FIELD-QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE STUDIES: ETHNOGRAPHYPresented byAkhmarianti(14178002)Rahmi Azizah(141780 41)Widia Rahmita Hakim(14178057)

QUALITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION Definition and PurposeFeatures (Setting, Research Questions, Data, Analysis, Reflexivity, Paradigms, Values, Final Manuscript)HistoryStatus Characteristics

1. Definition and Purpose Field research is the systematic study through long-term, face to face interactions and observations, of everyday life. It is classified as a longitudinal research design since its data collection can take a long time.

Its purpose is to understand daily life from the perspective s of people in the setting or social group of interest to the researcher.

2. Features2.1. Setting;

Naturalistic Setting, in the field in which the phenomenon of interest occurs; The researcher becomes part of the settingThe researcher involves with the participants and experiences parts of their daily lives. The goal is to provide in depth descriptions and analytical understanding of the meaning participants in the setting attached to their interactions and routines

2.3. Reflexivity; the rsearcher would be in depth thinking to do reflections on wht possible things affect the result ofthe research.

2.4. Paradigms; Positivist paradigm; commitment to objectivism, value-free research, and reliability Interpretive paradigm; not independent of the social reality.

2.5. Values; present moral neutrality

2.6. Final Manuscript; in the form of journal articles, masters theses, dissertations, books, or technical reports.

3. History First appeared at the end of 18th century (in academic activity) Continuoes debate what field research is Devote yourself to which most scholars agree Affected by the status characteristic of the researcher.

4. Status CharacteristicsAffect almost every part of the field research process

They could be gender, race, ethnicity, social class, sexual orientation, and age.

ETHICAL ISSUES IN QUALITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH Informed ConsentDeceptionConfidentialityInstitutional Review Board

To obtain consent, the research must make participants aware of these following cases:

They are participating in researchPurpose, procedure of the researchThe benefitsTheir right to stop the research at any timeEtc.

1. Informed Consent

2. DeceptionThis ethic considers on:

The research will not harm the participants.The research is justified by studys value.Alternative procedures are not possibleThe research has an approval of an institutional review board

3. ConfidentialityResearcher is anonymous when he/she is not able to identify the participant in the study.

Maintaining confidentiality becomes problematic when authorities think the researcher has knowledge that a law has been violated.

PRELUDE TO QUALITATIVE FIELDWORK Selecting a Research Topic Ethichal IssuesPracticality Accessibility The Familiar Versus the Unfamiliar Record Keeping Goals and Research Questions

Ethnography

The study of peoples behavior in naturally occurring, ongoing settings, with a focus on the cultural interpretation of behavior

Why use ethnography in applied linguistics?Provide profound detailed understanding of culturalBehaviors that occurs not significantly differentThe final reports have the possibility of reaching a wide audience.

Collecting the dataSelecting an Ethnographic ProjectAsking Ethnographic QuestionsMaking an Ethnographic Record.Writing the Ethnography

Methods of data collectionParticipant observation

involves not only gaining access to and immersing oneself in new social worlds, but also producing written accounts and descriptions that bring versions of these worlds to others

2. Interview and artifactsresearcher formulates interview questions based on his or her own unique etic positioninformants from within the target community to interview

The artifacts ethnographers use in their research can take a variety of forms. pre-existing documents such as past English grades, standardized test scores,,.

TriangulationThe gathering and later comparison of different data sources by using acombination of methods.To validate claims and to discover inconsistencies thoughout the research process

Organizing and interpreting the data

Presenting Etnography Findings

LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHYPresented by Widia Rahmita Hakim

LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHYa theoretical and analytical framework which takes an epistemological position broadly aligned with social constructivist and post-structuralist approaches by critiquing essentialist accounts of social life (Creese, 2008; Rampton, 2007)It will focus mainly on linguistic ethnographys contribution to interactional studiesstarts from an understanding of literacy as social practice (how people actually use literacy in their lifeworlds and everyday routines)

LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHY AND INTERACTIONEthnographic ApproachSmall PhenomenaBig Phenomena(Blommaert, 2005: 16)

FOR EXAMPLE, CREESE (2005)describes the interactional practices of teachers in multi-adult classrooms,shows how teachers interactional practices unwittingly reproduce structural hierarchies in schoolsUsing linguistic ethnographyshe illustrates how facilitation pedagogies best suited for language teaching and learning hold little currency in a context where pedagogies of transmission dominate classroom practicesshows how small phenomena, such as the interactional differences between teachers, can only be understood against an analysis of big phenomena: the systemic and structural privileging of curriculum transmission.

KEY ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHYLinguistic ethnography as interdisciplinary research1It is the interdisciplinary nature of linguistic ethnography that allows us to look closely and look locally, while tying observations to broader relations of power and ideology- Systemic Functional Discourse Analysis (SFDA) - Conversation Analysis (CA)Examples in using

Ethnography and post-structuralism2linguistic ethnographys ability to keep up methodologically in a field of study which has seen radical changes in its conceptualization of its key terminology (such as culture, community and language)

APPLICATION OF METHODSmethods of linguistic ethnographyTraditional methods Unobtrusive recorders of activity and faithful reporters of characteristic patterns Being empirical without being positivistic Offering an objective analysis of subjective meanings Representing meanings of participants Treating researchers as active, reflective subjects Providing first-hand knowledge of others Deliberately scrutinizing ones own view point in the light of others Seeing the others worlds as reality.(Eisenhart, 2001a: 21819):

Traditionally in ethnographyCollect the dataAnalyze the resultsWrite up findingsParticipant ObservationField notesEthnographic and open interviewsRecording/ transcriptsOne researcher works aloneAnalysis of the data focuses on the identification and interpretation of regular patterns of action and talk that characterize a group of people in a social context

Critiques of Traditional Ethnographyfield notes are often not made explicit

- constraints to reach certain segments of the population because of barriers regarding sex, age, ethnicity, race, class, or nationality

Modern Ethnography

Comments. Sugestion. Questions1. siska: example of ethnography2. Adi : what qustion about pidato pasambahan. What the appropriat research questions of it more small?3. Ria : what is informed consent, decept ion, confidential,.......4. Ummi : what the research should consider when do research in remote area. Can we put negative moral in our research.

2. Research question of pidato pasambahan, its depand of the research that you want to do. For example you want to study aboul the idio, that used by the preacer in pidato pasambahan.4. When a researcher do a research in a remote area she/he prepare: mental, that make the researcher can to start till the end the researchCostTimeBehaviorAnd it is okey in the ethnoalgrahy research put negative moral or value of the targer research because in etnography we could describe the result based on etic and emic of the research.

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