SP-502

May 2002

Proceedings of the

SIXTH EUROPEAN SPACE

POWER CONFERENCE (ESPC)

6-10 May 2002

Porto, Portugal

Organised byEuropean Space Agency

In cooperation with

Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto (FEUP)

Universfdade do Porto

FFI IPFaculdadedeEngenharia

Cosponsored by

EFACEC, Sistemas de Electronica SA

European Spate AgentyAgente spatiale europeenne

Ill

CONTENTS

The Dermot O'SulIivan Plenary Session

Chairpersons:P. Perol (ESA/ESTEC)

A. Capel (Alcatel Space Industries)

The CryoSat Power System 3

H. Junginger, Astrium Aerospace, Germany

The Next-Generation of Space Cells for Diverse Environments 9

S. Bailey & G. Landis, NASA Glenn Research Center, and R. Raffaelle, Rochester Institute

of Technology, U.S.A.

The RADARSAT-2 Power Control Unit 17

L Croci, P. Delia Putta & B. Vavassori, Galileo Avionica, Italy

Ultracapacitors: A Power Buffer in Satellites 23

Ph. Desprez, G. Barrailh, L. Moreau, B. Pichon & C. Jehoulet, SAFT, France

Converter Circuit Design Techniques

Chairpersons:A. Da Silva-Carvalho (FEUP)H. Declercq (Alcatel-Etca)

Multi-Junction Ga/As Solar Cell Capacitance and its Impact upon Solar Array.Regulators 29

P. Rueda-Boldo & E. Fernandez-Lisbona, European Space Agency ESTEC, The Netherlands

Design and Integration of Photovoltaic Switching Conversion Chains 35

B. Estibals, C. Alonso, T. Ricart, M.F. Shraif, H. Valderrama-Blavi, H. Camon & A. Martinez,LAAS du CNRS, France

A Nonlinear Characteristic Impedance Tracking Controller for the CCM-DCM Boost Converter 41

D. Jeltsema, J.M.A. Scherpen & J.B. Klaassens, Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands

A New Control Concept for a Limit Cycle Switch: Application to Solar Array Bus 47

Voltage RegulationR.S. Ekkundi, ISRO Satellite Centre, India

IV

A Catastrophic Failure Mode in Peak-Current-Controlled DC/DC Converters 53

S.H. Weinberg, Eutelsat S.A., France

Input Filter Damping Design using Zero Dynamics Analysis 57

J. Calvente, L.M. Salamero, P. Garces & A. Romero, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain

Planar Transformer a Size and Cost Effective Solution for Ruggedizcd Applications 63

H.V. Heyer & H.G. Preissler, Kayser-Threde GmbH, Germany

DC/DC Converter and Controller Designs

Chairpersons:H. Junginger (Astrium Aerospace)H. Jensen (TERMA Elektroniks A/S)

Low Power DC/DC Converters 73

E. Gasquet, I. Segura & P. Mingorance, CRISA-ASTRIUM, Spain, and F. Tonicello,

European SpaceAgency ESTEC, The Netherlands

An Innovative Approach for Low Cost, Flexible Hybrid DC-DC Converter for Space Application 79

G.F. Volpi, Laben SpA, Italy

High Performances Standard DC-DC Converters Modules 85

L. Garraud, D. Barbier & A. Bretez, Alcatel Space Industries, France

Buck Quasi-Resonant ZVS Converter with Linear Feedback Control: A Comparison with 93

Current-Mode Control

J.M. Dores-Costa, INESC-ID, Portugal

Peak and Average Current Controls - Simulation Techniques and Comparison 99

F. Tonicello, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Study of a Generic Low Power DC/DC Converter 107

S.K. Hansen, Terma Elektronik AS, Denmark

Power Controller for On-board Cryo Cooler 113

G. Shivanna S. Girish & K. Sriramamurthy, I.S.R.O. Satellite Centre, India

Science Spacecraft Programmes

Chairpersons:W. Denzinger (Astrium Aerospace)

A. Polli (Galileo Avionica)

The MESSENGER Spacecraft Power System 121

G. Dakermanji, J. Jenkins, P. Schwartz & L. Kennedy, The Johns Hopkins University, U.S.A.

Power System Design and Performance on the World's Most Advanced In-Orbit Nanosatellite 129

C.S. Clark & K.W. Hall, Surrey Satellite Technology Limited. U.K.

V

A Universal Power System Architecture: One Topology for Earth and Planetary Orbits 135

C.S. Clark, Surrey Satellite Technology Limited. U.K.

SOHO Power System Performance During 6 Years in Orbit 141

P. Rumler, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands and H. Schweitzer, European SpaceAgency /GSFC, U.S.A.

Full Sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer (FAME) Electrical Power System 147

W.E. Baker & J. C. Garner, US Naval Research Laboratory, U.S.A.

Microelectronic Space Power Supplies 153

A.F. Hepp, S.G. Bailey & G.A. Landis, NASA Glenn Research Center and R.P. Raffaelle,Rochester Institute ofTechnology, U.S.A.

Orbital Infrastructure Programmes

Chairpersons:R. Asplanato (Alcatel Space Industries)

G. Dakermanji (The John Hopkins University)

Power Interface Characterisation Between the Russian Service Module and the ESA Automated 161

Transfer Vehicle

A. Ciccolella & T. Blancquaert, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

COLUMBUS Power Architecture and Power Bus Stability 167

H. Rempke & E. Noack, Astrium Aerospace, Germany

Power Conditioning and Distribution Unit for Automated Transfer Vehicle 175

A. Polli, A. Antimiani & M. Magniftco, Galileo Avionica, Italy, C. Donadille, ASTRIUM SAS,France, P. Casiez, EADS Launch Vehicles, France, and T. Blancquart, European SpaceAgency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Power System Design & Operational Issues

Chairpersons:R. Asplanato (Alcatel Space Industries)

G. Dakermanji (The John Hopkins University)

Spacecraft Recovery! - Power System Design and Operation - Lessons Learnt 185

J.E. Haines, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Comparative Performance Evaluation between the S4R and the S3R Regulated Bus Topologies 193

A. Capel, Alcatel Space Industries, France and P. Perol, European Space Agency/ESTEC,The Netherlands

Power System Simulators for Design and Operations: Two Different Approaches? 201

A. De Luca & CD. Bodemann, VEGA IT GmbH, Germany, and U. Grasselli & L Schirone,

Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy

VI

Control Techniques & Magnetics Design

Chairpersons:J-P. Catani (CNES)

F. Pedersen (Crisa-Astrium)

Fuzzy Control for Parallel Operation of Power Multi-Sources 209

A.S. Carvalho & A.P. Martins, University ofPorto, Portugal

High-frequency Microelectronic Controller for One-Cycle Control of Switching Power Converters 217

E. Alarcon, G. Villar, H. Martinez, E. Vidal, & A. Poveda, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya,Spain

Computer Aids for the Design of Low Voltage Multioutput DC-DC Converters 223

M. Ceresa, V. Chiaverini & L Vucetich, Carlo Gavazzi Space SpA, andP.G. Maranesi, & M. Riva,

Universita degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Differential Current Sensor - New Construction 229

J. Lastowiecki & P. Staszewski, Warsaw University ofTechnology, Poland

Application of the Energetic Model of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis to Bidirectional DC-to-DC 235

Converters with High Input to Output Voltage Ratio

F.A. Himmelstoss & H. Hauser, Technical University of Vienna and P.A. Wurm, OFPA GmbH.,Austria

Improved Geometry of Integrated Magnetics for the Hybridge Topology 241

S. Petersen, Alcatel Danmark A/S, Denmark

Main Power Regulator Designs

Chairpersons:L. Croci (Galileo Avionica)

L. Garraud (Alcatel Space Industires)

Power Conditioning Unit for Rosetta/Mars Express 249

H. Jensen & J. Laursen, Terma Electronic A/S, Denmark

A New Maximum Power Point Tracker Topology 257

S.H. Weinberg, Eutelsat S.A., France, andA.H. Weinberg, Weinberg Power Innovations Ltd., U.K.

Perturb and Observe Digital Maximum Power Point Tracker for Satellite Applications 263

A. Brambilla, Politecnico di Milano, and M. Gambarara & G. Torrente,Galileo Avionica S.p.A, Italy

ROSETTA/MARS EXPRESS Power Control Unit - Lessons Learnt 269

F. Tonicello, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands and H. Jensen & J. Laursen,TERMA A/S, Denmark

Bidirectional Converter for Space Applications 275

F. Pedersen, CRISA-ASTRIUM, Spain

Comparative Study of High Power DC/DC Topologies for Space Power Systems 279

E. Sanchis, E. Maset, J.B. Ejea & A. Ferreres, University of Valencia, J.A. Carrasco & A. Garrigos,Miguel Hernandez University, Spain and A. Capel, Alcatel Space Industries, France

vn

Low Power PCDU 285

J-P. Castiaux & J.M. Labille, Alcatel-ETCA, Belgium and C. Elisabelar, CNES, France

Advanced Systems & Simulation

Chairpersons:W. Baker (NRL)

N. Limbourg (Alcatel-Etca)

Advanced Radioisotope Power System Technology Development for NASA Missions 2011 291

and BeyondD. Rapp, S. Surampudi, B. Nesmith & J. Mondt, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, U.S.A.

POWER-SYSTEMA: The Next Generation of Power Simulator 297

D. Loche, Astrium SAS, France

Synthesis of the Saber ® Tools Developed for the Jason 1 EPS 305

G. Picart & P. Tastet, CNES, France

Real-Time Simulation of a Satellite's Electrical Power System 313

C. Hampe, A. Loffler & D. Reggio, Astrium Aerospace, Germany

A Dimensioning Method for the Netlander Martian Probes EPS 319

S. Fredon, G. Picart & J.P. Loubeyre, CNES, France

Dynamic Performance Simulation of a Spacecraft Power System 327

A. Capel, P. Chapoulie & S. Zimmermann, Alcatel Space Industries, France and E. Sanchis,

Univerity of Valence, Spain

Dependability Validation Techniques for Electronic Systems 335

A. Carvalho & P. Portugal, University ofPorto, Portugal and J. Carvalho, Campus de Santa

Apolonia, Portugal

Application Spacecraft Programmes

Chairpersons:J. Bagnall (Astrium Ltd.)

S. Weinberg (Eutelsat S.A.)

A Modular Power Control Unit Design for High Power Satellites from 8kw to 25kw 345

W. Knorr, Astrium Aerospace GmbH, Germany

LEOSTAR Bus Distribution and Regulation Unit 353

E. Lapeha Padilla, J. Rancano, E. Gasquet & P. Mingorance, CRISA-ASTRWM, Spain

Electric Power Supply System for OCEAN Satellite 359

D.G. Belov, V.I. Dranovsky & I.T. Perekopsky, Yuzhnoye State Design Office, Ukraine

Modular High Power Conditioning Unit

E. Lecomte, J.P. Castiaux & J.M. Labille, Alcatel ETCA, Belgium

363

viu

CBERS-1 Power Supply Subsystem and In-Orbit Performance 369

B. Han, Chinese Academy ofSpace Technology (CAST), China

An Efficient Low Cost Modular Power System for Fully Regulated Bus in Low Earth Orbit 375

ApplicationsP. Perol, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

The Electrical Power System of the Small Satellite CHAMP 383

B. Kiewe, Astrium Aerospace, Germany

High Voltage & Motor Drives

Chairperson:M. Gambarara (Galileo Avionica)

Testing of High Voltage Parts of an Electronic Power Conditioner 391

V. Scherb, Tesat Spacecom GmbH, Germany

A High Performance Rotary Actuator for Antenna Reconfiguration: the Experimental Results 397

and the Mathematical Model for Accurate Torque Evaluation

E. Santini, Rome University La Sapienza, and A. Meschini, Alenia Spazio SpA, Italy

Modular VME Based Space Motor Drivers and Control for External Environment Applications 403

P. Bergamo, F. Capelli & G. Torrente, Galileo Avionica, Italy

Bus Protection Concepts

Chairperson:M. Gambarara (Galileo Avionica)

Overcurrent Protection Performance Evaluation 411

U. Grasselli, & L. Schirone, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy and A. De Luca,

VEGA IT GmbH, Germany

Current Sources for the International Space Station (ISS) 417

H. V. Heyer & H. G. Preissler, Kayser-Threde GmbH, and C. Midler & M. Gottke, Dresden

Elektronik Ingenieurtechnik GmbH, Germany

Active Input Filter 425

G. Simonelli & P. Perol, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

IX

Solar Array Design & Technology

Chairpersons:S. Bailey (NASA-GRC)

E. Bongers (Fokker Space)

PROBA Solar Array Photovoltaic Assembly: GaAs/Ge Single Junction Solar Cells 433

with Integral Diode

G.D'Accolti, G. Beltrame, L Brambilla & R. Contini, Galileo Avionica, Italy,L. Dayers & D. Vrancken, Verhaert, Belgium and L. Gerlach, European Space Agency/ESTEC,The Netherlands

MUSES-C Solar Array Electrical and Mechanical Design 439

K. Takahashi, Y. Okada & H. Arai, NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems Ltd., and M. Tajima& K. Higuchi, ISAS, Japan

The Solar Array Photovoltaic Assembly for the ROSETTA Orbiter and Lander Spacecraft's 445

G.D'Accolti, G. Beltrame, E. Ferrando, L. Brambilla, R. Contini & L. Vallini, Galileo Avionica,

Italy, R. Mugnuolo, ASI, Italy, and C. Signorini, H. Fiebrich & A. Caon, European SpaceAgency/ESTEC,The Netherlands

The CellSaver Concentrator Solar Array System and Qualification Program 451

B. Spence & M. Eskenazi, AEC-Able Engineering Co. Inc, USA

Design of Solar Array for ETS-VIII (Engineering Test Satellite VIII) 457

Y. Nozaki & T. Yoshida, NEC Toshiba Corporation, M. Takahashi & S. Matsuda, NASDA,and T. Saga & T. Katsu, Sharp Corporation, Japan

Assessment of Local Non-Homogeneity in Solar Cell Assembly for Space Applications 463

C. Costa Vaz, Instituto Tecnologico de Aeronautica andL.C. Moura Miranda, Universidade

Estadual de Maringa, Brazil

Lithium Ion Development & Modelling

Chairpersons:A. Slimm (AEA Technology Pic.)

L.H. Thaller (The Aerospace Corporation)

Towards the Use ofLithium-ion Battery on LEO Applications 471

D. Loche, Astrium SAS, France

Lithium-Ion Batteries for Space 477

M. Slimm, R. Spurrett & C. Thwaite, AEA Technology Space, U.K., and D. Lizius, COM DEV,

Canada

VES100 S Li-Ion Cell BOL Qualification 483

J.P. Planchat & Y. Borthomieu, SAFT Space and Advanced Batteries, France

Mathematical Model for the Representation of the Electrical Behaviour of a Lithium Cell 489

A. Capel, Alcatel Space Industries, France

X

Lithium Ion Management

Chairpersons:A. Slimm (AEA Technology Pic)

L.H. Thaller (The Aerospace Corporation)

A Lithium-Ion Battery Charger with Cell Balancing 497

B. Kiewe & G. Langenecker, ASTRIUM GmbH, Germany

Maintaining Cell State of Charge Balance in Lithium Ion Batteries 501

G.J. Dudley & D. Olsson, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands, and P. Brochard,

SAFT, France

Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Balancing in LEO 507

D. Loche & H. Barde, Astrium S.A.S., France

Photovoltaics Design & Technology

Chairpersons:R. Campesato (CESI SpA.)

M. Closs (Astrium Aerospace)

Development of Thin-Film-Cells for Space Applications 515

G. Oomen, FOKKER Space B.V., The Netherlands

Thin film Photovoltaics for Critical Satellite Missions 521

L Schirone & U. Grasselli, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, and A. De Luca,

VEGA IT GmbH, Germany

Algorithms and Performance of a Space Dedicated Solar Array Modelling Tool 527

E. van den Berg & M. Kroon, FOKKER Space B.V., The Netherlands

Solar Array Design for Thin-Film Solar Cells 533

R. Zwanenburg, FOKKER Space B. V., The Netherlands

Advanced GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge Triple-Junction Space Solar Cells 539

G. Strobl, J. Hilgarth, M. Nell, R. Dietrich, R. Kern & W. Kostler, Angewandte Solarenergie- ASE GmbH, F. Dimroth, U. Schubert & A. Bett, Fraunhofer Institutefor Solar Energy Systems,G. LaRoche, ASTRIUM, Germany, R. Campesato, C. Flores & G. Timd, CESI S.p.A., Italy,and C. Signorini & K. Bogus, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Small PV Generators Assembled Using Multichip Module Technology 545

P. Ortega, GDS Escuela Universitaria Politecnica de Vilanova i la Geltru, S. Bermejo& L. Castaner, Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna, and E. Cabruja, CNM Centro Nacional

de Microelectonica, Spain

XI

Energy Storage Performances and Design Techniques

Chairpersons:G. Dudley (ESA/ESTEC)

J-P. Planchat (SAFTAdvanced Batteries)

Dealing with Capacity Loss Mechanisms in Nickel-Hydrogen Cells and Batteries 553

L.H. Thaller, The Aerospace Corporation, U.S.A.

High Capacity Battery Cell By-pass Switches Surge/Short Circuit Current Testing Results 561

E. Rudoy & Y. Dohan, NEA Electronics Inc., U.S.A., and J.P. Semerie & E. Pasquier, SAFT, France

Maximum Fast Charging Rates in Ni-Cd Batteries 565

J.C. Viera Perez, M. Gonzalez, J.C. Campo & F.J. Ferrero, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain

Single Pressure Vessel High Voltage Nickel-Hydrogen Battery 571

M.D. Bazhenov, V.V. Gromov, D.G. Kondratyev, V.I. Matrenin, G.S. Soloviev &I.V. Schipanov,Ural Electrochemical Integrated Plant (UEIP), Russia

Solar Cell & Array Testing

Chairpersons:T. Gomez (lnta-Spasolab)G. Strobl (RWE Solutions)

Analysis for Multi-Junction Solar Cells Measurements at SPASOLAB 577

A. Gras, L. Garcia-Cervantes, G. Martinez & J.M. Aguilar, INTA-SPASOLAB, Spain andE. Fernandez-Lisbona, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

LILT Qualification Test Results of Silicon 10LiTHI-ETAR3 Solar Cells 581

C. Signorini, E. Fernandez & H. Fiebrich, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands,G. Strobl, Angewandte Solarenergie - ASE GmbH, Germany, G. D'Accolti, Galileo Avionica,

Italy, and T. Gomez & L. Pazos, INTA-SPASOLAB, Spain

Hypervelocity Impact Testing of Stretched Lens Array Modules 585

H.W. Brandhorst Jr., Auburn University, U.S.A. M.J. O'Neill, Entech Inc., U.S.A, andM. Eskenazi

& M. Botke, ABLE Engineering, U.S.A.

Spectral Mismatch Calculation of the VLASS AMO Sun Simulator for the Measurement ofTEC] 591

GaInP2/GaAs/Ge Solar Cells

E. van den Berg & D. Slootweg, FOKKER Space B.V., The Netherlands

xn

Solar Generator Testing & Environmental Interactions

Chairpersons:G. D'Accolti (Galileo Avionica)

R. Walters (NRL)

Solar Cell Capacitance Measurement 597

R. Blok, E van den Berg & D. Slootweg, FOKKER Space B.V., The Netherlands

Dynamic Solar Cell Measurement Techniques: New Small Signal Measurement Techniques 603

D. Schwander, CNES, France

Solar Array Dynamic Simulator Prevention of Solar Array Short-Circuits due to Electrostatic 609

DischargeD. Payan, J.P. Catani & D. Schwander, CNES, France

Extensive Data on ESD Induced Secondary Arcs on Solar Arrays 617

L. Levy, CERT-Onera, France

Solar Arrays Based on the Network Substrate 623

V.A. Letin, V.N Chehovich, G.P. Evtejev, L.S. Gatsenko, M.B. Kagan, V.P. Nadorov, &

V.R. Zayavlin, KVANT, Russia

Space Environmental Testing of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 629

A.F. Hepp, S.G. Bailey & E.J. Anglin, NASA Glenn Research Center, J.D. Harris, Cleveland State

University and D.A. Scheiman & S.L. Castro, Ohio Aerospace Institute, U.S.A.

Energy Storage Systems & Management

Chairpersons:H. Barde (Astrium S.A.S.)M. Schautz (ESA/ESTEC)

On-Orbit Operations of NiMH Cells for Space Applications 635

T. Iwabuchi, Y. Ishikawa & H. Inafuku, The Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd., K. Takahashi, K. Hirose

&. M. Tajima, Institute ofSpace & Astronautical Science (ISAS), and M. Adachi & M. Kudoh,NEC Corporation, Japan

SMART-1 Battery Management Electronic (BME) 641

J. Otero-Cabezas & F.H. Pedersen, CRISA-ASTRIUM, Spain, and P. Rueda, European SpaceAgency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Cluster II Batteries in-Orbit Performance 647

M. Schautz, ESTEC/ESA, The Netherlands and H.J. Volpp, European Space Agency/ESOC, Germany

Commercial Li-Ion Batteries for Nanosatellite Applications - a Flight Experiment 653

F. Santoni & P. Tortora, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, and F. Alessandrini

& S. Passerini, ENEA, Italy

Evolutions of the Ariane 5 Electrical Power System 659

H. Barde, C. Urruty & J. Jaumes, Astrium S.A.S., France

A Novel Battery Charging Converter

G. Shivanna & S. Girish, I.S.R.O. Satellite Centre, India

665

xiii

Lithium Ion Life Testing

Chairperson:Y. Borthomieu (SAFTAdvanced Batteries)

GEO Life Testing of SAFT Li-Ion Batteries 673

G.J. Dudley, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands, and J.P. Planchat & J.P. Semerie,

SAFT, France

VES140 S Li-Ion Cell GEO Life Test Results 679

Y. Borthomieu M. Broussely & J.P. Planchat, SAFT, France

Modelling of Highly-Parallel Lithium-Ion Batteries 685

R. Spurrett, C. Thwaite&A. Holland, AEA Technology Space, U.K., D. Lizius, COM DEV,

Canada, and G.J. Dudley, European Space Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Fuel Cells

Chairperson:Y. Borthomieu (SAFT Advanced Batteries)

The Influence of Reactant Gas Impurities on the Alkaline Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Performance 695

Y.L Golin, D.G. Kondratyev, V.I. Matrenin, A.T. Ovchinnikov, B.S. Pospelov, G.S. Soloviev

&A.S. Stikhin, Ural Electrochemical Integrated Plant (UEIP), Russia

In Situ Production of Fuel and Oxidant for a Small Solid Oxide Fuel Cell on Mars 699

T. Pipoli & J.O. Besenhard, Technical University ofGraz, Austria, andM. Schautz, European Space

Agency/ESTEC, The Netherlands

Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Cathode Utilizing Enzyme Electrocatalysis 705

D.N. Prater & J.J. Rusek, Swift Enterprises, Ltd., U.S.A.

Solar Array Flight Performance

Chairpersons:P. Samson (Alcatel Space Industries)

M. Yamaguchi (Toyota Technological Institute)

Optical, Radiation and Thermal Cycling Losses of Power Solar Array Returned from Orbital 713

Station "MIR" after 10.5 Years of OperationV.A. Letin, KVANT, Russia

One Year In-Orbit Data of the MITA Ga As on Ge Solar Array 719

G. D'Accolti, G. Beltrame, E. Ferrando, S. Riva & L. Vallini, Galileo Avionica, Italy, P. Sabatini,

T. Lupi & G. Annoni, Carlo Gavazzi Space S.p.A., F. Viola, M. Crisconio & E. Colz'i, Agenzia

Spaziale ltaliana, and C. Flores, R. Campesato & G. Gabetta, CESI, Italy-

Analysis of Geostationary Spacecraft Solar Arrays Degradation from Solar Proton Flares 725

G.M. Grigorieva, M.B. Kagan, V.A. Letin & V.P. Nadorov, KVANT, and G.D. Evenov, V. V. Hartov,

& LA. Maximov, NPO PM, Russia

XIV

Solar Array Environmental Interactions

Chairpersons:P. Samson (Alcatel Space Industries)

M. Yamaguchi (Toyota Technological Institute)

A Terresterial Investigation of Material Degradation Mechanisms in Silicon Solar Cells, 733

which Returned from MIR Space Station after Ten Years ExploitationA.B. Grabov, RSCEnergia, andB.G. Budagyan, A.A. Sherchenkov & A.V. Sizov, Moscow

Institute ofElectronic Technology, Russia

Dominant Radiation-Induced Defects in Space Solar Cell Silicon Manifested by 741

Photoluminescence SpectroscopyM. Tajima & M. Warashina, Institute ofSpace and Astronautical Science (ISAS), T. Hisamatsu,

Sharp Corporation, and O. Anzawa & S. Matsuda, National Space Development Agency (NASDA),

Japan

Mechanism of Irradiation Induced Degradation of Solar Cells 747

M. Zazoui, F.S.T. de Mohammedia, Morocco, A. ZinAldin, University Tishrine, Syria, M. Mbarki,

University de Gabes, Tunisia, and J.C. Bourgoin, University Pierre et Marie Curie, France