaIn the south there were 4 independent statesPrussia wanted the Catholic and liberal independent states

Ems Dispatch -Bismarck manipulated Napoleon III to declare war on Prussia

French surrendered after the Battle of Sedan

1871: Treaty of Frankfurt – Alsace-Lorraine to Germany(led to French resentment)

January 18, 1871- German Unification complete

William I- Crowned Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm) at Versailles

Franco-Prussian War 1870

Designed by Bismarck to create stability

William I of GermanyEmperor Francis Joseph of AustriaTsar Alexander II of Russia

The Three Emperor’s League 1872

Third French Republic

Established in 1875 after downfall of Napoleon III

Dominated by bourgeoisie

Chamber of Deputies

Universal Male Suffrage

Leon Gambetta- led Republicans

Jules Ferry- secular education

Government fell multiple times

Russia

Emancipation Act of 1861- Mirs & Zemstvos—abolished serfdom

Intelligensia- nihilism- radical intellectuals of the socialist pool

Alexander III: Pogroms- anti-Semitism, “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, & Russification”

Herzel- Zionism- Jewish Holy Land

Emancipation Act 1861

Alexander II – very liberal

90% of Russians lived off the land

Serfs freed, but many not impacted because of mirs, Russian communities

Suez Canal

In the 1800s Egypt was an autonomous part of the Ottoman empire

The French built the Suez Canal in 1869 to open the Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean

Huge British Advantage

Financial problems soon caused the Egyptians to sell part ownership to the British

When riots broke out against the British the British navy bombarded Alexandria

In 1882 Egypt became a British protectorate

Russo-Turkish War 1877-78Russia dreamed of controlling the Bosporus

Russia supported Pan-Slavism, but under Russian control

The Slavs in the Turkish empire used Russian support to cause problems for the Turks

In 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey

The British became involved to protect the Suez canal which was in Egypt (part of the Ottoman Empire)

In 1878 Turkey was forced to sign the Treaty of San Stefano

Congress of Berlin 1878War between Britain and Russia looked inevitable

Bismarck called for a Congress to meet in Berlin

The Congress kept peace in Europe by carving up the Turkish Empire

The Russians gave up the Treaty of San Stefano, but still won independence for the Serbs and Romanians

Austria-Hungary was authorized to “occupy and administer” Bosnia

Germany gained nothing, except European peace

Bismarck was called the “honest broker”

However Balkan nationalists were dissatisfied and this would be a cause of World War I in 1914

AfricaAfrica - Began in the 1870s

Stanley and Livingstone

Conference of Berlin 1875

Called by Bismarck to establish “rules” for dividing Africa

Germany: Cameroon, Togo, southwest Africa, & East Africa

France: Tunisia, Algeria, French West Africa

Britain: Egypt and Sudan

Italy: Libya

Fashoda Crisis- Occurred when British and French armies met unexpectedly in Fashoda, Sudan

India

India controlled by British “jewel of the Empire”

Sepoy Mutiny 1857-1858

Insurrection of Hindu & Muslim soldiers – defeated

Indian National Congress 1885

China

Sino-Japanese War

China defeated by Japan

Rush for protectorates and concessions

Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan

China

1842: Opium War – British annex Hong Kong

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) showed how weak China was and opened door for imperial nations

Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia all gained territory and control in east China

Led to Boxer Rebellion of 1900 and end of Manchu Dynasty

Boxer Rebellion 1900

Uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment

Put down

Led to end of Manchu Dynasty

Boer War 1899-1902

Cecil Rhodes- Prime Minister of Cape ColonyDiscovery of diamonds and gold in TransvaalArea controlled by Boers (Dutch settlers)Kruger Telegram- Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulates Boers on victory over British

Imperialist Literature

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man’s Burden - Stated it was Westerners’ duty to civilize backwards peoples of Africa

1902: Joseph Conrad writes Heart of Darkness

1902: J.A. Hobson Imperialism: A Study – financiers were the power behind imperialism

1916: Lenin, Imperialism: The Last Stage of Capitalism – capitalism must expand to survive

Nationalism

Loyalty felt to government

Universal Male Suffrage common

Welfare States in Germany, Britain, and France

Conservatives often led governments

Conservatives channeled patriotism into anti-liberalism

Build up of militaries

The Balkans

The “Eastern Question” who would control the Balkans?

Russia wanted to retake and re-christianize the Balkans

Gave rise to pan-slavism

Defeated Ottoman Turks

Negotiations mediated by Bismarck the “honest broker”

Congress of Berlin 1871- Russia left

1904: Entente Cordiale—An agreement against Germany by France and Great Britain. Great Britain gains Egypt and France gains Morocco

Start of the Russo Japanese War– This imperialist war solidifies Japan as a world power

Japan attacked Russian installation at Port Arthur

Technology-advanced Japan defeated traditional Russia

First time a major European power has been beaten and the first major war since 1870

Weakens the myth of Russian power

Cause of the Russian Revolution as Russia shifted attention back to Europe, especially the Balkans

Russo-Japanese War 1904

Defeat by Japanese discredits Russia government

March Revolution of 1905

Bloody Sunday – troops open fire on demonstrators led by Father Gapon

Turns people against tsar in Russia

1905: October Manifesto, Nicholas II promiseda) constitutional reformsb) guarantees civil libertiesc) establish a Duma (elected parliament)

1906: Fundamental Laws – The tsar limits the power of the Duma

Russian Revolution 1905

1905: Einstein develops Theory of Relativity

1907: Anglo Russian Treaty—A naval treaty to ensure the protection of Persia

Military competition between England and Germany

Britain develops the Dreadnought

Moroccan Crisis

1914: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand—This event sparks the “powder keg”

1914: World War I begins

1915: Lusitania Sunk by German U-boats.

1916: Battle of Verdun—France defeats Germany

1916: Easter Rising—An attempt to overtake Dublin and end British rule in Ireland

1917: Zimmerman Telegram—Note sent by German ambassador promising Mexico part of United States, and also used by USA as propaganda for war

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia—This ends the rule of the tsars

Caused by military incompetence and hunger

1918: Treaty of Brest Litovsk—Russia drops out of WWI.

Bolshevik Revolution 1917

Germany loses Alsace and Lorraine, and Poland becomes an independent country

Treaty of Versailles 1919

1922: End of Bolshevik Revolution and start of U.S.S.R. led by Lenin

1924: Dawes Plan—American Charles Dawes establishes system for Germany to pay reparations

1924: Stalin takes power after Lenin dies

1925: Locarno Pact—Agreements that secure post war territorial disputes

1926: English General Strike—Strike by trade unions in England

1928: The Five Year Plans—Industrial and agricultural plans in the U.S.S.R. establishing socialist policies

1929: Great Depression in USA hurts world economies

1933: Reichstag Fire—German Parliament burns down

1933: Rise of Nazi Party in Germany

1935: Nuremburg Laws—Lead to persecution of Jews in Germany

1936: Start of Spanish Civil War

1936: Rome-Berlin Axis—Pact between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany

Adolph Hitler

1938: Munich Conference: Neville Chamberlain of England appeases Germany and agrees to let Hitler invade Sudetenland

“Peace in our time”

1939: End of Spanish Civil War

1939: Start of World War II in Europe to halt Nazi expansionism

Causes:a) failure of appeasementb) incomplete enforcement of Versaillesc) fear of Communismd) rising unemployment in Germanye) domestic problems caused by the Great Depression

1939: Russo German Nonaggression Pact—Germany promises not to invade Russia

World War II

1941: Lend-Lease begins—Allows for supplies to be sent to Allied forces from Americas

1941: Atlantic Charter—Document calls for no secret agreements, self determination, and free elections

1942-43: Battle of Stalingrad—Battle proves to be turning point for the Eastern Front as the Red Army begins to push the Germans back out of Russia

1944: D-Day—Allied Forces Invade German Occupied France and becomes largest naval invasion in history

Yalta Conference—The Big Three decide that Berlin and Germany is to be divided into 4 separate military zones

Hitler commits suicide

Franklin D. Roosevelt dies

End of World War II

Potsdam Conference—Stalin opposes free elections in Eastern Europe. The United Nations is established

United Nations chartered

1945

1946: Churchill delivers “iron curtain” speech at Fulton, Missouri1947: Truman Doctrine helps fight Communism in Greece and Turkey1947: Marshall Plan—Advocates American financial aid to help European restoration1947: Great Britain grants India independence1948: Communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia1948: Britain, France, and the Benelux countries sign the Brussels Pact

The Cold War

1948: Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift—Soviets blockade Western Berlin so airlifts carry supplies to city1949 Soviets lift Berlin blockade1949: NATO created1951: Schuman Plan integrates French and West German coal and steel industries and forms the European Coal and Steel Community 1953: Stalin died – replaced by Nikita Khrushchev who advocated “peaceful coexistence”1955: Warsaw pact created by Soviets to balance NATO1955-1962: “De-Stalinization”

The Cold War

1956: Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago

1956: Soviets suppress Hungarian revolution

1957: Russian Satellite Sputnik - in orbit1957: Treaty of Rome creates the European Economic Community (Common Market)

1960s: Space Race

1960: U-2 incident causes collapse of Paris Summit

1961: Soviets construct the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from leaving

1961: the Russian cosmonaut first to orbit the globe

1962: Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitcvh

1962 Cuban missile crisis

1963: Freidan, The Feminine Mystique

1968: Students protest the policies of the De Gaulle government in France

Soviet tanks end Prague Spring

1969: America puts first man on the moon

1971: collapse of postwar monetary system

1973-1979: OPEC oil prices increase

1979: Soviets invade Afghanistan – ends détente between the superpowers

1979: Election of Pope John Paul II from Poland

1980s: Growth of debt

Reduced Spending on Big Science

Computer revolution through 1990s

1980: Lech Walesa leads Solidarity in Poland

1985: Gorbachev take power

Revival of religion in Soviet Union

1988: Economic crisis in Poland

1989: Unification of Germany

1989-1990; Revolutions in Eastern Europe

1990s

1990: Maastricht Treaty proposes monetary union

1990s: Conservative economic policies develop in western Europe

- Migration towards western Europe increases

1991: End of the Soviet Union!

1991-1995: War in former Yugoslavia

1993: European Community becomes European Union