Chapter 20

The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

Origins

Agricultural revolution

Population growth

Capital for investment• Profit

Mineral resources

Government favorable to business

Markets

Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization

Cotton Industry• Water frame, Crompton’s mule, power looms

The Steam engine• Coal

• Thomas Newcomen, “atmospheric engine”

• James Watt (1736-1819) Rotary engine Flexibility of location great advantage Cotton industry

The Iron Industry• Coke

A Revolution in Transportation• Railroad

Richard Trevithick’s locomotive George Stephenson’s Rocket

A Revolution in Transportation• Railroad

Richard Trevithick’s locomotive George Stephenson’s Rocket

The Industrial Factory• Factory laborers• Time-work discipline• Reinforcement by evangelical churches

Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851Crystal PalaceGreat ExhibitionPrince Albert

The Industrial Revolution in Britain

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The Spread of IndustrializationLimitations to Industrialization

Lack of a transportation systemUpheavals of warTraditional habits of businessLack of technical education

• Britain prohibits its artisans from leaving the country• Britain forbids exportation of machinery and parts

Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy, 1844• Industrialization the path to develop a nation’s strength

Encouragement of the spread of industrialization• Entrepreneurs with technical and business Skills• Technical schools• Government support• Joint-stock investment banks

Centers of Continental IndustrializationCotton manufacturing

• Belgium• France• Germany

Impact of the steam engineCotton industry in BritainIron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France

The Industrial Revolution in the United StatesBorrowing from Britain

• Samuel Slater, 1790Transportation networkLabor

Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Non-industrialized World

Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industryIndian example

The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

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The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Population GrowthNot explained by higher birthrateDecline of the death rate

• Drop in deaths from famines, epidemics, and war• Increase in the food supply; people more resistant of disease

Congestion of the countryside

The Great HungerIrish population growthReliance on the potatoPotato crop fails, 1845-1851EmigrationSuburbsRow houses

The Growth of Cities• Growth of city populations

By 1850 London’s population is 2,363,00 Nine cities in Britain over 100,000 Less dramatic growth on the Continent

Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution

• Wealth and middle-class inhabitants often resided in the suburbs

• Sanitary conditions Disease and smell

• Adulteration of food• Moral consequences of urban life

Urban Reformers• Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)

Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842

Use of drainage Piped water Public Health Act

New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class

Out of mercantile tradesOut of dissenting religious minoritiesNew business aristocracy

New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age

Laborers and servants

Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class

Cotton millsCoal minesChild laborPauper apprenticesWomenFactory Acts

• Factory Act of 1833• Women and children

Standards of LivingFluctuations of wages and pricesConsumptionPeriodic overproduction and unemployment

Efforts at Change: The WorkersStrikes

Robert Owen (1771-1858), Utopian Socialism

Trade unionism

Luddites

Chartism, “the people’s charter”

Efforts at Change: Reformers and GovernmentFactory acts, 1802-1819

Factory Act of 1833

Coal Mines Act, 1842