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European Energy Efficiency Policies
Paolo BertoldiEuropean Commission DG JRC
JRC – Robust science for policy making
As a Directorate-General
of the European Commission,
the JRC provides customer-driven
scientific and technical support
to Community policy making
Supporting citizen’s security, research on
energy, environment, transport, climate
change, safety of food and consumer
products, security, crisis management,
nuclear safety and security
Commissioner
Mairé Geoghegan-Quinn
Research, Innovation & Science
President José Manuel Barroso 27 Commission Members
DG Research & Innovation (RTD)
The JRC inside the European Commission
Director Giovanni De Santi
JRC Institute for Energy & Transport
Director-General Dominique Ristori,
Joint Research Centre
7 JRC Institutes
Our Structure: 7 Institutes in 5 Member States
IRMM – Geel, Belgium
Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
ITU – Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute for Transuranium Elements
IE – Petten, The Netherlands and Ispra, Italy
Institute for Energy
IPSC – Ispra, Italy
Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen
IES – Ispra, Italy
Institute for Environment and Sustainability
IHCP – Ispra, Italy
Institute for Health and Consumer Protection
IPTS – Seville, Spain
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
~ 2750 staff
~ 345 M€/y institutional budget (+ 60 M€/y earned income)
Institute for Energy and Transport: mission
The mission of the Joint Research Centre – Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) is to provide support to Community policies and technology innovation related both:
•- to energy, to ensure sustainable, safe, secure and efficient energy production, distribution and use and
•- to transport, to foster sustainable and efficient mobility in Europe.
Petten, The Netherlands
Ispra, Italy
Why End-Use Energy Efficiency ?
• EE is a key component of the EU and national climate change and security of energy supplies strategies.
• Economic potential for efficiency improvement of at least 20% in all the sectors. EE increase the competitiveness of organisation and the welfare of citizens.
• In most cases CO2 emission reductions due to end-use efficiency are at negative or low-cost and could be implemented in short time.
• EE can contribute to create local jobs and to boost European technologies (lighting, insulation, appliances, building control, etc.)
• End-use energy efficiency has also gained in importance also as alternative to new capacity. “Faster to reduce demand than increase supply”.
TRANSPORT
Minimum 10% RES (binding)
20% RENEWABLES in final energy consumption at EU level
+20% ENERGY SAVING
-20% EU GREENHOUSE GASES
Climate and Energy Objectives for 2020
Objective: 20% EU primary energy savings in 2020
Source: European Commission
Achieving the 20% saving objective
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Projections
PRIMES 2007 GIC-NEU (Mtoe)Statistical data
ESTAT GIC-NEU (Mtoe)20% primary energy saving objective compared to PRIMES 2007 BAU projections for 2020 - l inear reduction (base year
2005)Expected primary energy savings from energy efficiency policies adopted by the EU before the Nov 08 EE package -
2005: 1705 Mtoe
- 20%
Objective in
2020:
1474 Mtoe
- 13 %Old policies before 2008
Additional policies
This goal is not an easy target and requires new and innovative policies and
technologies
BaU 2007 projection
EU Main Policy Actions to Achieve Energy Savings
Policy
areas
European
Energy
Efficiency
Action Plan
(EEAP)
Comprehensive
set of
Legislation
Policy Support
Programmes (IEE) &
energy efficiency
Networks
(DG ENER)
International
co-operation
(e.g. IEPEC)
Financing
(through
European
Invest Bank, etc.)
Research &
Development (FP7)
Energy Service Directive
Energy Efficiency Directive
EPBD
Eco-Design Energy labelling
ELENA (Covenant of Mayors)European Energy Efficiency Fund (EEE–F)
Smart cities
Solid State Lighting
Tools for the Promotion of Energy Efficiency: stick, carrot and tambourine
• Incentives for investments in energy efficiency
• Taxation
• Information campaigns
• Unification of costs and benefits and provision of energy
services (ESCOs)
• Minimum efficiency requirements for end-use equipment
and buildings
• Energy audits and energy management
• Voluntary programmes
• Public benefits charges and suppliers’ obligations
• Public procurement
Tools for the Promotion of Energy Efficiency: stick, carrot and tambourine
• Incentives for investments in energy efficiency
• Taxation
• Information campaigns
• Unification of costs and benefits and provision of energy
services (ESCOs)
• Minimum efficiency requirements for end-use equipment
and buildings
• Energy audits and energy management
• Voluntary programmes
• Public benefits charges and suppliers’ obligations
• Public procurement
Important energy saving potentials to be realised by 2020 through energy efficiency measures
* Compared to the “business as usual” energy consumption projections for 2020
Source: Eurostat (2007), Wuppertal Institute (2005).
Industry
Transport
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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Mtoe
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
% share,
in 2005
31%
28%
41%
EU total final energy consumption in 2006: 1.176 MtoeEstimated energy
saving potential by
2020*
26%
25%
28%Households (residential)
and commercial buildings
(tertiary)
National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) (Art. 14/2., 4.)
• Every three years (2007, 2011, 2014)
• The first NEEAP to cover the complete period!
• Second and third to include analysis and evaluation of the previous NEEAP + include plans to correct any mistake, lower savings
• Indicative target of 9% energy savings in the period 2008 to 2016
• Promotion of smart meters
• Promotion of energy services
Major “deliverables” from ESD
The NEEAPs under the ESD (2)
� The new Energy Efficiency Plan
(EEP) of 2011
Overview : Key elements of the new EEP
Sectors with important energy efficiency potentials
• Leading role of the public sector• Buildings and appliances• Transport • Industry (incl. energy supply)
Initiatives facilitating energy efficiency• Leveraging private investments through EU
financing• Incentives• Smart grids incl. smart meters
Two step approach
• 2011: Stringent binding energy efficiency
measures and indicative national targets (set
by MS in the context of Europe 2020 and their
NRPs)
• 2013: COM to assess progress. In case of
likely non achievement of EU target by 2020,
COM will propose binding national targets
Energy efficiency
targets
Horizontal energy
efficiency measures
Sectoral energy
efficiency measures
Role of energy services and energy performance contracting
• Use of energy performance contracting as a way to improve and finance energy performance improvements
• For additional buildings to be rented/ purchased, these should be of the best available energy performance class
Energy efficiency
in public spending
Renovation of
public buildings
• Annual 3% refurbishment (by floor area) bringing the energy performance level to the level of the best 10% of the national building stock
Energy services• MS to provide market overviews, registries
of energy services providers and model contracts
Next steps: Putting the Plan into practise
.White Paper on Transport (adoption 28/03)
.New legislative proposal for on Energy Savings (most probably encompassing revision of the existing Energy Services and CHP Directives)
.Adoption of new ecodesign and energy labelling measures
.Launching of the Smart Cities and Smart Communities initiative
.Proposals on financing tools: budgetary discussions of 2011
Buildings and appliances
Removing legal
obstacles
ESCOs - catalyst
for renovation
Training
Appliances
• New ecodesign measures (e.g. heating boilers, water heaters) under the current work programme
• New products to be covered under new work programme
• Analysis of option of covering systems as well as individual products
• MS to provide market overviews, registries of energy
services providers and model contracts
• Training and Qualification initiative to train professionals
in the field of energy efficiency (BUILD UP Skills)
• Adaptation of national academic curricula to reflect
energy efficiency qualification needs
• MS to introduce measures to address the “split
incentives” issue according to private property
Industry
• Mandatory energy audits for large companies
• Encouraging MS to develop information & incentives for SMEs
• EU support to SMEs through exchange of best practices& development of benchmarking tools
• Additional ecodesign measures on industrial products(option to look into systems)
Energy generation
of heat & electricity
Manufacturing
industry
Energy Services
as business field
• New energy generation capacity to reflect BAT(consideration of possible future legislation, if current measures not sufficient)
• Integrated approach tackling heat losses from electricity & industrial production processes through CHP and DH/DC
• National energy saving obligation schemes for energy utilities
Consumers
Adequate measures (e.g. minimum requirements on the content and
format of information provision and services) to ensure that
. technological innovation, including the roll-out of smart grids
and smart meters fulfils the need for appropriate information
for consumers
. energy labels (energy performance certificates) and
standards for buildings and appliances show “smart grid
readiness” of appliances and buildings
Energy Performance of Building Directive (2002)
EPBD – recast 2010 (1)
a) All new build “nearly zero energy buildings” as of end of 2020
(public sector: end of 2018). Remaining energy need mainly
covered by RES
b) Directive covers now all existing buildings irrespective of their
size both residential and non residential sector (previously only
>1000 m2)
c) Requirement for Member States to lay down
min. energy performance levels for
technical building systems and building elements when installed,
replaced or upgraded
d) Level of minimum energy performance requirements
Benchmarking to achieve cost-optimal levels
EPBD – recast 2010 (1)
e) Display of Energy Performance Certificates in public buildings
(decrease of threshold to 500 m2 and 250 m2 after 5 years)
e) Strengthening the role and the quality of energy performance
certificates – i.a. by quality checks and obligatory use of the
performance indicator in all advertisements for sale or rent
f) Strengthening the role and the quality of HVAC inspections
g) Stimulating financing mechanisms for energy
efficiency investments in the building sector
h) Exemplary role of public authorities
Labelling of Appliances (1)
• Cold appliances (Directive 94/2/EC of
21.1.94)
• Clothes washers (Directive 95/12/EC of
23.5.95)
• Clothes dryers (Directive 95/13/EC of
23.5.95)
• Washer-dryers (Directive 96/60/EC of
23.5.95)
• Dishwashers (Directive 97/17/EC of
7.5.97)
• Household lamps (Directive 98/11/EC of
27.1.98)
• Air-conditioners (Directive 2002/31/EC of 22.3.2002)
• Electric ovens (Directive 2002/40/EC of 8.5.2002).
The EU adopted a Framework Appliance Energy Labelling Directive in 1992
(92/75/EEC) and revised in 2010 followed by implementing Directives for the
following appliances:
Recently adopted (3nd generation):
refrigerators and freezers
Washing machines
Dishwashers
TVs
(A+/A++/A+++)
Energy Labelling of Domestic Appliances
Eco-Design Of Energy Using Products Directive
• Framework Directive
• Focus on energy-using products over life-cycle
• Complementary with Buildings and Energy Services Directive
Legal Basis
Article 95 :
Ensures free movement for the products conforming to the applicable eco-design requirements and a high level of environmental protection
Eco-design requirements
• Generic, aiming at the improvement of the overall environmental performance, focusing on environmental aspects identified in the implementing measure
and/or
• Specific, in the form of limit values or thresholds for selected environmental aspects with a significant adverse impact on the environment
Ecodesign: Structure
• Ecodesign framework does not create immediate obligations for manufacturers but allows the Commission to do so through implementing Directives;
• Proposed draft implementing measures or voluntary agreements arefirst discussed with stakeholders in the Consultation Forum; Impact assessment precedes the submission of Commission draft measures;
• Implementing measures are adopted by the Commission assisted by a regulatory Committee;
• Stakeholders participate throughout the whole process (studies, impact assessments, preparatory discussions within the Consultation Forum);
Implementing measures
Implementing measures are proposed for products which:
• represent a significant volume of sales and trade in the internal market
(indicative threshold: 200 000 units/year)
• involve a significant environmental impact and
• present a significant potential for improvement
The entire life cycle of the product will be considered
Other aspects (product performance, health&safety, impact on consumers, manufacturers’ competitiveness) are taken into account
Principles for setting requirements
• assure proper and timely consultation of stakeholders
• look for an adequate balance between the requirements envisaged, its technical/economic feasibility and appropriate adaptation deadlines and time schedules for application
• give due consideration to self-regulation by industry
• use mature methods, when available (e.g. least life cycle cost for energy consumption in use)
• use evidence available through other Community activities
• Member state legislation is taken into account when preparing implementing measures
Structure of the Methodology
1. PRODUCT DEFINITION, STANDARDS & LEGISLATION
2. ECONOMICS &
MARKET
3. CONSUMER ANALYSIS &
LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE
4. TECHNICAL ANA-LYSIS
EXISTING PRODUCTS
5. DEFINITION OF BASECASEEuP
EcoReport
6. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BAT)
7. IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL
8. POLICY, IMPACT AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Significant
Environmental
Impacts/life cycle
(Including energy)
Specific
Eco-Design
Requirements
Maximum
levels
tolerated for
“CE” marking
Best Available
Technology
(Worldwide)
Improvement
Potential
Least Life Cycle cost Measurement requirements
leading to mandates etc)
Eco-Label
top of the class
Energy Label Voluntary
Agreements
when ambitious
compared with
Business as
usual and
significant share
of the market
Preparatory Study
Revision
� 5-10 years depending on product group and progress of technology but staged requirements possible
� Dynamic but predictable to encourage improvement products while providing clarity on investments for Industry
� Consistent - Thresholds to be maintained (A becomes D etc.)
- Reward Development of ‘good’ products, compatibility of incentives
EN
Measuremen
t Standards
Possible implementing measures
Eco-Design: Phase out of incandescent lighting
In March 2009 the European Commission adopted the Eco-design Regulation to
improve the energy efficiency of household lamps, which envisages the progressive
phase-out of incandescent bulbs starting in 2009 and finishing at the end of 2012.
JRC supplied data for the phase out.
Now JRC activity focus on Solid State
Lighting (LED), which is very efficient
Toady the 60 W is phased out !
2009AdoptedSimple set top boxes
Recommendation –2012Voluntary Agreement signed
Complex set top boxes
2009Adopted (+ labelling)Televisions
2008AdoptedStandby and off-mode losses
2009AdoptedExternal power supplies
Recommendation –2012 Voluntary agreement signed
Imaging equipment
2010Adopted (+ labelling)Adopted (+ labelling)
Domestic dishwashers Domestic washing machines
2009Adopted (+ labelling)Domestic refrigeration
2010AdoptedTertiary sector lighting I (lamps and ballasts)
2009AdoptedDomestic lighting I (light bulbs)
2011AdoptedFans
2009AdoptedElectric motors
2009AdoptedCirculators
Date of adoptionState of playProduct Groups
Motors, Fans and Pumps
• Motor regulation 640/2009
• implementation
• motors outside scope
• Fan regulation 327/2011
• Pumps – vote in Regulatory Committee end of 2011
• Mandates to ESOs (CEN/Cenelec):
• Motors - TC2 working on M/470
• Drives - M/476
• Fans and pumps – approved by Committee 98/34
• Important: ‘extended product approach’
Energy savings from industrial products
Product group TWh by 2020 Mt of CO2 by
2020
Pumps 3
Fans 40
Motors 145
Total 188 ~ 100
Status II: new tenders on industrial products
• Lot 28: waste water pumps;
• Lot 29: big clean water pumps and pumps for swimming pools etc.
• Lot 30: motors not covered by 640/2009;
• Lot 31: compressors.
• Second work programme – new product groups –study to be finalised in October
16 July 2011
MEPS for power range • 0,75-370 kW = IE2
IE efficiency level marked on the rating plate, and reported
in the documentation of the product, according to the
efficiency classification IEC 60034-30
Efficiency at 50%, 75% and full load to be reported in
product documentation
Member States encouraged to require IE3 efficiency level
in public procurement
1 January 2015
MEPS for power range • 7,5 – 370 kW = IE3 or the IE2 level
if fitted with a variable speed drive
1 January 2017
MEPS for power range • 07,5 – 370 kW = IE3 or the IE2
level if fitted with a variable speed drive
Motor MEPS
Pump definition, scope and exclusions
l
Types of pumps for clean water duty:
- End suction water pumps (ESOB, ESCC, ESCCi)
- Vertical multistage water pumps
- Submersible multistage pumps
- Pumps with special features excluded
Covers all pumps placed on the market and/or put into
service, including when they are parts incorporated into
other EuPs
Pump Eco-design requirements
a) 1.1.2013 :
- energy efficiency requirement: MEI=10% value will apply (i.e.
remove worst 10% of pumps from the market)
- product information requirement: top 20% most efficient
pumps to be indicated as 'best in class' = benchmark
(‘design’ proposals from industry?)
- Member States encouraged to implement MEI=40%
efficiency level in public procurement
b) 1.1.2014 :
- energy efficiency requirement: MEI=40% cut-off values will
apply (ie remove worst 40% of pumps from the market)
JRC Activities in Energy Efficiency
The JRC Energy Efficiency Activities are focused on policy support on:
• Efficiency in Buildings: support to the EPBD Directive, GreenBuilding and GreenLight Programmes;
• Efficiency in Products (appliances, lighting, ICT, motors): support for Energy Labelling, Eco-design, Energy Star, Codes of Conduct for ICT;
• Policy analysis: support for the Energy Service Directive, analysis of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans, monitoring the energy savings towards the 2020 target;
• City/local level implementation (Covenant of Mayors) and large demonstration projects (Smart Cities);
JRC European Programmes in Buildings
GreenLightEC Voluntary initiative to reduce lighting energy use in the commercial and industrial sector and street lighting.
today: 670 partners, 285 GWh/year
GreenBuilding
EC voluntary programme through which companies commit to energy efficiency measures in non-residential buildings (new buildings and retrofits).
today: 293 partners, 430 buildings, 333 GWh/year
Winners of the GreenBuilding 2011 Awards
Winners of the GreenLight 2011 Awards
Example (Souroti - MCP winner)
• Installation of 2 new VSD air compressors
• The differential cost between 2 conventional air compressors and2 VSD air compressors controlled by Inverter was 60,000 €
• For 2 new air compressors the energy savings are of 573.875 MWh/yr with economic benefits of 28,164 €/yr
• The Payback Period is 27 months!!
• Why not all the companies are making these kind of investments in motor systems??
• European Motor Challenge Programme
EU Codes of Conduct for ICT
EU Codes of Conduct for ICT
• Led by JRC, flexible mechanism to initiate and develop policy;
• Forum for industry, experts, and Member States;
• Ambitious voluntary standards and commitments
Since 2002 Codes of Conduct on:
- External power supply units
- Digital TV services
- Broadband
- Uninterruptible power supplies
- Data Centres (includes Data
Centres in Dublin)
Example: the Covenant of Mayors
Covenant of Mayors
More than 2700 cities committed to reduce CO2 emission by more than 20% by 2020.
JRC’s support:
- methodologies and guidelines for Sustainable Energy Plans (SEAP) and emission inventories;
- assistance to cities to develop SEAPs, assessment of the SEAP submitted and monitoring their implementation.
Covenant of Mayors Signatories
