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UF
The Impact of Peanut Maturity
Ethan Carter
Yield and Grade
-economic return
Seed Quality
-germination and emergence
Immature vs Mature Pods
-early/late harvest can negatively impact maturity
-optimum DAP associated optimum # mature pods
Digging a week early or late can make 500 lbs/A
difference or more in yield and several points in grade.
Why is Maturity Important?UF
Maturity Classes
1) White
2) Yellow
3) Orange
4) Brown
5) Black
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How Is Maturity Evaluated?
Yield
+
Quality
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Maturity profile board
Growing degree days
Days after planting
Shellout method
Harvest Timing is Tricky
Indeterminate growth
Pest pressure
Weather
Logistics
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Yield = accumulation of seed biomass; biochemical changes –
flavor impacts
Quality = seed physiology
& functioning of the
embryo and subsequent
plant
Photo credit: Eve Rowland
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Is Harvesting by Maturity Worth It?
Yes!
Field Study
Sheller Study
Design and Methods
Location: Teaching Farm on UF campus, Gainesville, FL
RCBD with 4 replications, irrigated sparingly
2 cultivars: FloRun™ ‘107’ and TUFRunner™ ‘727’
2 maturity groups: Brown/Black, and Yellow; hand separated
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Shelled Seed
Brown/Black
Yellow
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Emergence
0
20
40
60
80
100
6/5 6/8 6/11 6/14 6/17 6/20 6/23
Perc
en
t E
merg
en
ce
TUFRunner™ '727'
6 15 24 Date
5/6 5/12 5/18 5/24 5/30 6/5 6/11
Date
TUFRunner™ '727'
7 25 43
UF
DAP
Emergence
FloRun™ '107'0
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
en
t E
merg
en
ce
FloRun™ '107'
Brown/Black
Yellow
2014 2015
727 Yellow
4 DAP
727 Yellow
7 DAP
727 Black
4 DAP
727 Black
7 DAP
What about belowground?
727 Yellow
10 DAP
727 Black
10 DAP
Marco Goyzueta
• UF grad student with Barry
Tillman
• Assessing maturity effects on
root characteristics
• Rooting velocity during early
establishment may be
impacted
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6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15 8/22 8/29 9/5
Leaf
Are
a I
nd
ex
TUFRunner™ ‘727’
2014
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Leaf Area Index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Leaf
Are
a I
nd
ex
Brown/Black
Yellow
FloRun™ ‘107’ FloRun™ ‘107’
TUFRunner™ ‘727’
Date DateDAP 50 71 92
2015
56 77 98
TUFRunner™ ‘727’
35
DAP
66
DAP
100
DAP
FloRun™ ‘107’
Yellow Black Yellow Black
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Canopy Comparisons 2014
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
6/26 7/7 7/18 7/29 8/9 8/20 8/31
Flo
wers
Per
Pla
nt
Date
TUFRunner™ '727'
27 60 93
5/29 6/8 6/18 6/28 7/8 7/18 7/28
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Flower Production
TUFRunner™ ‘727’
DateDAP
FloRun™ '107'
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
Flo
wers
Per
Pla
nt
FloRun™ '107'
Brown/Black
Yellow
30 61 90
2014 2015
UF
Pod Development
Credit- Eddie McGriff, University of Georgia Extension and Diane Rowland, University of Florida
1pt TSMK% =$4.82/ton
Loan value of $354.51
-grade about 73%
73 * 4.82 =$351.86/ton
78 * 4.82 =$375.96/ton
$24.10/ton difference
Final Effects
2014
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Yie
ld (
kg
/ha)
2015
70%
71%
72%
73%
74%
75%
76%
77%
78%
79%
Gra
de
Cultivar
FloRun™ '107' TUFRunner™ '727' FloRun™ '107‘ TUFRunner™ '727'
Cultivar
1500 lb 1000 lb2300 lb 1000 lb
Summary of Field Study
Idea disproved: Plants from immature seed do not catch up to those
from mature seed
Had delayed and decreased emergence
Lower leaf area and delayed flowering
Plants from Immature pods produced more immature pods than
plants from mature pods
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*Cultivar success
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
6/5 6/8 6/11 6/14 6/17 6/20 6/23
Em
erg
en
ce (
%)
TUFRunner™ '727'
Date
5 15 24
Commercial Seed
What does commercial seed look like?
Can the shelling process be used to “improve” the maturity
level of seed?
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DAP
Idea: Commercial seed contains a high percentage of immature
seed and can be improved through the shelling process by
pinpointing stages that remove immatures
Stages- Harvest, cleaning, in-shell sizing (large/small/nubs)
Does grade accurately reflect maturity?
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Study 2: Sheller Study
1. Field*
2. Cleaner
3. Large Basket
4. Small Basket
5. Nub Basket
Samples Were Collected
From Five Stages:
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The Shelling Process for Seed
Cleaner Large Basket Small Basket Nubs
Sampling
Blasting
Sorting/counting
Drying
Grading
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Design and Methods
Mature
Orange (?)
Immature
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Visual Classification
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Perc
en
t M
atu
re
Cultivar
Mature
Immature
TUFRunner™ '727‘ TUFRunner™ '297‘ TUFRunner™ '511' FloRun™ '107'
UF
Stage 1- Field
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Perc
en
t M
atu
re
Cultivar
Mature
Immature
TUFRunner™ '727' TUFRunner™ '297 TUFRunner™ '511'
UF
Stage 2- Cleaner
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Perc
en
t M
atu
re
Cultivar
Mature
Immature
TUFRunner™ '727' TUFRunner™ '297' TUFRunner™ '511'
UF
Stage 3- Large Basket
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Perc
en
t M
atu
re
Cultivar
Mature
Immature
TUFRunner™ '727' TUFRunner™ '297' TUFRunner™ '511'
UF
Stage 4- Small Basket
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Pe
rce
nt
Ma
ture
Cultivar
Mature
Immature
TUFRunner™ '727' TUFRunner™ '297' TUFRunner™ '511'
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Stage 5- Nubs Basket
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Does Grade Accurately Reflect Maturity?
68%
70%
72%
74%
76%
78%
80%
82%
84%
Gra
de
Cultivar
Mature
Immature
TUFRunner™ '727‘ TUFRunner™ '297' TUFRunner™ '511' FloRun™ '107'
UF
Grade- Stage 1 Field
1pt TSMK% =$4.82/ton
Loan value was $354.51
-grade 73%
∆$ $9.64/ton $0/ton $19.28/ton $38.56/ton
Idea supported: Commercial shellers have a high percentage of
immature seed and that certain stages can pinpoint and remove them
The cleaner removes some of the immature pods
In-shell sizing is beneficial for sorting out mature pods
Grading at the buying point does not reflect maturity for every
cultivar
Failure to harvest at an optimal time adds more immature seed
into the shelling process, which may be returned to growers as
planting seed
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Summary of Sheller Study
Seed Harvest
Seed
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Maturity Impacts It All
