European PoliciesEuropean Policies and and PracticePractice twds twds MinoritiesMinorities

Jean Monnet ModuleJean Monnet Module

Department of Public and Social PolicyDepartment of Public and Social Policy Institute of Sociology Studies, FSV UKInstitute of Sociology Studies, FSV UK

Winter term 2004/05Winter term 2004/05

LecturersLecturers

Interdiscriplinary approachInterdiscriplinary approach

• Public Policy/Psychology/EducationPublic Policy/Psychology/Education: Laura Laubeov: Laura Laubeová á – Units 1,4,6,8,9 – Units 1,4,6,8,9 & coordination& coordination

• Social Theory: Lucie Cviklová – Units 2, 5Social Theory: Lucie Cviklová – Units 2, 5• Political Philosophy: Selma Muhic – Unit 3Political Philosophy: Selma Muhic – Unit 3• Social policy: Míťa Castle-Kaněrová – Unit 7Social policy: Míťa Castle-Kaněrová – Unit 7• Law: Petra Zhřívalová – Unit 10Law: Petra Zhřívalová – Unit 10

BackgroundBackground

• Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13)

• two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC)

• European Framework Convention for European Framework Convention for protection of national minoritiesprotection of national minorities (FCNM) (FCNM)

CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc.

fframework for public policies ramework for public policies --

promoting positive interethnic relations,promoting positive interethnic relations, eelimination of discrimination and racism. limination of discrimination and racism.

Unit 1Unit 1

Introduction to the course and Introduction to the course and terminology:terminology:

Ethnicity, race, minority, Ethnicity, race, minority, multiculturalism multiculturalism & r& racacisismm

Laura LaubeovaLaura Laubeovalaubeova@chello.czlaubeova@chello.cz

Unit 1 - structureUnit 1 - structure

• Syllabus, readings, assessmentSyllabus, readings, assessment

• Ethnicity, race, multiculturalism, Ethnicity, race, multiculturalism, & r& racacisismm

• Activity on inclusion – diamond rankingActivity on inclusion – diamond ranking

• Activity on identityActivity on identity

Syllabus Syllabus & & readreadingsings

httphttp://tolerance.://tolerance.czczoror

httphttp://tolerance.://tolerance.czcz//coursescourses//monnetmonnet//monnetmonnet..htmhtm

ECTS Credits: ECTS Credits: 66 (six hours of work per week) (six hours of work per week)

Assessment:Assessment:Three AQCI’s and their presentationThree AQCI’s and their presentation 45%45%An oral presentation An oral presentation 15%15%Final essay Final essay (up to 3,000 words, due the first day of week 11)(up to 3,000 words, due the first day of week 11) 40%40%

AQCIAQCIARGUMENTARGUMENT- - QUESTIONQUESTION – – CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS- - IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATIONS

1.CENTRAL QUOTATION 1.CENTRAL QUOTATION 2. ARGUMENT 2. ARGUMENT 3. QUESTION 3. QUESTION 4. EXPERIENTIAL CONNECTION 4. EXPERIENTIAL CONNECTION 5. TEXTUAL CONNECTION5. TEXTUAL CONNECTION6. IMPLICATIONS 6. IMPLICATIONS

Examples at:Examples at:

www.tolerance.cz/courses/monnet/winter2003/essays.htmwww.tolerance.cz/courses/monnet/winter2003/essays.htm

ReaderReader

tolerance.tolerance.czcz//coursescourses//monnetmonnet/winter2004/reader1./winter2004/reader1.docdoc

course outlinecourse outline & & timetable timetable

Week 7 – Holiday (Nov. 17)Week 7 – Holiday (Nov. 17)

Week 13 – virtual (Jan.)Week 13 – virtual (Jan.)

(i.e. we have only 11 weeks)(i.e. we have only 11 weeks)

Ethnicity, race,Ethnicity, race, culture, culture, identity, racismidentity, racism, , discriminationdiscrimination

• Eriksen, T. H.: “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation “, Eriksen, T. H.: “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation “, text 4, in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, eds. (1996) text 4, in Hutchinson, John, Smith Anthony, eds. (1996) EthnicityEthnicity

• Van den Berghe, Pierre: “Does race matter?”, Van den Berghe, Pierre: “Does race matter?”, ttext 9, in Hutchinson (above)ext 9, in Hutchinson (above)

• Cornell, SCornell, S.., Hartmann, D, Hartmann, D.. (1998) (1998) Ethnicity and Race. Ethnicity and Race. Making Identities in a Changing WorldMaking Identities in a Changing World

text on The definition of racetext on The definition of race

• Richmond, ARichmond, A.. (1994) (1994) Global Apartheid Global Apartheidon power, conflict, identity (good description of race and ethnicity)on power, conflict, identity (good description of race and ethnicity)

DDefinitions related to ethnicityefinitions related to ethnicity

From From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community.

““Ethnie“ Ethnie“ is isa named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared

historical memories, historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homelandone or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland,, a sense of solidarity among at least some membersa sense of solidarity among at least some members.. - - covers both majority and minority population.covers both majority and minority population.

vsvs multiple identities, multiple identities,

situational (transcending) ethnicitiessituational (transcending) ethnicities, , hybridityhybridity

22 basic basic + 3+ 3 complementary approaches complementary approaches::

1. 1. Primordialists Primordialists focus on primordial tiesfocus on primordial ties ( but ( but static naturaliststatic naturalist, , ethnic id. ethnic id.

overlapping with other types of id.overlapping with other types of id.))SociobiologistsSociobiologists - - mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive

fitness based on genetic reproductive capacityfitness based on genetic reproductive capacity ((reductionismreductionism))

2. 2. InstrumentalistsInstrumentalistsSymbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially Symbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially

constructed nature of etconstructed nature of ethnicityhnicity. . But nBut neglect wider cultural environment, affective and eglect wider cultural environment, affective and

collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.

Approaches to ethnicity – cont.Approaches to ethnicity – cont.

3. 3. TransactionalistsTransactionalists

Frederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicityFrederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicity

4. 4. Social psychologicalSocial psychological

Horowitz, TajfelHorowitz, Tajfel

5. 5. Ethno-symbolistsEthno-symbolists

MythsMyths & symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong& symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong

(Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction)(Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction)

See alsoSee also Cornell,Cornell, Hartmann,Hartmann, in Reader p. 15: in Reader p. 15:

Circumstantialists vs PrimordialistsCircumstantialists vs Primordialists

RaceRace

• Biology Biology && natural sciences – no longerr since 70´s natural sciences – no longerr since 70´s• RRace remains a legitimate concept for sociological ace remains a legitimate concept for sociological

analysis because social actors treat is as real and analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it organise their lives and practices by reference to it (van den Berghe)(van den Berghe)

• Robert MilesRobert Miles:: race is only an ideological construct race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quostatus quo

• D. D. Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are”people behave as if there are”

Race in biologyRace in biology

see researches in genetics in the 80´s see researches in genetics in the 80´s

e.ge.g..

Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon (1990) (1990) Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and human naturehuman nature, London: Penguin Books, London: Penguin Books

Stephen GouldStephen Gould ( (19961996)) The Mismeasure of ManThe Mismeasure of Man

Ellis Cashmore (1996) Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of Race and Dictionary of Race and ethnic relationsethnic relations

Race – cont.Race – cont.

MasonMason:: „„race race isis a a social relationshipsocial relationship in which in which structural positions and social actions are structural positions and social actions are ordered, justified, and explained by reference ordered, justified, and explained by reference to systems of symbols and beliefs which to systems of symbols and beliefs which emphasise the social and cultural relevance emphasise the social and cultural relevance of biologically rooted characteristicsof biologically rooted characteristics““. .

• In other words, the social relationship race In other words, the social relationship race presumes the existence of racism and presumes the existence of racism and institutional racism.institutional racism.

PPreamble of the EU Race reamble of the EU Race DirectiveDirective

““The European Union rejects theories which The European Union rejects theories which attempt to determine the existence of attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The use of the separate human races. The use of the term "racial origin" in this Directive does term "racial origin" in this Directive does not imply an acceptance of such theories”.not imply an acceptance of such theories”.

Race is a social construct, i.e. a category Race is a social construct, i.e. a category without any biological underpinningwithout any biological underpinning

Race vs ethnicityRace vs ethnicity

• Race is often treated as ideology Race is often treated as ideology • ethnicity as a real phenomenon.ethnicity as a real phenomenon.

• Racial refers mainly to physical terms, Racial refers mainly to physical terms,

• ethnic rather to cultural terms. ethnic rather to cultural terms.

• Race refers to them, Race refers to them, • ethnicity to us. ethnicity to us.

• Both concepts always imply social relationship.Both concepts always imply social relationship.

MinorityMinority

• ””group of people distinguished by physical group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristicsor cultural characteristics

• subject do different and unequal subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live treatment by the society in which they live

• and who regard themselves as victims of and who regard themselves as victims of collective collective ddiscrimination“iscrimination“

1945 Louis Wirth1945 Louis Wirth

MinorityMinority - - cont. cont.

• must be a 'nonmust be a 'non dominant' group; dominant' group; • its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or

linguistic characteristics differing from those of linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚the rest of the population‚

• must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' culture, traditions, religion or language'

((Capotorti Capotorti as quoted from MRGas quoted from MRG).).

MinorityMinority - - cont. cont.

• Also Also non non dominant groups that may dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, be a numerical majority in a state,

• those who are not necessarily those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.where they reside.

MRGMRG

MMulticulturalismulticulturalism

• DescriptiveDescriptive• NormativeNormative- see bellow- see bellow• Government policy Government policy

(Canada, Australia)(Canada, Australia) • Institutional policies Institutional policies

(UK – racial equality, CERES)(UK – racial equality, CERES)

See Unit 4See Unit 4

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

• Conservative Conservative (diversity as a deficit, (diversity as a deficit, communit.)communit.)

• Left essentialistLeft essentialist (Afrocentrism, also comm.) (Afrocentrism, also comm.)

• LiberalLiberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities, (natural equality, lack of opportunities, decontextualisation, depolitisation)decontextualisation, depolitisation)but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. – but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. – Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics of recognition)(see also politics of recognition)

• PluralistPluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs melting potmelting pot

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.• Critical MCCritical MC (Frankfurt School, power, (Frankfurt School, power,

emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection)

• AntiracistAntiracist (life chances - CERES) (life chances - CERES)

• ReflexiveReflexive (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens) (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens)

• CosmopolitanCosmopolitan

• Ethnicity as habitusEthnicity as habitus (Bourdieu) (Bourdieu)

• HybridityHybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall) (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall) rooting vs shiftingrooting vs shifting

((see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration:V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration:

• Assimilation (majority- comformity)Assimilation (majority- comformity)• Amalgamation (melting pot)Amalgamation (melting pot)• Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism)

Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperationMulticulturalism = diversity + cooperation

Parillo, 1997Parillo, 1997

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE:Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE:

• ExclusionExclusion• AssimilationAssimilation• Co-existenceCo-existence• MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

Sobotka 2003Sobotka 2003

Multicultural Policy Multicultural Policy target target

groups/requirementsgroups/requirements• Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami)• National minorities (Canada, Europe)National minorities (Canada, Europe)• Legal immigrants (USA, Australia)Legal immigrants (USA, Australia)• Irregular Irregular & illegal & illegal immigrants – denizens/meticsimmigrants – denizens/metics• AfroAmericansAfroAmericans• Roma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etcRoma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etc

See Unit 3See Unit 3KKyymlicka mlicka – –

stages: communitarian, liberal, nation buildingstages: communitarian, liberal, nation building

Multiculturalism – cont.Multiculturalism – cont.

Integration, inclusion, inclusive educationIntegration, inclusion, inclusive education

Intercultural vs multiculruralIntercultural vs multiculrural

Politics of Politics of redistributionredistribution, , of of recognitionrecognition (Frazer) – (Frazer) –

• politics of equal dignity (Autonomy) politics of equal dignity (Autonomy) &&• politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor) politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)

Racism Racism & isms& isms

……… ……… sexism, disableism, ageism, homophsexism, disableism, ageism, homophoobiabiaNeil ThompsonNeil Thompson

RacismRacism can be defined as an can be defined as an attitude attitude (ideology)(ideology) or or action action (behaviour(behaviour) that disadvantages individuals ) that disadvantages individuals or groups on the basis of their “racial” inferiorityor groups on the basis of their “racial” inferiority[1][1], mainly by means of limiting their access to scarce , mainly by means of limiting their access to scarce resources.resources.1]1] Racial difference or racial inferiority is often perceived Racial difference or racial inferiority is often perceived or constructed in terms of different culture, ethnicity, or constructed in terms of different culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.religion, language, etc.

See Unit 6See Unit 6

Explanations of racism:Explanations of racism:1. Psychological1. Psychological ”Some people are like ”Some people are like

that”that”

22. . Lack of knowledge, ignoranceLack of knowledge, ignorance „„To know is to loveTo know is to love““

3.3. Intergroup relationsIntergroup relations ”Birds of a feather” ”Birds of a feather”

44.. Individuals are racists because the Individuals are racists because the structures, practices, and values of our structures, practices, and values of our society are racistsociety are racist. . ”Its the system””Its the system”

DiscriminationDiscrimination//iismssms::Personal – Cultural - Personal – Cultural -

StructuralStructuralNeilNeil Thompson Thompson

P

C

S

Racisms – cont.Racisms – cont.

• from violent attacks or scapegoating from violent attacks or scapegoating • ttoo paternalistic crypto-racistpaternalistic crypto-racist assistanceassistance to m. to m.• tendency to deny racism tendency to deny racism ((unacceptableunacceptable))

two main two main meanings:meanings: 1) 1) ideology ideology ((beliefsbeliefs)) about racial superiority about racial superiority2) 2) “the whole complex of factors which produce “the whole complex of factors which produce

racial discrimination” and sometimes also racial discrimination” and sometimes also “those which produce racial disadvantage”“those which produce racial disadvantage”

CashmoreCashmore

Racism as ideologyRacism as ideology

1. 1. the so called “the so called “scientific racismscientific racism of the 19th century”, of the 19th century”, manifested for example in the publication by manifested for example in the publication by Herrnstein, Murray, 1995Herrnstein, Murray, 1995

2. 2. “popular” racism or ““popular” racism or “common sense” racismcommon sense” racism that is that is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal, that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal, neutral and superior to any other cultureneutral and superior to any other culture

In other words…In other words…

RacismRacism

1.1. ddenies all difference in the name of enies all difference in the name of universalityuniversality of the human nature, but of the human nature, but unconsciously it takes back this universality to unconsciously it takes back this universality to the dominant model;the dominant model;

2. 2. uses the obvious differences to turn them into uses the obvious differences to turn them into instruments of domination, exploitation, instruments of domination, exploitation, condemnation, exclusion, or exterminationcondemnation, exclusion, or extermination..

Racisms- cont.Racisms- cont.

PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination InequalityInequality

„„RRacism, in short,acism, in short, involves involves (a)(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority stereotypes about difference and inferiority (b)(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugateuse of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate““

The Parekh Report, 2000The Parekh Report, 2000

AttitudesAttitudesBehaviourBehaviourStructuresStructures

Racisms – cont.Racisms – cont.

          

      

ExclusionExclusionDiscriminationDiscrimination

PrejudicePrejudice

Assimilation and RacismAssimilation and Racism (Bauböck)

 

 assimilation is possible

yes no

assimilation is required

yes compulsory assimilation

racist double-bind

no pluralism segregation

 

assimilationist assimilationist policies policies

inclusivenessinclusiveness

Assimilationist modelAssimilationist model

DIFFERENCEDIFFERENCE DEFICITDEFICIT

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

  

    COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMESCOMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES

Does the individual fitDoes the individual fit

into the System or ‘Institution’?into the System or ‘Institution’?  

  

ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION

Curriculum (Multiculturalism) Curriculum (Multiculturalism) modelmodel

Cultural EffectsCultural Effects

  CULTURESCULTURES

LIFESTYLES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDESATTITUDES

PLURALISTPLURALIST

TOLERANCE AND HARMONYTOLERANCE AND HARMONY  Does the organisation of this ‘institution’Does the organisation of this ‘institution’

recognise Diversity ?recognise Diversity ?      

PLURALISTPLURALIST

Equity/Rights ModelEquity/Rights Model

Social and Political EffectsSocial and Political Effects

  EQUITY EQUITY PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION

ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY

LIFE CHANCESLIFE CHANCES

Are people enabled in thisAre people enabled in this ‘institution’?‘institution’?

Do the structures allow forDo the structures allow for

achievement, growth and opportunities?achievement, growth and opportunities?

ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY

Activity:Activity:Diamond ranking exercise to help you Diamond ranking exercise to help you think about INCLUSIONthink about INCLUSION

• There are nine concepts listed on the next slide. There are nine concepts listed on the next slide. Copy them onto slips of paper. Feel free to Copy them onto slips of paper. Feel free to substitute your own ideas for any of them, but substitute your own ideas for any of them, but you need to work with nine concepts. In groups of you need to work with nine concepts. In groups of three, do a diamond ranking exercise in which you three, do a diamond ranking exercise in which you decide between you which (in your view) is the decide between you which (in your view) is the most important idea for INCLUSION, which are the most important idea for INCLUSION, which are the next two most important ideas, then three, then next two most important ideas, then three, then two again, ending up with the one you think is two again, ending up with the one you think is less important than the others. It is not a less important than the others. It is not a competition, there are no “right or wrong” competition, there are no “right or wrong” answers; merely a game to get you to think about answers; merely a game to get you to think about the respective ideas. the respective ideas.

• Tolerance and respect for othersTolerance and respect for others• Strong opinions about issuesStrong opinions about issues• Willingness to allow others their point of Willingness to allow others their point of

viewview• Everyone has an equal right to voteEveryone has an equal right to vote• Notions of being fair to a minorityNotions of being fair to a minority• The majority decidesThe majority decides• A strong/charismatic leader to hold the A strong/charismatic leader to hold the

factions togetherfactions together• Becoming helpfully involved in the life and Becoming helpfully involved in the life and

concerns of your neighbourhoodconcerns of your neighbourhood• AS A GROUP, YOU DECIDE ON THE NINTH AS A GROUP, YOU DECIDE ON THE NINTH

STATEMENTSTATEMENT

54

7 8

9

6

32

1

Identity and InclusionIdentity and Inclusion

• Citizens are not only individuals, but also Citizens are not only individuals, but also members of particular religious, ethnic, members of particular religious, ethnic, cultural and regional communities….Britain cultural and regional communities….Britain is both a community of citizens and a is both a community of citizens and a community of communities…Every society community of communities…Every society must find a way both to nurture diversity must find a way both to nurture diversity and foster a common sense of belonging and foster a common sense of belonging and a shared identity. (Parekh, 2000, pp. and a shared identity. (Parekh, 2000, pp. viii-ix)viii-ix)

ActivityActivitySpend a moment now thinking about Spend a moment now thinking about your own multiple identitiesyour own multiple identities

• I have thought about my own and started off I have thought about my own and started off with…..white woman, wife, mother, grandmother, with…..white woman, wife, mother, grandmother, grandchild of Russian immigrants who fled the grandchild of Russian immigrants who fled the pograms; raised in South Africa, lived and worked pograms; raised in South Africa, lived and worked in England for most of my life; teacher and writer; in England for most of my life; teacher and writer; immediate connections through my upbringing immediate connections through my upbringing and my family with Dominica in the Caribbean, and my family with Dominica in the Caribbean, Canada, South Africa, West Africa, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, West Africa, New Zealand, Guatemala; loves music and gardening.Guatemala; loves music and gardening.

When you have done this, the next step is for When you have done this, the next step is for you as a group to learn about each other and you as a group to learn about each other and consider the overlaps between your own and consider the overlaps between your own and

others’ sense of who they areothers’ sense of who they are..

Physically move around the room to form small Physically move around the room to form small groups who share at least one of your identities groups who share at least one of your identities (e.g. thinks themselves as musical). Change the (e.g. thinks themselves as musical). Change the categories decide for yourselves a category.categories decide for yourselves a category.

Whilst you are emphasising your personal and individual identities through let us say, art, poetry, music or dance, the important concept here is how identities overlap.