European Air Quality Experience: Example Berlin, Germany by Martin Lutz

Martin Lutz | Clean Air Workshop - Best-Practice Measures in European Cities, Brussels 2015 1

European Air Quality Experience: Example Berlin, Germany

Martin LutzBerlin Senate Department for Urban

Development and Environment

�drivers for action �Examples for measures being taken� Impact assessment & lessons learnt� synergies between AQ & noise & CC� résumé

22

Senate Department for

Urban Development

and Environment

Introduction �� need & focus for action

■ Air quality: � NO2: limit value exceeded at all traffic spots

Commission will launch infringementprodedure

against Germany (incl. Berlin) due to persistent non-attainment

� PM10: still risk for exceedances in years with adverse mete o

■ Ambitious goals to curb greenhouse gas emissions� -40% CO2 emissions by 2020 compared to 1990� control soot particle emissions as a driver for cli mate change

■ Focus: road transport: � road traffic is main contributor to PM10 and NO2� transport is the only sector with rising CO2 emissions� +7% from transport since 1990, -10 to -40% other se ctors� urban noise pollution is mainly generated by road traffic� Relevant for noise action planning

�� need for measures to make road transport more sustainable


Measures and their impact�� examples from Berlin‘s tool box

■ Low Emission Zone� Stage 2 : since 1.1.2010

Diesel-vehicles: Particle emission Euro 4:� cars: Euro 3 + particle filter or better

� goods vehicles: also retrofit of

Euro 1-3 towards Euro 4 Particle

Gasoline vehicles: at least Euro1

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


Berlin LEZ – impact analysis�� Emissions Emissions of of PMPM

186

379

207

94

78

348

88

74

297

152

79

65

250

128

71

5124

16

55

141

62

45

64

39

31

0

100

200

300

400t/a 2007

Trend 2008 without LEZTrend 2010 without LEZTrend 2012 without LEZLEZ 2008LEZ 2010LEZ 2012

261

126

92

-63%

-58%

-25%

LEZ impact: change in particle exhaust emissionsbased on fleet composition at a busy main road (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)

whole fleet cars LGV < 3,5 t HGV > 3,5 t


Berlin LEZ – impact analysis�� trend of trend of total carbon total carbon concentrations from concentrations from traffictraffic

108% 112%100% 100%

130%141%

120%134%

184%

112%

104%100%

86%

81%

54%

43%

55% 42%

98% 100% 100%

82%

75%

50%

44%

55%

47%

0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Tota

l ca

rbo

n c

on

cen

tra

tio

n

TC

= E

C +

1.2

* O

C

in µ

g/m

3

Traffic related* total carbon concentration in Berlinadjusted with traffic volume changes

share of situations with low wind speed <2.4 m/s (2007=100%)

Average TC over 12 mini sampler outside the LEZ

Avergae TC over 10 mini sampler inside the LEZ

low emission zone in force

-53%-56%

*traffic increment based on the difference between kerbside and urban background sites data recalibrated Oct 2014

4S - UM 434

S - UM 432

S - UM 432

S - UM 43


Berlin LEZ – impact analysis �� NOx emissions eissionseissions

based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)(new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)

emissions extrapolated to the entire main road network based on the fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (with DPF-retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact)

8730

4965

2786

929

8369

4724

2703

898

7627

4199

2548

843

6994

3694

2501

761

7121

3833

2516

762

6110

3318

2123

650

5675

3010

2036

615

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

whole fleet cars LGV < 3,5 t HGV > 3,5 t

t/a2007Trend 2008 without LEZTrend 2010 without LEZTrend 2012 without LEZLEZ 2008LEZ 2010LEZ 2012

-15%

-19%

-20%



■ Low Emission Zone

■ Avoiding & shifting road traffic to cleaner traffic modes� Public transport, cycling, pedestrian strategy

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43

-60% soot, -10 excess days of 24h PM10

-5% NO2 (merely)

*emissions


Berlin‘s Master Plan Transport�� promoting bicycle use

Free ride on bus lanes

before after

Re-allocation of road space in favour of cyclists & pedestrians:

��Safe riding on extra bicycle lanes on the road

�� Reduces noise levels at the building line

Setting up a dense cycle – route network��Safe riding through smaller roads and parks

�� Attractive new routes trough the

centre along the former wall

3 City & Transport Planning Measures |Cycling





■ Optimising traffic flows, City compatible speed limits (30 kmph) in main roads

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


-5% NO2 (merely)

*emissions

Last decade: 2 x more cyclists,

-14% car traffic ~ LEZ effect


Speed limit 30 km/h (instead of 50 km/h) can deliver ...� about 5% less (total) PM

� derived from a 25-30% drop of local PM increment

� 6-10% decrease of total EC � derived from a 14-21% drop of local PM increment

� Depends on share of Diesel vehicles

� 7-12% less total NO2� derived from a 15-25% drop of local NO2 increment

� Enforcement is key

� Results are not fully coherent with speed-dependent emission measurements

� Effect depends on keeping a smooth traffic flow

� Impact is site specific , difficult to extrapolate

� Generates wind-fall profit for road safety and noise (-2 dBA)

ImpactImpact analysis analysis with with monitoringmonitoring data data �� rréésumsum éé






■ Clean Public procurement � e.g. Emission criteria (e.g. DPF-retrofit ) for

machinery used in public construction projects

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


-5% NO2 (merely)

*emissions



PM10: ½ of LEZ effect

NO2: 2x of LEZ effect


■ Reason for action� Machines release 5-10 time more Diesel – PM than comparable Diesel trucks

� Even latest standard tier IIIB does not require efficient Diesel Particle Filter

� cost-efficient solution exists for older machinery by retrofit of closed/regulated DPF� Diesel soot is a health risk & climate change driver

■ Implementation in Berlin:� Demonstration project with DPF retrofit� retrofit is technically & economically feasible for

different machines and operation modes

� Setting environment standards in public tenders for all construction services as from 2015/16:

� machinery need to meet the latest EU particle emission standard (IV/IIIB/IIIA depending on the size of equipment), or

� retrofit with an efficient regulated/closed Diesel particle filter, type-approved with reference to new UN-ECE REC-regulation/VERT/F AD

� Setting similar criteria in permits granted to operators of large construction sites� Require tier IIIB/IV plus DPF in public procurement of machines

■ impact : in Berlin about 60-100 t/a reduction of Diesel soot emissions! this is of more than half the benefit of the low emission zone

! Problem: missing incentives to invest in NRMM with DPF

What‘s being done in Berlin�� Example: Diesel exhaust control of mobile machinery






■ Clean Public procurement � e.g. Emission criteria (e.g. DPF-retrofit ) for

machinery used in public construction projects

■ Pushing clean vehicle technology, � Diesel- and NOx- filter retrofit in buses� Promotion of CNG, electric mobility� Incentives for Euro 6, next stage of (U)LEZ ?

�� Not too bad, but still insufficient to close (NO2) compliance gap

4S - UM 434

S - UM 43


-5% NO2 (merely)

PM10: ¼ of LEZ effect*

NOx: ½ of LEZ effect*

*emissions

PM10/soot: ½ of LEZ effect*



PM10: ½ of LEZ effect

NO2: 2x of LEZ effect

☺☺☺☺ noise

☺☺☺☺ noise

☺☺☺☺ noise

PM10: ¼ of LEZ effect*

NOx: <<½ of LEZ effect*

1414

Senate Department for

Urban Development

and EnvironmentBerlin AQ assessment�� NO2 pollution trend

15Martin Lutz | Clean Air Workshop - Best-Practice Measures in European Cities, Brussels 2015

Real Driving Emissions (RDE) of NOx�� Performance of Euro 6 vehicles

In-use emission testing of 15 Euro 6 passenger cars■ICCT-study: Average NOx RDEexceed Euro 6 by factor of seven

� Excess mainly due to short emissionpeaks during high engine load

■Some vehicles almost meet Euro 6■Huge variation of emissions among vehicles ■Weak relation between fuelconsumption and emissions■Results confirmed by otherstudies measuring RDE

�� Euro 6 does need an urgent overhaul

Source: ICCT, 2014

E 5E 6

E 4

E 3


■ Exploring and using new Clean Technologies to control pollution at the source is key…

� LEZ, green procurement, funding,

■ but (currently) insufficient to meet environment objectives �NO2 pollution, CO2 from road transport, traffic noi se

■ Vehicle Emission Standard Euro 6 needsupdate with strict conformity factors for real (urban) driving NOx emissions

� ambitious urban RDE factors for NOx < 1.5 timesabove the E6 limit value like for HDVs

■ City and Transport Planning needs to be closely linked to AQ,Climate Change and Noise abatement policies in an integrated way

Synergies between CC & AQ Management�� Conclusions

Transport planning

Noise action planning

Air pollution

control

Climate mitigation andadaptation strategies


Thanksfor

listening!

Better you slim down rather than the ice shelves.

So, take the bike!

For more information on

� Berlin‘s LEZ see www.berlin.de/umweltzone (also in EN)

� Berlin‘s Air Quality Plan seewww.berlin.de/luftreinhalteplan (also in EN)

� LEZ in Germany see http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/umweltzonen/index.htm

� LEZ-cities in Europe visit www.lowemissionzones.eu,the website of the European Network of LEZ-cities ( LEEZEN)

� ICCT study on Euro 6 performance of Diesel carshttp://www.theicct.org/real-world-exhaust-emissions -modern-diesel-cars

Documents

European Air Quality Experience: Example Berlin, Germany by Martin Lutz