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European History: An Introduction
Consider:What makes something modern?What era in history has most shaped the modern world?
Read textbook page three (paragraphs 2-3: “However we define…”). What is the central thesis of this excerpt? Do you agree?
The Roman Empire
Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE
The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire
– 14 CE– 14 CE
The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire
– 14 CE– 14 CE
Political Systems
Republic, 509 B.C.E. until 28 B.C.E.
First and Second Triumvirates, approx. 61 – 28 B.C.E.
Empire, c. 28 B.C.E.
EconomyLargest population =
farmers.
Cities - centers of trade
The Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea – major trade routes
Established common currency
System dependent on slave labor
Religion in Rome
Polytheistic throughout Republic and most of Empire
Christianity developed and spread
Christians persecuted in the third century
Emperor Constantine, Theodosius I
Caesaropapism vs. Dualism
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
Caesaropapism vs. dualism
Social Order
Patricians, plebeians, and slaves
Gender roles
Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.
Arts, Science, and Intellectual Traits
Infrastructure
Entertainment of the masses
Art and literature
Architecture
Science/philosophy – expansion of Greeks
Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem
Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem
The Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of Rome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering
• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch
The Middle Ages
Fall of the Roman Empire = Middle Ages
Internal causes
External causes
Empire broken into three: Byzantine Empire, Arab world, and the Latin West
PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
Palmer, pg. 24
The Medieval Catholic The Medieval Catholic ChurchChurch
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule
provided schools for the upper class.
libraries & scriptoria
monks missionaries to the barbarians
Papal Authority in Rome
Matthew xvi, 18-19And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this
rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades
will not overcome it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”
Donation of Constantine
A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptoriumA Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium
Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814
Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 80025, 800
Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 80025, 800
Charlemagne
Interaction of church and Frankish kings
Charlemagne – First of Carolingian Dynasty
Expanded empire in Western Europe
Capital: Aachen (near Rhine River)
Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire
Charlemagne
Revived education
Copying of literature
“Carolingian minuscule”
Established new currency
Great Schism of East and West, 1054
Greek vs. Latin Christians
Roman Catholicism vs. Greek Orthodox
High Middle Ages
Advancements in Agriculture
Three-field system
Animal power
New technologies
Serfdom replacing slavery
Feudalism
Beginnings of social contract?Kings, lords, vassals, serfs owe to each
other
Consequences for breach of agreement
Influence on constitutional governments
TownsLong distance trading
Money systems developed
Trade centers established
“law merchants” and emancipation
City-states
Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild Guild HallHallGuild Guild HallHall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
Evolution of governmentIncreased monarchical power
Juries
Growing bureaucracy
Taxation
Development of parliaments
Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215King John IKing John I
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.
Church InfluenceInfluence of religion
Gregory VII (AKA Hildebrand)
Lay investiture
Universities
crusades
Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusadePope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade
Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWestChristian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest
What characteristics of Europe allowed advancements in military, politics, religion, and economics to occur?
Modernized and fully developed? NO
Taking shape and developing into Modern Western Civilization?
YES
Europe in the Late Middle Ages:
Problems of the Late Middle Ages
Black Death, 1347
Great Schism of the West
Hundred Years’ War
Black Death1348 – landed in Italy
Spread north throughout Europe
Carried by rats
half of Europe’s population killed
Black Death – Other EffectsFamily life affected
Economic changes
Rebellions and revolts
Labor conditions
Great Schism of the West
Two popes elected
Two (and at one point three) popes reigning concurrently
Damage to church prestige
Hundred Years’ WarEngland v. France
Fought in France
1337 – 1453
Effects on France
Effects on England
Consider: How might these tragedies have had an effect on each other?
Black Death (1348 – 1350)Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)
Great Schism (1378 – 1417)