Euro Final Review Outline With Key Points

8/12/2019 Euro Final Review Outline With Key Points

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European H istory - Final ReviewUnit One: Middle Ages - Civ-O-Meter

1. Ancienti. Greece and Rome

Rome = civilized world Barbarians = outskirts Western Roman Empire = roots of Western civilization

ii. First Barbarian Invasions - 400s Wanted a piece of the pie Due to the influx of the Barbarians Roman Culture De-civilized Later, the Barbarians converted to Catholicism.

iii. Soup set stage for Middle Ages... Greek civilization Rome civilization Catholic Church (greatest power in M.A.s) Barbarians

2. Medieval (Middle Ages)Battle of Hastings: William the Conqueror conquered England/GB in 1066

i. Dark Ages Roman leprosy- could not protect borders

Momentarily held by commissioning barbarians rise of Franks under Clovis rise of Muslims defeated in Europe

France - Battle of Tours (Charles Martel, 732) Spain - Reconquista (until 1492) = longest war in history

ii. Blip (Charlemagne, 800) = Carolingian Empire (another name for the later FrankishEmpire)

King of Franks, Emperor of Romans literacy doubled from 1% 2% fear decreases then Charlemagne died, grandsons split empire (Treaty of Verdun, 843)

iii. Second Barbarian Invasions - 800s Vikings - From the North Magyars- east Slavs - east Muslims - From the South

iv. Feudalism - 900s-1300s Feudalism: division of land and loyalty amongst kings and nobles where kings

were weak and nobles were strong; politicsdriven by FEAR nobles = vassals

land = fiefs Oath of Fealty = declaration of loyalty sworn by a vassal to a lord

Manorialism: production for protection when there is no $$ and land is the mainsource of wealth; economics

prayers = clergy fighters = nobles workers = peasants and serfs


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v. Crusades - 1095-1291 (1st Crusade to Fall of Acre) Christendom: Europe united as one under Catholic faith

religious, political, intellectual center of Europe spread of Catholic faith:

i. quest - followed sword when Clovis and Charlemagne conquerednew lands

ii. missionaries1. St. Patrick Irish2. St. Benedict Roman3. St. Boniface German barbarians

Western Christian military effort to regain Holy Land from Seljuk Turks(Muslim) = 1095-1291

called by Pope Urban II Causes

Turkish attacks on Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire whichlasted until 1453; Eastern Orthodox Church had split in 1054)

Turkish violence toward Christian pilgrims

Christian desire to regain Holy Land

Motives

Deus vult! = God wills it glory adventure personal gain

Significant Events 1st = gains most of land, but gradually they lose it anyways; only

successful Crusade 4th = captured Constantinople

Reflection of Medieval World

Power of Church

Religious devotion warlike nature of people

Major effects improved technology increased currency/trade use (remember Jolly Rancher activity) rise of city-states feudalism declines worldly view

vi. High Middle Ages from country/manors towns

agricultural advancesi. 3 field systemii. ploughiii. Horsepower

money and guilds economy

i. serfs buy freedomii. kings pay armies, grow stronger than nobles

guildsi. maintain monopoly** no competitionii. apprenticeships


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iii.provide medical care, unemployment reliefiv. sponsor banquets, plays, etc.

education and literature Aristotle-influenced St. Thomas Aquinas - greatest Catholic theologian, master of

scholasticism Dante Aligheri- The Divine Comedy, Inferno Chaucer - Canterbury Tales

origins of strong monarchs and nation-states that will eventually challenge powerof nobles and Church

3. Modern (Renaissance, 1400s) = Re-birth of civilization @ end of Middle AgesUnit Two: Renaissance and ReformationPart I: Renaissance = Rebirth of Classical and Catholic civilization (Greek, Roman)

1. Origins and Spreada. Italian city-states

ideal conditions1. trade w/outside world cultural diffusion2. Controlled Mediterranean trade routes3. wealth, currency Mercantilism/Monopoly(jacked up prices of goods)

patrons1. Pope2. wealthy families (Medicis, Florence)3. Church = glue

2. Charactera. Misconceptions - not total break from Middle Ages. Rather, gradual process.b. What it is

reaping of Middle Ages seeds redirection of thought from God man isms

1. humanism = focus on human values, capacities, achievements, emotions, etc. +emphasis on classical (i.e. Greek and Roman) culture + human studies

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare) Utopia (Sir Thomas Moore) Machiavelli - The Prince Petrarch = first writer, father of Renaissance literature

2. secularism = focus on worldly as opposed to spiritual/religious School of Athens (Raphael) Architecture Renaissance style instead of Gothic (Brunelleschi - dome on

cathedral which was not pointy)3. naturalism = focus on nature

Vesalius (skewed drawings) Da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper) heliocentrism (Copernicus + Galileo) sun is center

important to know how the solar system is


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3. Calvinisma. man = John Calvinb. action = wrote the book The Institutes of the Christian Religionc. doctrines

i. predestinationii. Elect called to Heaveniii. no dancing, gambling, dice, cards, staying up past 9:00 PM (curfew)iv. results

1. Scotland = Presbyterians2. England = Puritans3. France = Huguenots

a. Edict of Nantes (repealed by Louis XIV)= religious toleration ofHuguenots

4. executed in 1649 by the Rump ParliamentBetween the Kings = Interregnum

1. Cromwell = bloody ketchup-Interregnuma. Cromwell sets up a miltiary dictatorship, heavily promoting Puritan ideas.b. Commonwealth, rule by Parliament

Stuarts Part II2. Charles II

a. Restoration of Merry Monarchb. limited monarchc. deathbed conversion of Catholic faith

3. James IIa.

Charles IIs brother

b. shortened reignc. Catholic, but daughters were Anglican, so Parliament let him become kingd. BUT 2nd wife had a son that was raised Catholice. Parl. feared Catholic kingf. Glorious Revolution 1688deposed James (no bloodshed.)

4. William and Mary invited to throne5. required to sign Bill of Rights Anglicanism

a. man = Henry VIII, Defender of the Faithb. why? needed male heir

i. sought annulmentii. Pope refused

c. action: Act of Supremacyi. King is head of churchii. Henry gets his son.

d. Other monarchsi. Edward VI = Anglicanii. Mary Tudor = Catholic, persecutes Protestantsiii. Elizabeth I = Anglican


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iv. religious roller-coaster for English citizens6. Reaction of Protest Revolt

a. Popes Paul III and Pius V counterattackb. Council of Trent - reformed Catholic Churchc. new society of priests = Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola: valued educationd. some success winning back converts in France and HRE.

Unit Three: Rise of Nation-States and Royal Absolutism1. Spain

a. ruling family = Hapsburgsb. notable leaders = Ferdinand and Isabellac. religion = Catholicismd. expansion = to Portugal, Netherlands, Africa, India, New Worlde. expansion b/c looking for trade routes, wealthf. obstacles = inflation, guilds, religious intolerance

2. Englanda. ruling family = Tudors

i. Henry VIIii. Henry VIIIiii. Elizabeth I

b. Stuarts = other ruling family = Scottishi. James Iii. Charles Iiii. see Unit 4, Part I

c. religion = Anglicanismd. expansion = to Maryland (Catholics), Massachusetts Bay Colony (Puritans)e.

obstacles

i. traditionii. Magna Carta 1215iii. Parliament

f. overcoming obstaclesi. Divine Right of Kings king = Godii. raised $ w/o Parliament (we dont need Parliament!)iii. dumped Catholic Church (Henry VIII)iv.buy off nobles with land from Catholic monasteries

3. Francea. religion = Catholicismb. royal family = Bourbons

i. Henry IV (of Navarre)1. Edict of Nantes2. Catholics = Huguenots in power3. disregarded Estates-General4. assassinated 1610

ii. Louis XIII


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1. supervised by mom (Marie de Medici), Cardinal Richelieua. destroyed castlesb. took away jobs (intendants)c. took away Huguenots rightsd. last meeting of Estates-General until 1789e. refined culture

2. Louis XIV = Sun King (LEtat Cest Moi)a. Cardinal Mazarinb. built palace @ Versaillesc. REVOKED Edict of Nantesd. War of Spanish Succession to suppress power

3. Louis XVa. expelled Jesuits from Franceb. After me, the deluge (Aprme moi, le deluge)

4. Louis XVIa. Humpty Dumpty had a big fall!b. executed at the Guillotine in 1793 (see French Revolution)

4. Holy Roman Empirea. no strong central power after Charles V (Charles I in Spain, since Hapsburgs ruled both)b. lead by Holy Roman Emperorc. 30 Years War leaves weak, disunited empire;

i. devastation of land, of population killedii. Treaty of Westphalia several religionsiii. thank you for everything, Richelieu!

d. compete for poweri. South = Austria = Catholic = Hapsburgsii. North = Prussia = Lutheran = Hohenzollerns1. nobles = Junkers

2. strong military5. Russia

a. great leadersi. Ivan III (Great) - kicks out Mongolsii. Ivan IV (Terrible)

b. royal family = Romanovsi. Peter the Greatii. Catherine the Great

c. expansion to West (window = Baltic Sea), esp. b/c of Peter the Greatd. strong monarchs.

i. increasing control of nobles (Boyars), churchii. enslavement of serfs under Catherine

Unit Four: Revolution


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Part I: England - Double Chuckburger on James

- Stuarts Part I

5. James Ia. unified thrones of England and Scotlandb. proclaimed Divine Right of Kings

i. money problemsii. Parliament controls purse stringsiii. sold nobilityiv. successors would pay!

6. Charles Ia. Parl. refuses to give $$ except on yearly basis

i. forces to call Parl. every yearii. could not disregard Parl. like James I had

b. Petition of Right 1628i. Parl. forces Charles I to sign for moneyii. but, he immediately ignores it.

c. War looms w/Scotland and later w/Irelandi. Short Parl = 3 weeksii. Long Parliament

1. Charles needs money2.

Parl. demands 19 Propositions Parl has supreme power in England

3. Charles says no, both prepare for war

d. English Civil Wari. Charles vs. Parliament (led by Cromwell)ii. Charles surrenders in 1647

e.i. Parliament every 3 yearsii. nothing w/o Parliaments consent

f. then Parliament takes control of everything, monarchy has little powerg. 1701 Act of Settlementdeclares Catholics ineligible to become king (after James II died)


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h. 1707 Act of Unionunifies governments of England + Scotland Great BritainPart II: France

1. Enlightenmenta. seeing the light and throwing off darkness of authority (monarchy, Church, tradition) - use

REASON alone!b. individual rights of life, liberty, and propertyc. liberty = do as one wishes as long as it does not interfere w/ rights of anotherd. govt exists to protect peoples rights; overthrow if it fails.e. key philosophers:

1. Thomas Hobbes = Leviathani. man = cruel + selfish + greedyii. therefore life = nasty + brutish + shortiii. leads to chaosiv. therefore must adopt Social Contract and govt has absolute power

2. John Locke = Two Treatises of Government =Social Contract: govt exists to protectrights of people

a. lifeb. libertyc. property

3. Baron de Montesquieu = Spirit of Laws = separation of powers4. Voltaire = Candide = freedom = kill the Church5. Jean Jacques Rousseau = everyone born free, but govt messes everything up.

i. individual freedomii. civilization corrupts peoples natural goodnessiii. general will = direct democracy

f. Note that the Enlightenment directly impacted America in Declaration of Independence,Constitution, etc.

2. French Revolutiona. contributing factors:

1. Enlightenment ideas2. Freemasons, Jacobins3. Heavy taxes4. Versailles palace5. American revolution6. Starvation, inflation7. Madame Deficit (Marie Antoinette)8. Weak Louis XVI9. Unfair representation in govt

b. Stages:1. Normal (political goals achieved) 1789-92

i. May 5, Estates-General convenesii. June 17, Natl Assembly formed from 3rd estate = 1st act of French Revolutioniii. June 20 = Tennis Court Oath b/c 3rd estate was locked outiv. July 14 = Storming of Bastille = 1st act of violencev. August 1789 = Great Fear = nobles come, peasants, kill, so nobles flee (emigres)


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vi. 5 major accomplishments:a. abolished nobilityb. Declaration of Rights of Man(DORM) - August 26, 1789c. more fair taxesd. civil constitution of clergy = state controls churche. Constitution of 1791 limited monarchy

2. Radical = 1792-94i. August 10, 1792 King deposedii. September Massacre = sans-culottesiii.Natl Convention formed

a. Left = Radical = Jacobins led by Robespierreb. Middle = Middlec. Right = Girond = Conservatives

iv. Committee of Public Safety = 12 man dictatorshipv. major goal = protect the revolution and everything that happened in the 1st stage

by throwing it all out the window.a. threats: Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, etc.b. other threats: monarchy (executed Jan 21, 1793), church (outlawed),

conservatives (Reign of Terror by Committee of Public Safety, ends with

death of Robespierre on July 28, 1794)3. Boring = 1795-1799 = Directory

i. great military successii. many problems @ homeiii. call Napoleon Bonaparteiv. military and Napoleon overthrew the government in coup detat

4. Napoleon = 1799-1815i. first consul in the Consulateii. astonishing military success until 1812iii. effects of success:

a. spreads Enlightenment ideasb. inspires nationalism

iv. failed in the enda. Trafalgar 1805and Continental Systemvs. GB both failedb. Invasion of Russiain 1812 was a fail; retreated with 10,000 men only.c. abdicated (gave up) his throne in 1814, went to Elbad. there was a period of 100 Daysbetween when he returned to France to his

final defeate. Battle of Waterloo, 1815= final i

5. Conclusion:i. limited constitutional monarchyii. Louis XVIII restored (the missing Louis was Louis XVIs son, who was killed

during the revolution)iii. Bourbons restored to throne.

Unit 5 19th Century Europe


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1. Age of Napoleon - stomps out Old Order, introduces twin-headed beast a. nationalismb. liberalism

2. Age of Metternich - brings back Old Order = reaction to Napoleona. Congress of Vienna = Metternichs masterpiece

i. compensation1. redrawing borders from Napoleonic Wars2. victors gain land, losers lose land

ii. balance of power (punish France)iii. legitimacy

1. attempt to restore Old Order and silence revolutionary ideas2. restored monarchies

b. Post Viennai. balance of power peace and order successful

1. Austria dominates politics2. alliances = UN of 19th century

a. Quadruple = Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, Franceb. Holy = Austria, Prussia, Russia, later all

ii. stamp out twin-headed beast failc. cracks

i. 1820s revolutions in New World + Balkansii. 1830 overthrow of Charles X of Franceiii. 1848 Liberal Revolutions all over Europe starting in France - almost replay of French

Revolution3. Age of Bismarck = nationalism leads to formation of unified Italy and Germany

a. peoplei. William, King of Prussiaii. Bismarck, Prime Minister

b. Bismarck the Man = Conservative, authoritarian, nationalistc. goal = Germany unified under Prussiad. Obstacles

i. Austria dominates HREii. France is petrified of German unificationiii. Southern Catholic states oppose b/c North is Lutheran

e. how to make Germany strong under Prussiai. realpolitik = do whatever it takes = realism = Machiavelli :)ii. blood + iron = military warfare

f. principles in actioni. 3 wars = means to unify Germany

1. 1864 Denmark2. 1866 Austria3. 1870-71 France4. industrial and military buildup5. Kulturkampf = culture war to rid Catholic influence = fail


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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - STUDY ON YOUR OWNUnit 6 World War I

1. Metternichs pressure cooker- tried to cap nationalism, it will fail in an explosion.2. Building Up

Remember for the test MAINa. Tension from Prussia leads other countries to build enormous militaries, Militarismb. Nationalism- A sense of National Superiority.

i. Balkans will be shatteredii. Alsace-Loraine - France still is brooding over this loss.

c. Many empires begin to have border disputes, Imperialism.

d. Alliances - Backing of countries to the point of gang wars (Big Mac Fight)Triple Alliance= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (

a. America becomes a Global Playerb. almost every government east of France become totalitarianc. Ultimately Germany sparks WWII due to the Treaty of Versailles.- Hitler, Mein Kampf, etc.

more Nationalism

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Euro Final Review Outline With Key Points