European Commission V framework program IST Norway/Presentations... · ... c omp rb ac ión de f ms y sellad de tie p 3) emisión del acuse de recibo ... requirements contemplated

AEQUITAS PROJECT

“SOCIETAS EUROPEAE”AEQUITAS PROJECT

European CommissionV framework program

IST

March, 2002

DEFINITION• IST-2000-29569 contract

Key Action II, line II.4.2

called Large-scale trust and confidence

• The objective of project is:

to speed up the procedures and to increase the effectiveness of the quality service that the juridical operators, specifically Registrars and Attorneys, render to the society, through the use of secure and confidential Internet communications

• Budget

521.039 euros, the EU contributes 472.000

• Duration

20 months, initiation date: 1st of August of 2001

Web adress

http://www.europa-aequitas.com

THE TEAMPartners

Greffiers de Tribunal de Commerce Associés (Greffiers de Paris,fr)

Consejo General de los Procuradores de los Tribunales (es)

Colegio de Registradores de la Propiedad y Mercantiles (es)

Camara dos Solicitadores (pt)

Law University of Lithuania (li)

-THE PROJECT IS OPENED TO NEW USERS.

DevelopmentTools Banking Solutions S.L. (es)

University of Zaragoza (es)

Proposed legal framework

ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ECOMMERCE (APTICE)

COMMUNICATIONS FLOW• The role of the partners of the project commit them to

take care of two important types of information flows in the communication between parties acting in any legal system: (1) the inter-communication between courts and the parties in a

lawsuit (as defendants or plaintiffs) .

(2) the communication between the authorities in charge of the different public registries (Business & Land registries, MovableProperty registries …) and the persons or agencies in need to know, to proof or to modify the contents of what is registered

• As objectives in the construction of the system, the following can be set forth:facilitate the exchange of documents with probative weight

between different countries of the European Union, bringing forth information regarding the nature of the document and guaranteeing the capacity and identity of the issuer, as well asfulfilling formal requirements.

Present situation in E.U. as regards Business Registries

• (1) No centralised European Registry (not even asuper-index of business names).

• (2) A minimun of harmonisation (I. Directive tobe amended)

(3) Out-of-date legal requirements (viz. data dissemination in paper; Bulletin (¡) .

(4) Absolute lack of interest for international aspects (viz. trans-border migration/merger of companies) & inter-registries

ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM• an association

A legal binding (international) structure that links the partners and is to act as a trustworthy third party

• a computer tool

which allows the secure transmission of documents between parties.

• a document catalogue

To help legal interpretation of technical terms in different legal systems . It allows the computer tool to control compliance with origin and formal requirements.

servidor STFICUsuarios

usuarios

Usuarrios

servidor STFIC

servidor STFIC

usuarios

servidor STFIC

servidor STFIC

directorio LDAP

directorio LDAP

directorio LDAP

directorio LDAP

Asociación

comunicaciones internasPuden canalizarse a traves delservidor STFIC. Las funciones desellado de tiempo y registro serealizan por el servidor, bajoresponsabilidad de la propiaorganización

comunicaciones entremiembros de la AsociaciónEs el punto central del proyecto. LaAsociación realiza las funciones desellado de tiempo y registro sobre losresumenes (hash) y los documentos setransmiten directamente entre lasorganizaciones.

2) trasmisión del documento

1) comprobación de firmas y sellado de tiempo

3) emisión del acuse de recibo

Organización externa

la Asociación actua como interface

estandard

Ciudadanos

comunicaciones conotras organizacionesla Asociación recomiendaestandards y tambien puedeactuar como "interface" cuandoun servicio deba ofrecerse aciudadanos de distintos paises

comunicaciones con losciudadanosel proyecto debe considerareste aspecto, aunque no incideen él directamente.

la Asociación confia en los directorios LDAP de los socios

THE ASSOCIATION

• The association links parties interested in the use of telematic methods in order to exchange inter-communication of legally binding documents.

• A forum is to be established in order to exchange know how and to define standards.

• Each participant organization should have a LDAP directory available with a structure as defined by the Association in order to guarantee the identity and e-signatures of its members.

• The Association can also help to establish a standard of common protocols with external organizations (third parties) which had to get in touch with any/various of its members.

THE COMPUTING TOOL

• Its purpose is to allow the exchange of electronic documents (e-documents) between members of the same organization (viz. in decentralised national registries) and between different organizations and their members.

• The documents could benefit of :

- confidentiality during transmission

- electronic signature

- acknowledgement of receipt

- time lock of signatures and of the communication acts (“time stamping”)

- registry of the contents of any document by a trustworthy third party

THE CATALOGUE

• The objective of the catalogue is to enhance confidence and juridical security in the exchange of legal documents, mainly in an International context.

• The following information will be incorporated in the documents:

- name of document , nature and legal effects

- relevant legal aspects and rulings concerning the document

- format

- appropriate legal capacity required for its emission

- concise guarantees for its transmission

fid ti lit i t

A strong case: the S.E

• (1) In the near future , globalisation and international commerce will lead us towards a likely horizon: a full-fledged e-registry and acertain degree of european business registry integration.

• (2) If no european single registry is as yet advisable, we are in a strong need of a EUROPEAN BUSINESS REGISTRY SPACE.

• (3) The S.E. Estatute clearly speaks in favour of inter-registries secure e-communication.

•

EXAMPLES

• The project has the objetive to study the most important cases regulated on the estatute of European Company 2157/2001 of theEuropean Council, which can generate communications flows betweenEuropean Trade Regsters. The examples that have been chosen are the following:

• 1. TRANFER OF DOMICILE (A.8 )• 2. TAKE-OVER MERGER (A. 17.2.A)• 3. MERGER BY FORMATION(A. 17.2.B)• 4. EC “HOLDING” (A. 32)• 5. FORMATION OF A SUBSIDIARY EC (A.35)• 6. CONVERSION INTO EC (A.37)

TRANSFER OF DOMICILE

REGULATION

The transfer of SE domicile from one Country to another (EU) is regulated in A. 8. RSEThis article studies the following phases:

1. Project of translation made by the management of administration with therequirements contemplated in A.8.2 .

2. Information report justifing the juridical and economical aspects3. Publicity through publication of the Project in the official bulletins of both countries4. The respect of the rights of creditors and minority shareholders through the terms

regulated in A.8.6.5. General Shareholders Agreement with the majorities provided to change the

Company statutes.6. Certification of the Origin Trade Register crediting the requirements regulated in

RSE.7. Inscription thought the transfer of the seatments to the destiny Trade Register.


INFORMATION FLOWS1. PRINCIPAL SENDING-ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RECEIPT 2.CERTIFICATION OF AGREEMENT OF TRANSFER-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT 3. CERTIFICATION A. 8.8 Y 8.15 RSE –ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RECEIPT4. CERTIFICATION 8.11 RSE-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT5. INSCRIPTION IN THE DESTINY TRADE REGISTER


NOTIFICATIONS

FIRST STEP

COMMON REQUIREMENTS

• 1.SENDER:TRADE REGISTER OF ORIGIN• 1.1.COUNTRY• 1.2.DOMICILE(the categories to include here, the format and the order of the

same ones will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside" COUNTRY")

• 1.2.1 VIA


• 1.2.1.1 TYPE • 1.2.1.2 NAME • 1.2.1.3 NUMBER • 1.2.1.4 FLOOR • 1.2.2 POPULATION • 1.2.3 COUNTY • 1.2.4 POSTAL CODE • 1.3.REGISTRAR(The categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones

will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside" COUNTRY")

• 1.3.1 NAME • 1.3.2 LAST NAME 1


• 1.3.3 LAST NAME 2 • 2.ADRESÉE((O RECEIVER): TRADE REGISTER OF DESTINATION• 2.1.COUNTRY • 2.2.DOMICILE (to see note to the section 1.2) • 2.2.1 VIA • 2.2.1.1 TYPE • 2.2.1.2 NAME • 2.2.1.3 NUMBER • 2.2.1.4 FLOOR • 2.2.2 POPULATION • 2.2.3 COUNTY • 2.2.4 POSTAL CODE • 2.3.REGISTRAR(see note to the section 1.3) • 2.3.1 NAME • 2.3.2 LAST NAME 1 • 2.3.3 LAST NAME 2


• 3.DATE OF REMISSION OF THE DOCUMENTS• 3.1.DAY • 3.2.MONTH • 3.3.YEAR • 4.INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT´S SUBJECT• 4.1.REGISTER IN WHICH is ENTERED • 4.2.REGISTRAL DATA • 4.3 DATA OF THE FELLOW • 4.3.1 COUNTRY (NATIONALITY) • 4.3.2 JURIDICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3) • 4.3.2.1 NAME • 4.3.2.2 LAST NAME1 • 4.3.2.3 LAST NAME2 • 4.3.3 PHISICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3) • 4.3.3.1 COMPANY DENOMINATION • 4.3.3.2 COMPANY TYPE


• 4.3.3.3 TRADE NAME • 4.4 HOME / REGISTERED OFFICE (BEFORE OF TRANSFER) • 4.4.1 COUNTRY (to see note to the section 1.2) • 4.4.1.1 VIA • 4.4.1.1.1 TYPE • 4.4.1.1.2 NAME • 4.4.1.1.3 NUMBER • 4.4.1.1.4 FLOOR • 4.4.1.2 POPULATION • 4.4.1.3 COUNTY • 4.4.1.4 POSTAL CODE • 5. INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT• 5.1 TYPE OR CLASS OF DOCUMENT < certification of the A.8.8., together with the

requirements demanded by the Spanish regulatory scheme, contents in the A.19 RRM) • 5.2 REFERENCE OF THE DOCUMENT (here he/she would go the number or

compound code for the domestic digits, the digits identificativos of the Register or authority radio station, the digits identificativos of the document type and the digits of the entrance number in the Register)

• 5.3 CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT


•

• SECOND

• TRANSFER AGREEMENT

• 1.SENDER:TRADE REGISTER OF ORIGIN • 1.1.COUNTRY• 1.2.DOMICILE(the categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones


• 1.2.1 VIA • 1.2.1.1 TYPE • 1.2.1.2 NAME


• 1.2.1.3 NUMBER • 1.2.1.4 FLOOR • 1.2.2 POPULATION • 1.2.3 COUNTY • 1.2.4 POSTAL CODE • 1.3.REGISTRAR(The categories to include here, the format and the order of the same

ones will be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside" COUNTRY")

• 1.3.1 NAME • 1.3.2 LAST NAME 1 • 1.3.3 LAST NAME 2 • 2.ADRESÉE((O RECEIVER): TRADE REGISTER OF DESTINATION• 2.1.COUNTRY • 2.2.DOMICILE (to see note to the section 1.2) • 2.2.1 VIA • 2.2.1.1 TYPE • 2.2.1.2 NAME


• 2.2.1.3 NUMBER • 2.2.1.4 FLOOR • 2.2.2 POPULATION • 2.2.3 COUNTY • 2.2.4 POSTAL CODE • 2.3.REGISTRAR(see note to the section 1.3) • 2.3.1 NAME • 2.3.2 LAST NAME 1 • 2.3.3 LAST NAME 2 • 3.DATE OF REMISSION OF THE DOCUMENTS • 3.1.DAY • 3.2.MONTH • 3.3.YEAR • 4.INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT´S SUBJECT• 4.1.REGISTER IN WHICH is ENTERED


• 4.2.REGISTRAL DATA • 4.3 DATA OF THE FELLOW • 4.3.1 COUNTRY (NATIONALITY) • 4.3.2 JURIDICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3) • 4.3.2.1 NAME • 4.3.2.2 LAST NAME1 • 4.3.2.3 LAST NAME2 • 4.3.3 PHISICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3) • 4.3.3.1 COMPANY DENOMINATION • 4.3.3.2 COMPANY TYPE • 4.3.3.3 TRADE NAME • 4.4 HOME / REGISTERED OFFICE (BEFORE OF TRANSFER) • 4.4.1 COUNTRY (to see note to the section 1.2) • 4.4.1.1 VIA • 4.4.1.1.1 TYPE • 4.4.1.1.2 NAME


• 4.4.1.1.3 NUMBER • 4.4.1.1.4 FLOOR • 4.4.1.2 POPULATION • 4.4.1.3 COUNTY • 4.4.1.4 POSTAL CODE • 5. INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT• 5.1 TYPE OR CLASS OF DOCUMENT < certification of the A.8.8., together with the

requirements demanded by the Spanish regulatory scheme, contents in the A.19 RRM) • 5.2 REFERENCE OF THE DOCUMENT (here he/she would go the number or

compound code for the domestic digits, the digits identificativos of the Register or authority radio station, the digits identificativos of the document type and the digits of the entrance number in the Register)

• 5.3 CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT • 5.3.1 DATE OF THE DOCUMENT (not to confuse with the remission date) • 5.3.2 AUTHOR OF THE DOCUMENT • 5.3.3 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT < to credit that the agreement has taken with

the requirements settled down by the law and its content > • 5.3.4 SPECIFIC CONTENT


• 5.3.4.1. GENERAL SHAREHOLDERS MEETING AGREEMENT • 5.3.4.1.1. MEETING´s DATE • 5.3.4.1.1.1 convocation • «option:» only convocation • «option:» first convocation, and «hour and date» in second. • 5.3.4.1.1.2 statutory forecasts • 5.3.4.1.1.3 presidency and Secretary of the Meeting • 5.3.4.1.1.4 constitution of the Meeting • a) assistants list • b) Constitution of the Meeting. • c) Protests• 5.3.4.1.1.5 development of the Meeting • 5.3.4.1.1.6 first point of the SCHEDULE


• a) AGREEMENT PROPOSAL• AGREEMENT • 5.3.4.1.2. SOCIAL ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION (after modifications) • 5.3.4.1.2.1. Social denomination • 5.3.4.1.2.2. Object • 5.3.4.1.2.3. Duration • 5.3.4.1.2.4. operations date beginning• 5.3.4.1.2.5. Social exercise • 5.3.4.1.2.6. Registered office • 5.3.4.1.2.7. Social capital and shares• 5.3.4.1.2.8. General meeting• 5.3.4.1.2.9. Council of Administration • 5.3.4.1.2.10. Other dispositions (you count annual...) • 5.3.4.1.3. DATES • 5.3.4.1.3.1. agreement date• Day • Month • Year • 5.3.4.1.3.2. transfer date proposal• Day • Month • Year • Second point of the Schedule • «.........................» • IV) session enclosure• 5.4.3.2.2. PLACE, DATES, SIGNATURE, HEADING AND STAMP


THIRD STEP

. REGISTRAL CERTIFICATION WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE RSE

• 1.SENDER:TRADE REGISTER OF ORIGIN • 1.1.COUNTRY• 1.2.DOMICILE(the categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones will

be different in function of what is introduced in country. The categories format and order that I consign here would be those that will be used SPAIN" it is introduced" inside" COUNTRY")

• 1.2.1 VIA • 1.2.1.1 TYPE • 1.2.1.2 NAME • 1.2.1.3 NUMBER • 1.2.1.4 FLOOR • 1.2.2 POPULATION


• 1.2.3 COUNTY • 1.2.4 POSTAL CODE • 1.3.REGISTRAR(The categories to include here, the format and the order of the same ones


• 1.3.1 NAME • 1.3.2 LAST NAME 1 • 1.3.3 LAST NAME 2 • 2.ADRESÉE((O RECEIVER): TRADE REGISTER OF DESTINATION • 2.1.COUNTRY • 2.2.DOMICILE (to see note to the section 1.2) • 2.2.1 VIA • 2.2.1.1 TYPE • 2.2.1.2 NAME • 2.2.1.3 NUMBER • 2.2.1.4 FLOOR • 2.2.2 POPULATION • 2.2.3 COUNTY • 2.2.4 POSTAL CODE


• 2.3.REGISTRAR(see note to the section 1.3) • 2.3.1 NAME • 2.3.2 LAST NAME 1 • 2.3.3 LAST NAME 2 • 3.DATE OF REMISSION OF THE DOCUMENTS• 3.1.DAY • 3.2.MONTH • 3.3.YEAR • 4.INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT´S SUBJECT • 4.1.REGISTER IN WHICH is ENTERED • 4.2.REGISTRAL DATA • 4.3 DATA OF THE FELLOW • 4.3.1 COUNTRY (NATIONALITY) • 4.3.2 JURIDICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3) • 4.3.2.1 NAME • 4.3.2.2 LAST NAME1


• 4.3.2.3 LAST NAME2 • 4.3.3 PHISICAL PERSON (to see note to the section 1.3) • 4.3.3.1 COMPANY DENOMINATION • 4.3.3.2 COMPANY TYPE • 4.3.3.3 TRADE NAME • 4.4 HOME / REGISTERED OFFICE (BEFORE OF TRANSFER) • 4.4.1 COUNTRY (to see note to the section 1.2) • 4.4.1.1 VIA • 4.4.1.1.1 TYPE • 4.4.1.1.2 NAME • 4.4.1.1.3 NUMBER • 4.4.1.1.4 FLOOR • 4.4.1.2 POPULATION • 4.4.1.3 COUNTY • 4.4.1.4 POSTAL CODE • 5. INFORMATION OF THE DOCUMENT• 5.1 TYPE OR CLASS OF DOCUMENT < certification of the A.8.8., together with the

requirements demanded by the Spanish regulatory scheme, contents in the A.19 RRM)


• 5.2 REFERENCE OF THE DOCUMENT (here he/she would go the number or compound code for the domestic digits, the digits identificativos of the Register or authority radio station, the digits identificativos of the document type and the digits of the entrance number in the Register)

• 5.3 CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT • 5.3.1 DATE OF THE DOCUMENT (not to confuse with the remission date) • 5.3.2 AUTHOR OF THE DOCUMENT • 5.3.3 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT < Trade Registrar certification in order to prove the

observance of the legal requirements. > • 5.3.4 SPECIFIC CONTENT • 5.3.4.1. CERTIFICATION A. 8.8. RSE •• 5.3.4.1.1. SENDER REGISTRAR • 5.3.4.1.1.1. COUNTRY (to see note to box 1.3) • NAME • LAST NAME 1 • LAST NAME 2 • 5.3.4.1.2. TRADE REGISTER • 5.3.4.1.2.1.COUNTRY (to see note to the box 1.2) • VIA


• TYPE • NAME • NUMBER • FLOOR • POPULATION • COUNTY • POSTAL CODE • 5.3.4.1.3. DATE of THE CERTIFICATION • 5.3.4.1.3.1 BOOK • 5.3.4.1.3.2 VOLUME • 5.3.4.1.3.3 LEAF • 5.3.4.1.4. CONTENT OF THE CERTIFICATION • A. TRANSFER PROJECT• A1.social denomination • A2. registered office • A3. domicile proposed • A4. proposed articles of association


• A5. consequences for workers • B.PROJECT´S PUBLICATION • B1.day • B2. month • B3. year • B4. Number, page BORME • C.INFORM DEVELOPED BY THE ADMINISTRATION ORGAN• That, dated «.....», the mandatory report was emitted justifying the proposed modification. •• D.TIME TO EXERCISE THE RIGHT OF EXAM• D1. DATE OF THE PROPOSAL • D2. DATE CONVOCATION IT JOINS • D3. DATE OF THE ADOPTION OF THE AGREEMENT • E. RIGHTS OF THE CREDITORS AND MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS (The categories

would be the points in boldface. The rest is to informative title) • 1) Exercise of the right. That, lapsed the legal term, they were separated from the society,

for not having been stuck to the transformation agreement, the following partners of the entity:

• Don «it Names and Last names and data of identity», regular of «number» you work that represent the «so much percent» of the capital stock of the entity.


• «.........................» • The regular partner of «number» you work that represent the «so much percent» of the

capital stock of the entity whose data of identity are ignored. • in the sum of «number» pesetas/euros for action. • 2) percentage on Social Capital • 3) Capital reduction. That the capital impairment corresponding to the aforementioned

stocks has been published in the Official Bulletin of the Mercantile Register of «it dates», p. «.....», as well as in the newspapers «.....», of «it dates», p. «.....», and «.....», of «it dates», p. «.....», what credits by means of exhibition of those referred copies.

• It photocopies of the aforementioned announcements, concordant with their originals, I incorporate to the present.

•• 4) Creditors


• «option:» The right of opposition doesn't exist: • The appearer that the present reduction doesn't attribute to the right creditors of opposition

declares as long as it has been made with position to benefits [alternatingly: free reserves]. • «option:» If right of opposition exists: • «option:» the appearer that no creditor has exercised his right of opposition Declares. • «option:» the appearer that you/they have only exercised her right of opposition the

following creditors Declares: • 1. Don «it Names and Last names», neighbor of «municipality (county)», with home in

«he/she remains silent», and DNI «.....», regular of a credit against the society for amount of «number» pesetas/euros.

• Accrediting this A has been lent guarantee to its whole satisfaction. • 2. Don «it Names and Last names», neighbor of «municipality (county)», with home in

«he/she remains silent», and DNI «.....», regular of a credit against the society for amount of «number» pesetas/euros.

• Accrediting this A has been notified the benefit of foreseen deposit in the art. 166 of the Law.


• 3. Don «it Names and Last names», neighbor of «municipality (county)», with home in «he/she remains silent», and DNI «.....», regular of a credit against the society for amount of «number» pesetas/euros.

• Dicho credit has been extinguished, by means of its payment on the part of the society, before this act.

• 6) Pago to the partners. He/she declares the representative of the society that, in the dates that are indicated and previous their paying-off, they have been reimbursed, for the expressed value, the following stocks corresponding to the separate partners:

• Work «.....» to «.....», dated «.....». • «.........................» • [In their case, to add:] Except as for the sum of «number» pesetas/euros, corresponding to

partners • «option:» unknown • «option:» that they have not appeared in time and he/she forms to receive the payment • «option:» regular of the stocks numbers «.....» to «.....». • This quantity has been consigned in deposit, dated «.....», to their legitimate owners'

disposition. • : • CERTIFICATION ASSURING THE RESPECTING LEGAL AND STATUTORY

REQUIREMENTS • F1. the date• F2. Legal norms (A.8 rse+A.19RRM) • F3. statutory norms


• G. PUBLICATION IN OFFICIAL BULLETIN AND THE most important 2 NEWSPAPERS • G1. date • G2. data BORPME • G3. data DiariY1... • G4. data DiariY2... • H. Notarial act OF MODIFICATION OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION INC • H1. Notary • H2. Place • H3. date• I.INSCRIPTION OF THE MODIFICATION OF ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION • I1. Book • I2. Volume• I3. Leaf


• 5.3.4.1.5. PLACE, DATE,SIGNATURE, HEADING AND STAMP

• 5.3.4.2. CERTIFICATION A.8.15.RSE • 5.3.4.2.1. REGISTRAR´S CERTIFICATION• 5.3.4.1.1.1. COUNTRY (to see note to box 1.3) • NAME • LASTNAME1 • LASTNAME2 • 5.3.4.2.2. TRADE REGISTER • 5.3.4.2.2.1.COUNTRY (to see note to the box 1.2) • VIA • TYPE • NAME • NUMBER • FLOOR • POPULATION • COUNTY


• POSTAL CODE • 5.3.4.2.3. CERTIFICATION SUBJECT• 5.3.4.2.3.1 BOOK • 5.3.4.2.3.2 FOLIO • 5.3.4.2.3.3 LEAF • 5.3.4.2.4. CONTENT (default" Text: THAT THE SOCIETY IS NOT IN SOME OF THE

FORESEEN SITUATIONS IN THE A.8.15 RSE, AS ONE DEDUCES FROM THE BOOKS OF THE REGISTRATION (a.8.15 rse"..."))

• 5.3.4.2.5. PLACE, DATE, SIGNATURE, HEADING AND STAMP

XML TAGS TUTORIAL

• 1. XML is for structuring data• Structured data includes things like spreadsheets, address books, configuration parameters, financial transactions,

and technical drawings. XML is a set of rules (you may also think of them as guidelines or conventions) for designing text formats that let you structure your data. XML is not a programming language, and you don't have to be a programmer to use it or learn it. XML makes it easy for a computer to generate data, read data, and ensure that the data structure is unambiguous. XML avoids common pitfalls in language design: it is extensible, platform-independent, and it supports internationalization and localization. XML is fully Unicode-compliant.

• 2. XML looks a bit like HTML• Like HTML, XML makes use of tags (words bracketed by '<' and '>') and attributes (of the form name="value"). While

HTML specifies what each tag and attribute means, and often how the text between them will look in a browser, XML uses the tags only to delimit pieces of data, and leaves the interpretation of the data completely to the application that reads it. In other words, if you see "<p>" in an XML file, do not assume it is a paragraph. Depending on the context, it may be a price, a parameter, a person, a p... (and who says it has to be a word with a "p"?).

• 3. XML is text, but isn't meant to be read• Programs that produce spreadsheets, address books, and other structured data often store that data on disk, using

either a binary or text format. One advantage of a text format is that it allows people, if necessary, to look at the data without the program that produced it; in a pinch, you can read a text format with your favorite text editor. Text formats also allow developers to more easily debug applications. Like HTML, XML files are text files that people shouldn't have to read, but may when the need arises. Less like HTML, the rules for XML files are strict. A forgotten tag, or an attribute without quotes makes an XML file unusable, while in HTML such practice is tolerated and is often explicitly allowed. The official XML specification forbids applications from trying to second-guess the creator of a broken XML file; if the file is broken, an application has to stop right there and report an error.

• 4. XML is verbose by design• Since XML is a text format and it uses tags to delimit the data, XML files are nearly always larger than comparable

binary formats. That was a conscious decision by the designers of XML. The advantages of a text format are evident (see point 3), and the disadvantages can usually be compensated at a different level. Disk space is less expensive than it used to be, and compression programs like zip and gzip can compress files very well and very fast. In addition, communication protocols such as modem protocols and HTTP/1.1, the core protocol of the Web, can compress data on the fly, saving bandwidth as effectively as a binary format.

XML TAGS TUTORIAL

• 5. XML is a family of technologies• XML 1.0 is the specification that defines what "tags" and "attributes" are. Beyond XML 1.0, "the XML family" is a growing set of

modules that offer useful services to accomplish important and frequently demanded tasks. Xlink describes a standard way to add hyperlinks to an XML file. XPointer and XFragments are syntaxes in development for pointing to parts of an XML document. An XPointer is a bit like a URL, but instead of pointing to documents on the Web, it points to pieces of data inside an XML file. CSS, the style sheet language, is applicable to XML as it is to HTML. XSL is the advanced language for expressing style sheets. It is based on XSLT, a transformation language used for rearranging, adding and deleting tags and attributes. The DOM is a standard set of function calls for manipulating XML (and HTML) files from a programming language. XML Schemas 1 and 2 help developers to precisely define the structures of their own XML-based formats. There are several more modules and tools available or under development. Keep an eye on W3C's technical reports page.

• 6. XML is new, but not that new• Development of XML started in 1996 and has been a W3C Recommendation since February 1998, which may make you suspect that

this is rather immature technology. In fact, the technology isn't very new. Before XML there was SGML, developed in the early '80s, an ISO standard since 1986, and widely used for large documentation projects. The development of HTML started in 1990. The designers of XML simply took the best parts of SGML, guided by the experience with HTML, and produced something that is no less powerful than SGML, and vastly more regular and simple to use. Some evolutions, however, are hard to distinguish from revolutions... And it must be said that while SGML is mostly used for technical documentation and much less for other kinds of data, with XML it is exactly the opposite.

• 7. XML leads HTML to XHTML• There is an important XML application that is a document format: W3C's XHTML, the successor to HTML. XHTML has many of the

same elements as HTML. The syntax has been changed slightly to conform to the rules of XML. A document that is "XML-based" inherits the syntax from XML and restricts it in certain ways (e.g, XHTML allows "<p>", but not "<r>"); it also adds meaning to that syntax (XHTML says that "<p>" stands for "paragraph", and not for "price", "person", or anything else).

• 8. XML is modular• XML allows you to define a new document format by combining and reusing other formats. Since two formats developed

independently may have elements or attributes with the same name, care must be taken when combining those formats (does "<p>" mean "paragraph" from this format or "person" from that one?). To eliminate name confusion when combining formats, XML provides a namespace mechanism. XSL and RDF are good examples of XML-based formats that use namespaces. XML Schema is designed to mirror this support for modularity at the level of defining XML document structures, by making it easy to combine two schemas to produce a third which covers a merged document structure.

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• 9. XML is the basis for RDF and the Semantic Web• W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF) is an XML text format that supports resource description and metadata applications,

such as music playlists, photo collections, and bibliographies. For example, RDF might let you identify people in a Web photo album using information from a personal contact list; then your mail client could automatically start a message to those people stating that their photos are on the Web. Just as HTML integrated documents, menu systems, and forms applications to launch the original Web,RDF integrates applications and agents into one Semantic Web. Just like people need to have agreement on the meanings of the words they employ in their communication, computers need mechanisms for agreeing on the meanings of terms in order to communicate effectively. Formal descriptions of terms in a certain area (shopping or manufacturing, for example) are called ontologies and are a necessary part of the Semantic Web. RDF, ontologies, and the representation of meaning so that computers can help people do work are all topics of the Semantic Web Activity.

• 10. XML is license-free, platform-independent and well-supported• By choosing XML as the basis for a project, you gain access to a large and growing community of tools (one of which may already

do what you need!) and engineers experienced in the technology. Opting for XML is a bit like choosing SQL for databases: you still have to build your own database and your own programs and procedures that manipulate it, and there are many tools available and many people who can help you. And since XML is license-free, you can build your own software around it without paying anybody anything. The large and growing support means that you are also not tied to a single vendor. XML isn't always the best solution, but it is always worth considering.

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XML TAGS TUTORIAL

XML TAGS TUTORIAL

XML TAGS TUTORIAL

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