- i -

BI rbbpþac;kar

eTA RbCaFibetyü tameKalKMnitGhigSa

CIn sab viTüasæanGal'bWtGaMgsþaj The Albert Einstein Institution

- ii -

rUbztRkbmux

- xagelI ; elak cn buWK ‘ Jon Bugge’ ©JonBugge

- xageRkam ; elak Exm suvNÑara ©ExmsuvNÑara

rUbztRkbeRkay

- elak nIk evsþÚv&r ‘ Nick Westover’ ©NickWestover

- iii -

CUncMeJHmitþ r¨ug Qun

- iv -

- v -

ebskkmµ viTüasßanGal;bWtGaMgsþaj

ebskkmµénviTüasæanGalbWtGaMgsþaj KWCYyeZVIeGaymankarrIkcMerIn

dlkarsikSaTUlMTUlay nigkareRbIR:sGMeBIGhigSaCayuTÆsaRsþ ~gkaredaH

RsayTMnas´nanaelIEpndIenH .

viTüasæanenHebþC\a ÷

• karJrRbCaZibetyü esrIPaB

• RbqaMgnwgkarCiHCan GMeBIpþackar karsMlabmnusSrg<al nig

• bnæykarBwgEpÁkeTAelIGMeBIhigSa ~gviZankarnana .

ebskkmµenH sMerc:neTAtamviZankarbIya¨g ÷

• karCYyelIkTwkcitþkarRsavRCav karsikSaGMBIviZankarsMrab´

skmµPaBGhigSa nigkareRbIR:sviZankarenHBImun>~gTMnas

RKbEbby¨ag .

• karEckcaylTÆplénkarRsavRCavenH eTAsaZarNCn tam

ry; karpSBVpSay snñisIT nigRbB&nÆB&t(man ehIynig

• karBieRKaH pþl´eyabl´ dl´RkumTaMgLayEdlmanTMnas´

GMBIplEdleKTTYl:nBIyuTÆsaRsþénkareRbIGMeBIGhigSa .

- vi -

GVI>TaMgGsenA~ges[vePAenH sæitenA~gevTikasaZarN;

KWeKGaccMlgeRbIR:s´:n edayBuMcaM:c´mankarGnuJ¦atBIelak CIn sab ß

GñkbkERb . RbsinebIelakGñkcMlgvK<NamYy~ges[vePAenH

sUmemtþabJ¢ak´RbPBedImeGay:nc|as´las´ . sUmGrKuN .

e:HBum¬elIkTImYy Ex ósPa qñaM 2002

e:HBum¬elIkTIBIr Ex mizuna qñaM 2003

es[vePA²BIrbbpþac´kareTARbCaZibetyü³ :nRtUveKecjpSayCaelIkdMbUgbgÁs´

enATIRkug:gkk ~gqñaM1993 edayRkumKN;kmµkar

sMrab´ksaglTÆiRbCaZibetyüeLIgvijenA~gRbeTsPUma

~gshkarCamYyTsSnavdþIjÚveG[ra¨ ‘The New Era Journal’ ‘Khit Pyaing’.

taMgBIeBlenaHmk eK:nbkERbes[vePAenHecjCaR:MbIPasay¨agtic

ehIyeK:npSBVpSayenA~gRbeTssWeb[ «NÐÚensIu nigéz

RBmTaMgbNþaRbeTsmYycMnYneT[t .

enHCaelIkTImYy Edles[vePAenHecjpSayCaPasaExµr e:HBum¬Extula 2005 .

The Albert Einstein Institution 427 Newbury Street

Boston, MA 02115-1801, USA Tel: USA+617-247-4882 Fax: USA+617-247-4035 E-mail: einstein@igc.org

Website: www.aeinstein.org

ISBN 1-880813-09-2 (PasaGg´eKøs’

ISBN 1-880813-13-0 (PasaExµr)

- vii -

BIrbbpþac;kar eTARbCaFibetyü

tameKalKMnitGhigSa

- viii -

- ix -

matikaerOg

kMNtGñkbkERb xiii

GarmÖkza xvi

CMBUkTI 1

RbQmmuxnwgrbbpþac´kar 1

bJØaEdlenAmanbnþ 3

esrIPaBtamry;GMeBIhigSa 5

rdðRbhar kare:Heqñat GñkeRsacRsgBIbreTs 7

karTTYls<al´karBit 10

CMBUkTI 2

eRKaHzñakénkarcrca 13

KuNsm|tþi nigkarxUcxaténkic©crca 14

karcuHj¨mtamkarcrca 15

GMNac nigyutþiZm(enA~gkic©crca 17

karyl´RBmrbs´BYkpþac´kar 18

etIsnþiPaBEbbNa 20

mUlehtusMrabesckþIsg¹wm 20

CMBUkTI 3

eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl´ 23

er]geRBgniTanGMBIm©as´sVa 23

- x -

RbPBcaM:cnanaénGMNacneya:y 25

mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaZibetyü 29

CMBUkTI 4

rbbpþac´karmancMNucexSay 33

karsMKalrkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl 33

cMNucexSayrbs´rbbpþac´kar 34

karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar 36

CMBUkTI 5

kareRbIR:s´GMNac 39

dMeNIrénkarts)UGhigSa 40

GavuZnigvin&yGhigSa 41

karebIkcMh PaBsMgat nig«riyabzRtwmRtUv 45

karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac 46

ynþkarbYny¨agsMrab´karERbRbYl 47

«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyüénneya:yerIbRmH 49

PaBsµúKsµajénkarts)UGhigSa 51

CMBUkTI 6

esckþIRtUvkareGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 53

karer[bcMCaEpnkarCakEsþg 54

óbsK<~gkarer[bcMEpnkar 55

JküeBcn¾bYnsMxan´>~gkareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ 59

- xi -

CMBUkTI 7

karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ 63

kareRCIserIsneya:y 65

karer[bcMEpnkaredIm|IlTÆiRbCaZibetyü 66

CMnYyBIeRkA 67

karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg 68

karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþsMrabyuTÆnakar 71

karpSBVpSayKMnitmineZVIshkar 74

karbRg,abnigviZankarTb´Tl´ 75

karRbkan´EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþeGayx¢ab´ 76

CMBUkTI 8

karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH 79

karts)UsRmaMg 80

kartTl´CanimitþrUb 81

karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv 83

kartMrg´eTArkGMNacBYkpþac´kar 84

karERbRbYlyuTÆsaRsþ 87

CMBUkTI 9

karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar 89

karBRgIkesrIPaB 91

karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar 93

karkan´kab´C&yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv 95

- xii -

CMBUkTI 10

kic©karCamUldðansMrabRbCaZibetyürwgbuwg 97

karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþac´karzµI 98

karTbs,at´rdðRbhar 99

karRJgrdðZmµnuJ¦ 100

neya:ykarJrCatitamRbCaZibetyü 101

karTTYlxusRtUvd*lÁRbesIr 102

óbsm¬&nÆ - meZüa:yénskmµPaBGhigSa 105

GMBIGñkniBnÆ 121

GMBIGñkbkERb 123

- xiii -

kMNt;GñkbkERb

eKalbMNgZMénkic©karbkERbsMrYlenH nwg:nsMercdUcR:zña Rbsin

ebIkare:HBum¬pSBVpSayes[vePArbselaksaRsþacarü CIn sab ²BIrbbpþackar

eTARbCaZibetyü³CaPasaExµr GacCYyCMrujelIkTwkcitþ eGaymankarRtwHriH

BicarNaeGay:nmWugmatGMBIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nigskmµPaBGhigSa EdlGac

CYyTajRbeTsNamYyeGayecjputBIPaBRkIRketaky¨ak nigkarcuHj¨m .

karEvkEjkRbEkkKñaza RbeTsNamYymandMeNIrkareTAmux ß zy

eRkayRbEhlCaBuMsUvsMxan´eT . karBitenaHKWRbCaBlrdðRbeTsRkIRkRtUv

qøgkatkarQWcab´EdlmincaM:c . karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlRbCaBlrdð:nRTaM

RT KYrEtCakarkRnþak´das´sµartIeGayP\ak´rlwk sMrabRbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay .

RBwtþikarN¾nanaEdlmanekIteLIgenA~gRbeTsRkIRk hak´dUcCaBuMmanlk¡N;

eKarB eyaKyl´ ßGaNitGasUrdl´RbCaBlrdðeLIy .

RbvtþisaRsþRbeTsRkIRkxøHeJreBjeTAeday ²bdivtþn¾³ EdlTTYl

braC&y . sac´er]gdEdl>ecHEtekItmaneLIg manEttYÉkeTEdlpøas´bþÚr .

mtiriHKnxøHGaccatTukBYkGñkdwknaMTaMgenaH zaCaGPiCnmYyRkumEdlrvl´Et

deNþImKñakac´cg,Útk:¨l´TItak´nic ‘Titanic’ . BYkeKmancitþrIkrayenAeBl

eXIjBYkemdwknaMcasrltrlay ehIyeKxitxMeZVIEbbNa edIm|IkuMeGayKURbECg

rbs´eKmanOkaskøayeTACaGñkTTYlGMNacbnþenAézámux . GñkTaMgenHhak´

dUcCarvlxøaMgNas´~gkareZVIy¨agNa eGayeK:nenAkan´GMNacyUrGEgVg

CaCageZVI GVIedIm|IrMedaHRbCaBlrdðeGayeKcputBIPaBRkIRketaky¨ak Tuk¡evTna

ehIynigBIkardwknaMEdlxVHRbsiTÆPaB .

- xiv -

eKGaceRb[beZ[bRbCaBlrdðeTAkEg,b~gqñaMgTwkRtCak EdleKkMBug

Etbg,at´ePøIgdaMBIeRkam . kEg,benHRbEhlCakMBugEtsMrbsMrYlxøÜneTAtam

kMedATwk EdlecHEtekIneLIgbnþicmþg> . TIbMput karsMrbsMrYledIm|Irs´enH

nwgeZVIkEg,bqÁinsøab erIxøÜnelatecjBITwkBuHBuMrYc eTaHbICaeBlenaH eKcgrs´

EbbNak*eday . RbsinebIeKRtUvkaróTahrN¾CakEsþgsMrab´eRKaHzñak´enH

eKBuMcaM:c´sMLwgemIlÉNaEvgqáayhYsBIRbeTscM:¨eT . buEnþeKRbEhlCa

emIlBuMeXIjeT eRJHRbeTscM:¨:nrlay:t´rUbragrYcyUrNas´eTAehIy .

RbEhlCaeBlevlaEdlRbCaBlrdðRtUveZVIkarrMedaHxøÜnÉg Qb´Bwg

EpÁkelIGñkÉeT[t:nmkdl´ehIy . dUcEdlelaksaRsþacarü CIn sab

:nRsgyksMdIeTAdak~ges[vePAenHza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nedayesrI

gayRsYl³ . elak:nesñICaTUeTAza ²RbCaBlrdðnwgRtUvEter[nGMBIreb[b

qk'ykesrIPaBenH edayxøÜnÉg³ ‘TMB&rTI 103’ .

eKeXIjmanktþaelIkTwkcitþ sMrabeGayRbCaBlrdðRkIRkeZVIy¨agenH

nigrgVan´CaeRcInrg´caM RbsinebIRbCaCatienHmaneCaKC&y . RbeTsRkIRkxøH

mandIZøIEdlmanCIrCati Twkbwg TenøJseBj nigcMnYnBlrdðtic~gmYyKILÚ

Em¨Rtkaer¨ . TaMgenHCaZnZanZmµCati nigekrþ¥mrtk EdlrgcaMEtkarRKb´RKg

d*lÁmYy . GñkesdðsaRsþEdlmanÉkeTsxagkatbnæyPaBRkIRk elak

saRsþcarü eCvRhVI sas ‘Jeffrey Sachs’ :neC]Cak´za RbeTsRkIRkxøH

manKuNsm|tþiCaeRcIn EdlGaceZVIeGayRbCaBlrdðTaMgGs´ manCIvPaBrs´

enACamnusS~gPaBézøzñÚr . ~gEpñkGnuvtþn¾vij es[vePAenH:npþl´nUvKMnitCa

eRcInGMBIreb[bts)UykesrIPaB EdlRbCaBlrdðRtUvkary¨agxøaMgkøa edIm|IcUl

rYm~gkic©karTaMgLay Edlman«TÆiBleTAelICIvPaBrsenA Caer[gral'ézá

rbseK nigRbeyaCn¾Cati . es[vePAenHGacCYyeZVIeGaykarGssg¹wmkøay

eTACamansg¹wm nigeZVIeGayesckþIsg¹wmkøayCakarBit .

- xv -

karpSBVpSayes[vePAenHCaPasaExµr:necjrYc edaysarEtmnusS

mYycMnYn . elaksaRsþacarü CIn sab :nktRtaKMnitCaeRcInTuk~ges[vePA

EdlGacCYyeGayRbCaBlrdðBiPBelakkankabvasnaxøÜnÉgvijmþg . elak

GaZ&r GIuEdlsþaj‘Arthur Edelstein’ énsklviTüal&ykalIhV&rja¨ enA

bWrKøI ‘Berkeley’ :nTak´Tg ehIypþl´eGay` nUvOkasmYyEdl`BuMGac

bdiesZ:n edIm|ICYypSBVpSayKMnit elak CIn sab CaPasaExµr . karbk

ERbCaPasaExµrenH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾CaeRcIn BIcMeNHGkSrsaRsþd*eRCA

RCH rbs´RBHPik¡úmYyGg< elak lI skþa elak mYg Naer¨t nig shkarI

mYycMnYneT[t Edl:nCYyeZVIkarBinitüJküeBcn¾ XøaeXøagy¨aghµt´ct´ .

GñkCMnYykar`:nTTYlrabrgxagkarvayGtæbT niger[bcMeGayecjCarUbPaB

es[vePA . mitþP&RkþmYycMnYnenA~gRsuknigbreTs :nCYyelIkTwkcitþ nig

pþl'CaZnZansMrab´e:HBum¬es[vePAenH . GñkCMnYyTaMgenaH suTÆEtCaGñkEdl

bþÚrpþaceTAelIlTÆiRbCaZibetyü nigsiTÆimnusStamskmµPaBGhigSa . `sUm

GrKuNy¨agRCaleRCA cMeJHRBHetCKuN nigGs´elakGñkxagelITaMgGs´

Edl:nCYyeRCamERCgRKbRCugeRCay edIm|IeGayes[vePAenHecjCarUbrag .

eTaHbICay¨agNak*eday kMhusTaMgLayEdlmanenA~ges[vePAenH sæitenA

~gkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs´ Etmñak´ÉgTaMgRsug .

`sUmcat'TuksñaédbkERbenHCakarEzøgGMNrKuNd*sþÜcesþIgmYy cMeJH

Priya nigkUn`TaMgBIr Edl:nKaMRTKMnitnigskmµPaB`Canic© edayKµan

lk¡xNÐ .

smaCikRBwTÆsPa Gwug b)unGag

GñkbkERb

raCZanIPñMeBj ézáTI 11 Ex kJ¦a qñaM 2005

- xvi -

- xvii -

GarmÖkfa

`:ncabGarmµN¾rabqñaMmkehIy eTAelIreb[beZVIyagNa edIm|IbeJ¢{s

nigbM:t´rbbpþac´kar . `rkSaTukGarmµN¾enH mYyEpñkedaysarCMen]za

mnusSelakminKYreGayrbbenH CiHCannigbMpøicbMpøajTalEtesaH . CMen]enH

kan´EtmankMritxøaMgeLIg tamkarGannanaGMBIsar;sMxanénesrIPaBrbsmnusS

GMBIlk¡N;énrbbpþac´kar ‘taMgBIKMnitelakGarIsþÚt [Aristotle] eTAdl

karEvkEjkGMBIpþac´karniym’ nigRbvtþiénrbbpþac´kar ‘CaBiesssæab&nNasIu

[Nazi] nigsþalIn [Stalin] ’ .

~gry;eBlrab´qñaMmkenH `:nmanOkasCYbs<al´mnusS Edl:n

rs´ nigrgeRKaHeRkamGMNacNasIu rYmmanTaMgGñkEdlrs´putCIvitBIKukeT[t

pg . enA~gRbeTsn&rev¨ (Norway) `:nCYbGñkEdl:nRbqaMgnwgrbb

pþac´karhVasIus ehIy:nrYcCIvit nig:n»GMBIGñkEdl:t´bg´CIvit . `:n

niyayCamYyBYkCVih (Jews) Edl:neKcputBIkNþab´édNasIu nigCamYy

GñkEdl:nCYyrMedaHCIvitGñkrgeRKaHTaMgenaHpg .

eKGac:ndwgeRcInGMBIGMeBIeXaeXAénrbbkumµúynIsþ~gRbeTsnana

tamkarGanes[vePA CagkarTakTgedaypÞal´ . cMeJH` GMeBIeXareXAén

rbbTaMgenHhak´dUcCaKYreGaysþay CaBiess edayGMeBIpþac´karenH:nRtUv

eKGnuvtþ~grUbPaBCakarrMedaHRbCaBlrdðBIkarCiHCan´ nigkarekgRbv&J© .

~gbunµanTsvtScugeRkayenH tamry;GñkeZVIdMeNIrBIRbeTspþac´kar dUcCa

:¨Nam¨a (Panama) bULÚj (Poland) QIlI (Chile) TIeb (Tibet) nigPUma

(Burma) eyIg:ndwgza PaBBitCak´Esþgénrbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñenH mankMrit

- xviii -

kan´EtxøaMgeLIg . BIGñkRsukTIebEdl:nRbyuTÆRbqaMgnwgkarQøanJnrbs´

BYkcinkumµúynIsþ nig BYkrusSIúEdl:neCaKC&yeTAelIrdðRbharrbs´RkumRCul

niym~gExsIhaqñaM1991 ehIynigBYkézEdl:nraraMg edaysnþiviZI min

eGayrbbeyaZavilRtLbmkvij `:ner[nsURtbEnæmGMBIkarecjlk¡N;

sahavsnSwm>énrbbpþac´kar .

smancitþGaNitGasUr nigkMhwgBuHeJrcMeJHGMeBIIsahaveXareXA

CamYynigkaresáIcsresIrdlvIrPaBd*nwghñ énbursRsþId*køahanEdlminKYr

eGayeC]:n kan´EtmankMritxøaMgeLIg enAeBleKeZVIdMeNIreTAdlTIkEnøgekIt

ehtu . KWCaTIkEnøgEdlenAEtmaneRKaHzñak´ buEnþGñkkøahanTaMgenaHenAEt

Rkajts)UteTAeT[t . TIkEnøgTaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ RbeTs:¨Nama¨ enAeRkam

karRKbRKgrbseQµaH NUrIGIuh<a (Noriega) , dMbnvIulnIGIus (Vilnius) lIZUGaen[

(Lithuania) eRkamkarCiHCanrbssUev[t, TIZøaeZ[nNamin (Tiananmen Square)

énTIRkugebkaMg (Beijing) EdleK:neXIjmha:tukmµd*Gs©arü edIm|IesrIPaB

nigkareTAdl´énkgrzeRkaH Edl:nbJ©b´raRtIenaHy¨ageXareXAÇ TIsñak´kar

~géRBénRkumRbCaZibetyü enAmaN&rpø&r (Manerplaw) ~gtMbn²rMedaHPUma³ .

CYnkal `:neTAdlTIkEnøgEdlGñkTaMgenaH:nbUCaCIvit dUcCa

dgeKamTUrTsSn¾ nigTIkEnøgkbexµacenAvilnIGIusÇ sYnsaZarN;enATIRkug

rIh<a (Riga) CaTIkEnøgEdleK:j´sMlabmnusSmYycMnYnÇ mNÐlEhVra¨ra

(Ferrara) enAEpñkxageCIgRbeTsGIutalI CaTIkEnøgEdlBYkhVasIus tMer[b

BYkGñkRbqaMgCaCYr munnwg:jrHsMlabecal ehIynigTIkbexµacd*samJ¦

mYy enAma¨N&rpø&r EdleJreBjeTAedaysBGñkts)Uekµg> . karBitd*

GaeNacGaZ&mmYyenaHKW rbbpþac´karnImYy>EtgEtbnSl´TuknUvkar:t´bg´

CIvit nigkarxUcxatEbbenH .

karkgVl´ nigbTBiesaZn¾TaMgenaH :nnaMeGaymanesckþIsg¹wm

d*mWugma¨t´za karbeJ¢{srbbpþac´karenHRbEhlCaGaceZVIeTA:nÇ nigkarts)U

- xix -

d*eCaKC&yRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar GacsMerc:nedayBuMcaM:csMlabKñaeday

rg<aleTAvijeTAmkÇ ehIyza eKGacrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIyraraMgmineGay

rbbpþac´karzµImYyeT[t elcecjBIKMnrepHTaMgenaH:n .

`:nl|geZVIviPaKyaghµtct GMBIviZankard*manRbsiTÆPaBbMput edIm|I

ruHerIrbbpþac´kar eGay:neCaKC&y edayBuMcaM:c´bg,eGaymankarxUcxat

xøaMg tamry;kareZVIeGaymankar:t´bg´CIvitnigkarQWcab´ . ~gkareZVIEbb

enH `:nBwgEpÁkeTAelIkarsikSarab´qñaMrbs´` GMBIrbbpþac´karnana clna

RbqaMg bdivtþn¾ KMnitneya:y RbB&nÆRKb´RKgrdð nigCaBiess GMBIkarRbyuTÆ

ts)UGhigSad*Cak´Esþg .

es[vePAenH KWCalTÆplénkarsikSarbs´ . `dwgc|as´za sñaéd

enHBuMTan´:nlÁsuRkit «tex©aHenaHeLIy . b¨uEnþlTÆplenH RbEhlCaGac

pþlnUvkarENnaMxøH> edIm|ICaCMnYydlkarKitnigkarer[bcMEpnkar ~gkarbeg,It

eGayecjCaclnarMedaHmYy EdlmanzamBlnigRbsiTÆPaBxøaMgkøa .

CakarcaM:c´ nigeyageTAtamkareRCIserIsd*hµt´ct´ xøwmsarén

karsikSaviPaK~ges[vePAenH nwgepþateTAelIbJØaCaTUeTA EdlJk'B&nÆnwg

kareZVIy¨agNa edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIynigbeJ¢{skuMeGayrbbpþac´karzµI

mYyeT[tmkCMnYs:n . `BuMmansmtæPaBRKb´RKan´sMrab´eZVIkarviPaK nigeZVI

sMeNIeGay:nBisþar sMrab´RbeTsNamYyCakEsþgenaHeLIy . buEnþesckþI

sg¹wmrbs`enaHKW karviPaKsikSaCaTUeTAEbbenH RbEhlCaGacmanRbeyaCn¾

dlmnusS~gRbeTsCaeRcIn EdlkMBugEtRbQmmuxtTlnwgrbbpþackarCak

Esþg . GñkTaMgenaHRtUvBinitüzøwgEzøgxøwmsar énkarviPaK~ges[vePAenH sMrab

krNIBiessrbs´eK ehIysMercza etIeKGacelIkyk ßk*EkécñsMeNIsMxan>

NamYy~ges[vePAenHdl´kMritNaEdr sMrab´karts)UrMedaHrbs´eK .

`mankarCab´CMJk´KuNCaeRcIn~gkarsresres[vePAenH . elak

RbUs EcgXIn (Bruce Jenkins) GñkCMnYykar`:nCYy`CaeRcIn elIsBI

- xx -

karsµan ~gkarrkeXIjkMhusnana ~ges[vePAenH nigkareGayeyabl´

~gkarBnül'KMnitBi:k>eGaygayRsYlyl' CaBiess KMnitEdlJk'B&nÆ

nwgyuTÆsaRsþ .

`k*sUmGrKuNpgEdr cMeJHelak esÞhVin kUDI (Stephen Coady)

Edl:nCYyEksMrYlJküeBcn¾ nigGk¡raviruTÆ . bNÐit RKwsþÚhV&r RKUl&r

(Christopher Kruegler) nigelak rUbWt ehlvI (Robert Helvey) :npþl´

nUvkarriHKnnigeyabl´sMxan>CaeRcIn . elakRsIbNÐit ehsil m¨ahVWsun

(Hazel McFerson) nigelakRsIbNÐit:¨RTIsuIy¨a pakmin(Patricia Parkman)

:npþl´eGay` nUvB&t(manGMBIkarts)U~gTIVbGaRhVik nigGaemrikxagt|Úg .

zVIebIkarsikSarbs´ enH:nTTYlplRbeyaCn¾CaeRcInBIkarKaMRTd*RbesIrTaMg

enHkþI karviPaK nigesckþIsnñidðanTaMgLay~ges[vePAenH KWCakarTTYlxus

RtUvrbs`TaMgRsug .

enA~gkarviPaKrbs`enH BuMmancMNucNamYy Edl`snµtza kartTl

RbqaMgempþac´karTaMgLayCakargayRsYl nigKµankarxUcxatenaHeLIy .

karts)URKb´RbePTEtgEtmanbJØasµúKsµaj nigxUcxatxøHCanic© . karRbyuTÆ

RbqaMgnwgBYkpþac´kar nwgnaMmknUvkarxUcxatBMuxan . buEnþesckþIsg¹wmrbs´

`enaHKW karviPaK~ges[vePAenH nwgCMrujeGayGñkdwknaMkarRbqaMgTaMgLay

KitKUrGMBIyuTÆsaRsþ EdlGacCYyeGaykMlaMgrbseKkanEtmanRbsiTÆPaB

CamYyKñanwgkarbnæykarxUcxat .

eKminKYrbkRsaykarviPaK~ges[vePAenHza enAeBlEdlrbbpþackar

mYy:ndYlrlM bJØaÉeT[tnwgRtUvcbEdrenaHeT . karrlMdYlénrbbmYy

minEmnnaMmknUvrbbzµImYyd*lÁenaHeLIy . karenHRKan´EtebIkpøÚveTArkkic©kar

d*lM:k nigkarxñHExñgd*yUrGEgVgeT[t edIm|IsæabnaeGaymanTMnak´TMngsg<m

kic© esdðkic© nigneya:y d*RtwmRtUv ehIynigbM:tecalnUvPaBGyutþiZm(

nigkarCiHCanÉeT[t . `sg¹wmza karviPaKd*xøI~ges[vePAenH GMBIreb[bkMcat

- xxi -

rbbpþac´kar nwgGacmanplRbeyaCn¾ ~gkrNITaMgLayNa EdlmnusS

rs´enAeRkamkarCiHCan´ ehIyEdlGñkTaMgenaHmanbMNgcg´:nesrIPaB .

CIn sab

ézáTI6 Extula qñaM1993

viTüasæanGal´bWtGaMgsþaj

GKarelx 427 pøÚvjÚvb&rrI RkugbUsþún rdðma¨saCUsit 02115-1801

- 1 - 1

CMBUkTI1

karRbQmmuxnwgrbbpþac;kar

Gs´ry;eBleRcInqñaMknøgeTAzµI>enH rbbpþac´karmYycMnYn Edlman

RbPB~gRsuk nigeRkARsuk :ndYlrlM enAeBlEdlCYbRbQmmuxCamYy

nwgRbCaBlrdð EdlmansµartIrwgbuwg nigkarRbmUlKñaCaRkum . rbbpþac´kar

xøHTaMgenaHhak´dUcCamanPaBmaMmYn EdlKµannrNaGacb¨HJl´:n b¨uEnþTI

bMputBuMmanlTÆPaBRbQmmuxtTl´nwgRbCaBlrdð EdlshkarKña erIbRmH

bdiesZmineZVItambJ¢a xagEpñkneya:y esdðkic© nigxagsg<mkic© . taMgBIqñaM1980 rbbpþac´karmYycMnYn:ndYlrlM enAcMeJHmuxkarerI

bRmHGhigSa rbsRbCaBlrdð enARbeTseGsþÚen[‘Estonia’ Latev[‘Latvia’

lIZUGaen[‘Lithuania’ b¨ULÚj‘Poland’ GaLWm¨g´xagekIt‘East Germany’

eqkUsøÚva¨KI‘Czechoslovakia’ søÚeven[‘Slovenia’ ma¨dah<as,a‘Madagascar’

malI‘Mali’ bUlIev[‘Bolivia’ nighVIlIB¬In‘Philippines’ . karRbqaMgGhigSa

:nCMrujeGaymanclnaeTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyüeTAmux enA~gRbeTs en:l

‘Nepal’ sMeb[‘Zambia’ kUerxagt|Úg‘South Korea’ QIlI‘Chile’ GahSgTIn

‘Argentina’ éhTI‘Haiti’ eRbsIul‘Brazil’ GU)rUh<ay ‘Uruguay’ maLavI

‘Malawi’ b)ulh<arI‘Bulgaria’ hugRKI‘Hungary’ esSer¨‘Zaire’ nIehSrI

‘Nigeria’ nigtMbn´epSg>énGtItshPaBsUev[t ‘edIrtYy¨agsMxan ~gkareZVI

- 2 - 2

eGayBYkRCulniymbraC&y~gkarbunbgeZVIrdðRbhar ~gExsIha qñaM1991’ .

elIsBIenHeTAeT[t neya:yerIbRmH1 BIsMNak´Blrdð k*:nekIt

eLIg~gRbeTscin PUma TIeb ~gry;eBlbunµanqñaMzµI>enHEdr . zVIebIkarts)U

TaMgenaHBuM:nnaMmknUvkarbJ©b´rbbpþac´karßk*karkankab´k*eday k*karts)U

TaMgenaH:nbgØajeGayshKmn¾GnþrCatieXIj PaBsahavénrbbCiHCan´

ehIy:npþleGayBlrdðTaMgenaH nUvbTBiesaZn¾d*mantMél sMrabkarts)U

EbbenH .

kardYlrlMénrbbpþac´karénRbeTsTaMgbunµanxagelIenH c|as´CaBuM

:nlubbM:tnUvbJØaTaMgLayEdlmanenA~gsg<mTaMgenaHeLIy ÷ PaBRkIRk

óRkidðkmµ kic©karrdð:lEdlBuMmanRbsiTÆPaB nigkarbMpøicbMpøajZmµCati Edl

Caer]y> CasñaédénrbbeXareXATaMgenaH . buEnþkardYlrlMénrbbTaMgenaH

:neZVIeGayGñkrgeRKaHrYcBIkarCiHCan´ mankarZUres|Iy ehIyebIkpøÚveGay

mankarksagsg<mTaMgenaHeLIgvij CamYynwgneya:yRbCaZibetyü esrIPaB

buK<l nigyutþiZm(sg<m .

1 elak rU¨bWt EhlvI ‘Robert Helvey’ :neRbIJküenHCaelIkdMbUg . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨

KWCakarts)UGhigSa ‘:tukmµ karmineZVIshkar nigkareZVIGnþraKmn¾’ EdleK Gnuvtþn¾y¨agskmµ

y¨agman; sMrab´eKalbMNgneya:y . JküenHeK:neRbICadMbUg edIm|IbM:t´karyl´RcLM

nigkaryl´xusEdlekIteLIgBIkarcat´Tukkarts)U GhigSaCamYynwg ²GMeBIGhigSa ~gn&ysasna

sIlZm( nigkarniymsnþiPaB . ² karerIbRmH ¨ mann&yza KWCakartTl´nwgGaC\aZreday

eRKagTuk tamry;karmineKarB edaymincuHj¨m . ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨ er[brab´GMBIsPaBkar

EdleKeZVIskmµPaB ‘neya:y’ CamYynwgeKalbMNg ‘GMNacneya:y’. eKeRbIJküenH

CaGaT¥ sMraber[brabGMBIskmµPaBrbsRbCaBlrdð edIm|IdeNþImykBIrbbpþackar nUvkarRKbRKg

sæab&nrdð:l tamry;karvayRbhareday«tQbQreTAelIRbPBGMNac ehIy nigeRbIR:s´

karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nigkardak´Gnuvtþn¾ . enA~ges[vePAenH Jkü ²neya:yerIbRmH ¨

²karRbqaMgGhigSa ¨ nig ²karts)UGhigSa ¨ mann&ydUcKña zVIebIJküTaMgBIrcugeRkay CaTUeTA

niyayGMBIkarts)U edIm|IeKalbMNgTUlMTUlay ‘bJØasg<m esdðkic© citþsaRsþ CaedIm’ .

- 3 - 3

bBaðaEdlenAmanbnþ CakarBit eK:nseg,teXIjmancrnþeTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyü nig

esrIPaBenA~gBiPBelak ~gbunµanTsvtSknøgeTAenH . eyageTAtamGg<kar

RhVIdumehas (Freedom House) Edl:ncgRkgCaer[gralqñaM nUvkarsikSa

GnþrCatimYy GMBIRbePTénsiTÆineya:ynigesrIPaBsIuvil cMnYnRbeTsTUeTA

~gelak EdleKGaccatTukzaman ²esrIPaB ¨ :nekIneLIgCaeRcIn ~g

ry;eBl 30qñaMknøgeTAenH2 ÷

esrIPaBeBjelj esrIPaBxøH KµanesrIPaB

1974 41 48 63

2004 89 54 49

b¨uEnþ crnþd*lÁenH :nCYbRbTHnwgkarraMgsÞHxøH edaysarenAman

BlrdðmYycMnYnZMeT[t EdlkMBugrsenAeRkamGMNacpþackar . mkTlnwgExmkra

qñaM1993 31PaKryénRbCaBlrdðBiPBelakEdlmanTaMgGs 5ç450lan

nak :nrsenA~gRbeTsnigEdndI EdleKkMNt´za ²KµanesrIPaB³3 KWCaTI

kEnøgEdleKraraMgyagtwgEtgmineGaymansiTÆineya:y nigesrIPaB sIuvil .

~gqñaM2004 RbeTs EdndIcMnYn 49kEnøgenA~gRbePT ²KµanesrIPaB³ :n

sæitenAeRkamGMNacpþackareyaZa ‘dUcCaenARbeTsPUma nigs)Udan [Sudan]’

rbbraCaniympþac´kar ‘dUcCa RbeTssUDIGaerbIuy¨a [Saudi Arabia] en:¨l

2 RhVIdumehas (Freedom House) esrIPaB~gBiPBelak ; karRsg'sæitiRbcaMqñaMGMBI

siTÆineya:y nigesrIPaBsIuvil ‘jÚvy"k [New York] RhVIdumehas qñaM2004’ .

3 RhVIdumehas esrIPaB~gBiPBelak 1993 TMB&rTI 4 .

- 4 - 4

[Nepal] nigb)Uzan [Bhutan]’ KNbkSneya:ypþac´kar ‘dUcCaRbeTscin

nigkUer¨xageCIg’ BYkQøanJnbreTs ‘dUcCaenATIeb’ ßk*sæitenA~gsæanPaB

Gnþrkal .

~geBlbc©úb|nñenH RbeTsCaeRcInsæitenA~gdMNak'karEdlman

karERbRbYly¨agxøaMg xagesdðkic© neya:y nigsg<m . zVIebIcMnYnRbeTs

EdlmanesrIPaBeBjelj :nekIneLIg~gry;eBl30qñaMknøgeTAenHkþI

k*enAmaneRKaHzñakeRcIneT[t edaysarRbCaCatiCaeRcIn ~gdMNak'karEdl

mankarERbRbYlxøaMgenH nwgvivtþn¾zyeRkayeTArkrbbpþac´karEdlmanrUbPaB

zµI . RkumeyaZa BYkbuK<lEdlmanmhicäta GñkCab´eqñat nigKNbkS

neya:y nwgxMxñHExñgdakbg¡MeGayeKÉeT[teZVItambMNgrbs´xøÜn . kareZVI

rdðRbhar CaRBwtþikarN¾EdlnwgekItmaneLIgCaZmµta . eKnwgenAEtrMelaP

siTÆimnusS nigsiTÆineya:yrbsRbCaBlrdðmYycMnYnZMteTAeT[t .

KWCasMNagGaRkk EdlGtItkalenAEttamCab´CamYyeyIg . bJØa

rbbpþac´karmankMriteRCANas . RbCaBlrdð~gRbeTsCaeRcIn:nqøgkat´

bTBiesaZn¾rab´TsvtS ßk*stvtSénkarCiHCan´ EdlmanRbPB~gRsukßk*

BIbreTs . Caer]y> PaBcuHj¨medaymintva¨eTAGñkkan´GMNac :nkøay

eTACakarZmµta . enA~gkrNIRCulhYsehtu sæab&nsg<m neya:y esdðkic©

ßk*sasna EdlsæitenAeRkAkarRKbRKgrbs´rdð :nRtUveKeZVIeGaycuHexSay

dak´CacMNuH ßk*CMnYsedaysæab&nzµI EdlrdðnigKNbkSkanGMNaceRbIR:s´

edIm|IRKbRKgsg<mTaMgmUl . RbCaBlrdð:nRtUveKbMEbkeGayeTACaGg<PaB

tUc> ‘køayeTACamnusSÉekamYyRkumd*ZM’ EdlBuMGaceZVIkarCamYyKña edIm|I

eGay:nesrIPaB nigeGaymanTMnukTukcitþKñaeTAvijeTAmk ßk*eZVIkarGVImYy

ekItedaymhaCnxøÜnÉg .

eKGacTsSn¾Tayplvi:kénkarbMEbkenH:ny¨agc|as´las´ .

RbCaBlrdðRtUvcuHexSay xVHkarTukcitþxøÜnÉg ehIyKµansmtæPaBnwgts)U

- 5 - 5

RbqaMg . Caer]y> RbCaBlrdðmankarP&yxøac minh)anniyay sUm|ICamYy

RKYsarnigmitþPkþi GMBIkarEdleKsÁb´rbbpþac´kar nigkarEdleKeRskXøan

cg´:nesrIPaB . Caee]y> GñkTaMgenaHminh)anKitKUreGayEmnETn GMBI

karRbqaMgCasaZarN;eLIy . eKnaMKñaecaTsYrza etIKMnitRbqaMgenHnwgman

RbeyaCn¾GIV / emø¨aHehIy eKnwgTTYlyk karrgTuk¡evTnaEdlKµann&y nig

GnaKtmYyEdlKµansg¹wm .

sPaBkarN¾~grbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñ RbEhlCay¨ab´yWunCagBIeBl

mun . ~gGtItkal GñkxøHRbEhlCa:nsakl|geZVIkarRbqaMg . karRbqaMg

rbs´mhaCn nig:tukmµEdlmanry;eBlxøI :nekItmaneLIg . Twkcitþ

RbEhlCaBuHkeRJ¢alekø{vkøamYyry;eBl . eBlxøHeT[t buK<lmñak´>nig

RkumtUc>GaceZVIskmµPaBd*køahan b¨uEnþBuM:npþl´CaplZMduM eRkABIbgØaj

eKalkarN¾ ßk*RKanEtCakarerIbRmH . eTaHbICabuBVehtuTaMgLayézøzøaEbb

Nak*eday skmµPaBRbqaMgTaMgenaH Caer]y> minRKbRKan edIm|IbM:t´

karP&yxøacrbs´Blrdð nigbM:t´TMlab´eKarBtambJ¢aeK EdlCaktþacaM:c´

edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar . KYreGayGaNitGasUr skmµPaBTaMgenaH RbEhlCa

:nRtwmEtbeg,InkarQWcab nigkar:tbgCIvit minEmnCakarnaMeTArkC&yCMnH

ßk*esckþIsg¹wmTal´EtesaH .

esrIPaBtamry³GMeBIhigSa etIeKRtUveZVIy¨agNa ~gkal;eTs;EbbenH / meZüa:yCakEsþg

nana hakdUcCaBuM:nkar . óbsK<xagrdðZmµnuJ¦nigc|ab´ karvinicä&yrbs´

tulakar nigmtisaZarNCn CaZmµtaRtUv:nBYkpþac´karbMePøcecal . eK

Gacyl´:nGMBIkarsnñidðanEdlmanCaer]y>za ~gkartbteTAnwgGMeBIeXar

eXA kareZVITaruNkmµ kar:t´xøÜnmnusS nigXatkmµnana manEtGMeBIhigSa

- 6 - 6

eT EdlGacbJ©b´rbbpþac´kar:n . CYnkal GñkrgeRKaHEdlekþARkhay

:ner[bcMeZVIkarRbyuTÆRbqaMgBYkpþackareXareXA edayeRbImeZüa:yeyaZa

nighigSaEdleKGacRbmUl:n eTaHbIC&yCMnHmankMrittictYcEbbNak*eday .

GñkTaMgenH Caer]y> cUlRbyuTÆy¨agkøahan suxcitþrgeRKaH niglHbg´CIvit .

CYnkal eKTTYl:neCaKC&yEdlKYreGaykt´sMKal´ buEnþeKkRmnwgQñH

:nesrIPaBNas . karbHe:rtamGMeBIhigSa GacnwgnaMeGaymankarsg,t´

sg,ind*eXareXAkan´EtxøaMg EdlCaehtueZVIeGayRbCaBlrdðGs´sg¹wmCag

muneTAeT[t .

buEnþeTaHbICameZüa:yhigSamanlk¡N;lÁRbesIrEbbNak*eday eK

dwgGMBIcMNucmYyy¨agc|as´las´ . tamry;kardakCMen]eTAelImeZüa:y

higSa eK:neRCIserIsykkarts)UmYyRbePT EdlBYkCiHCan´maneRb[besÞIr

RKbeBlevla . BYkpþac´karmanmeZüa:yRKbRKan´ edIm|IGnuvtþGMeBIhigSa

eGay:nxøaMgkøa . eTaHbICaBYkRbCaZibetyüGacbnþmeZüa:yEbbenH ~g

ry;eBlxøIßyUry¨agNak*eday TIbMput eKBuMGaceC[sputBIkarBitd*CUrct´GMBI

kareRbIkMlaMgeyaZaenaHeT . BYkpþac´karmaneRb[bxageRK]gGavuZeyaZa

RKabrMesv kardwkCJ¢Ún nigkMlaMgT&B esÞIrRKbkal;eTs; . eTaHCaman

esckþIkøahanEbbNak*eday BYkRbCaZibetyüBuMGacRbkYt ‘esÞIrRKb´krNI’

tamEbbenH:neLIy .

enAeBlEdleKTTYls<al´za karbHe:rtamkMlaMgeyaZaZmµtaBuM

manPaBCakEsþg GñkRbqaMgxøHEbreTAKaMRTsRg<amqµk´éRB . buEnþsRg<amqµk´

éRBkRmpþlplRbeyaCn¾ dlRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan ßk*GñkKaMRTlTÆi

RbCaZibetyü . sRg<améRBBuMGacpþl´nUvkaredaHRsayeGayc|as´las´eT

CaBiess enAeBlEdlkarxUcxat~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdðGacmankMritZánZár .

meZüa:yenHKµankarZanamineGaybraC&yenaHeLIy zVIebIeKmanRTwsþIKaMRT

nigkarEvkEjkyuTÆsaRsþ ehIyCYnkalmanTaMgkarKaMRTBIsMNak´GnþrCati

- 7 - 7

eT[tpgk*eday . Caer]y> karts)UtaméRBenH RtUvkareBlevlayUrGEgVg .

RbCaBlrdðeRcInEtRtUvxÞatecjBITIlMenA CamYynwgkarrgeRKaHQWcab´«t

óbma edaysarEtBYkkan´GMNacpþac´kar .

eTaHbI:neCaKC&yk*eday karts)UsRg<améRB Caer]y> naMmknUv

plvi:k~gry;eBlEvgqáay . Pøam>enaH rbbEdleKvayRbhar nwgkan

Etpþac´kareLIg ~gkartbtrbs´eK . RbsinebIBYkT&BéRB:nTTYleCaKC&y

enATIbMput rbbzµIEdlelcecjeLIg eRcInEtpþac´karCagrbbmun edaysar

buBVehtuBIr . TImYy KWkMlaMgT&Bmankan´EteRcIn tamkarrYmbJ©ÚlKña rvag

BYkeyaZaéRBnigBYkeyaZacas . TIBIr enAeBlts)U ÉkraCPaBénsæab&n

sg<mnana:nRtUvcuHexSay ßk*xUcxat . Gg<karTaMgenH mantYnaTIy¨ag

sMxan~gkarer[bcM nigBRgwgsg<mRbCaZibetyü emøaHehIy eKminRtUveGay

cuHexSayeT . BYkGñkRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar KYrEtriHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t .

rdæRbhar kare)aHeqñat GñkeRsacRsg;BIbreTs rdðRbhareyaZaRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´karhak´dUcCameZüa:ymYy Edl

gayRsYl nigqab´bMput sMrab´rMlMrbbeXareXA . buEnþmeZüa:yenH man

bJØaZM>mYycMnYn . sMxanCagenHeTAeT[t rdðRbharrkSaTukdEdl nUvkarEck

GMNacminRtwmRtUvbc©úb|nñ rvagRbCaBlrdð nigBYkzµIEdlRKb´RKgrdð:l nig

kgkMlaMgeyaZarbs´eK . kardkykbuK<lNamñak´ ßmnusSmYyRkumecj

BItMENgRKbRKg RbEhlRKanEtCakarGnuJ¦ateGayRkummYyeT[t mkcUl

CMnYsEtbueNÑaH . CaRTwsþI RkumzµIenHhak´dUcCaman«riyabz ‘Gakb|kiriya’

ZUrCagBYkmun nigRbEhlCaGnuJ¦ateGaymankMENTMrgtamlTÆiRbCaZibetyü

mYykMrit . b¨uEnþ karBitRbEhlCapÞúyBIenHeTAvij .

eRkayBI:nBRgwgCMhreKehIy RkumzµIGackøayeTACaeXareXA ehIy

- 8 - 8

nigmanmhicätaCagRkumcas´ . bnÞab´mk RkumzµIEdlRbCaBlrdð:ndak´

esckþIsg¹wmeTAelIenH nwgGaceZVIGVITaMgGs´eTAtamcMNg´ edayKµanrvl´nwg

lTÆiRbCaZibetyü ßk*siTÆimnusS . enHKWCakaredaHRsaybJØarbbpþac´kar

EdleKminGacTTYlyk:n .

rbbpþackarminTTYlykkare:Heqñatza CaóbkrN¾mYyd*sMxan sMrab

karpøas´bþÚrxagneya:yeT . rbbpþac´karxøH dUcCaenAelakxaglic Edl

sæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKgrbs´sUev[t :ner[bcMeGaymankare:Heqñat edIm|I

eGaymanrUbPaBCalk¡N;RbCaZibetyü . buEnþkare:HeqñatTaMgenaH RKan´

EtCakarRsgmtiEdleKRKbRKgy¨aghµt´ct´ edIm|IeGaysaZarNCnyl´

RBmTTYlykebk¡Cn EdlBYkpþac´kar:neRCIserIsy¨agRby&tñRbEygTukCa

mun . BYkpþac´karEdlsæitenAeRkamkarKabsg,t´NamYy CYnkalGacyl´

RBmeGaymankare:Heqñat b¨uEnþbnÞab´mk eKnwgéllkbnøMsnøwkeqñat edIm|I

eGayBYkGaygsIuvil:ncUleTA~grdðaPi:lzµI . RbsinebIebk¡CnRkumRbqaMg

:nRtUveKGnuJ¦ateGayQreQµaHcUlRbkYt ehIyCabeqñat dUcCa enARbeTs

PUma~gqñaM1990 nigéNes[rI‘Nigeria’ ~gqñaM1993 lTÆplénkare:Heqñat

EbbenHGacRtUveKbdiesZ ehIy²GñkQñH³nwgRtUvTTYlkarsMLút cab´xøÜn

ßk*Gs´CIvit . BYkpþac´karminEmncUlcitþkare:Heqñat EdlGacdkeKecj

BIblø&g,enaHeLIy .

mnusSCaeRcInEdlkMBugrgeRKaHeRkamrbbpþac´kar ßk*rt´ecalRsuk

edIm|IeC[seGayputBIkNþab´édBYkpþackar BuMmanCMen]za GñkEdleKCiHCan´

GacrMedaHxøÜnÉgekIteLIy . eKrMBwgza manEtGñkÉeT[teT EdlGacCYyeK

ekIt . GñkTaMgenH TukcitþeTAelIkMlaMgBIeRkARsuk . eKeC]za manEtCMnYy

GnþrCatieT EdlmankMlaMgRKbRKan´ edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar .

CYnkal karyl´eXIjza GñkEdleKCiHCan´BuMGaceZVIGIV>eGayman

RbsiTÆPaB CakarRtwmRtUv~gry;eBlmYy . Caer]y> GñkEdleKCiHCan´

- 9 - 9

mincg´ ehIyk*BuMGacts)U ~gry;eBlxøI BIeRJHGñkTaMgenaHKµanCMen]eTAelI

smtæPaBrbsxøÜnÉg ~gkarRbQmmuxtTlnwgrbbpþackard*eXareXA ehIy

eKmindwgeZVIy¨agNa edIm|ICYyxøÜnÉgekIt .

dUecñH eKGacyl:nza mnusSCaeRcIn:ndakesckþIsg¹wmeTAelI

GñkdéT ~gkarrMedaHenH . kMlaMgBIeRkAenH manCaGaT¥GacCa²mtisaZarN

Cn³ Gg<karshRbCaCati RbeTsNamYy ßk*kardak´TNÐkmµxagesdðkic©

nigneya:yBIsMNak´GnþrCati .

rUbPaBEbbenHhak´dUcCaeZVIeGayeKRsYlGarmµN¾ buEnþkarrMBwgelI

GñkCYyBIeRkAenH manbJØaeRcIn . karTukcitþEbbenHGacxusRsLH . Ca

Zmµta KµanbreTsNamkeRsacRsg´eT ehIyRbsinebImanbreTsNamYy

cUlmkeZVIGnþraKmn¾Emn eKBuMGacTukcitþelIbreTsenaH:neLIy .

eKRtUvbJ¢akGMBIkarBitCak´Esþg EdleKmincg´dwg» Jk'B&nÆeTAnwg

karBwgEpÁkelIGnþraKmn¾breTs dUcxageRkamenH ÷

• Caer]y> BYkbreTsnwgGt´eGan ßk*CYyrbbpþac´kar edIm|I

eGay:nplRbeyaCn¾eKxagesdðkic© ßneya:y . • BYkbreTsk*Gace:HbgecalBYkGñkEdleKCiHCan´ edIm|I

plRbeyaCn¾Gaz(kM:MgmYyepSgeT[t CaCagrkSaJküsnüa

za CYyeZVIkarrMedaH . • BYkbreTsxøHnwgRbqaMgtTl´rbbpþac´kar ~gkrNIEdleK

cg´RtYtRtaRbeTsxagEpñkesdðkic© neya:y ßk*kMlaMg

eyaZa . • BYkbreTsGaccUlrYmy¨agskmµ edIm|IeKalbMNglÁRtwm

RtUv Et~gkrNINaEdlclnats)U~gRsuk :neZVIeGay

rbbpþac´karepþImreg<aHregI<rYceTAehIy tamry;kareZVIeGay

GnþrCaticab´GarmµN¾eTAelIPaBeXareXArbs´rbbenaH .

- 10 - 10

CaZmµta rbbpþac´karekItmaneLIg edaysarkarEbgEckGMNacépÞ

~genA~gRsuk . RbCaBlrdð nigsg<mmanlk¡N;Tn´exSay EdlBuMGac

bg,beg,ItCabJØadl´rbbpþac´kar:n . zVIebIrbbpþac´karGac:ncMeNjßk*

cuHTn´exSay edaysarGMeBIrbsGnþrCati CIvitrbs´eKsæitelIktþa~gRsukesÞIr

EtTaMgRsug . buEnþkardak´sMJZGnþrCati Gac:nplRbeyaCn¾eRcIn enA

eBlEdleKKaMRTclnats)U~gRsuk EdlmankMlaMgxøaMg . óTahrN¾ kareZVI

Bhikaresdðkic©GnþrCati karpþacskmµPaBGnþrCatiGVImYy kardkTUt karbeNþj

ecjBIGg<karGnþrCatinana karez,aleTasBIRkumnanaénGg<karshRbCaCati

ßk*GMeBINamYyEbbenH GacCaCMnYyy¨agxøaMg . buEnþ RbsinebIKµanclna

ts)UépÞ~geGay:nxøaMgkøaeTenaH GMeBIbreTsEbbenH k*RbEhlCaKµanEdr .

karTTYlsÁal;karBit kareZVIesckþIsnñidðanKWCakarlM:k . enAeBlEdleKcgrMlMrbb

pþac´kar eGay:nsMercdUcR:zña CamYynwgkarxUcxaty¨agticbMputenaH eK

mankatBVkic©bYn EdlRtUveZVIPøam> ÷

• eKRtUvBRgwgclnaRbCaBlrdðEdlsæitenAeRkamkarCiHCan´

eGaymanTwkcitþmWugmat karTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg nigeTBekaslü

xagkarts)U .

• eKRtUvBRgwgÉkraCPaBénsæab&nnanarbs´RbCaBlrdðEdl

sæitenAeRkamkarCiHCan´ .

• eKRtUvbeg,IteGaymanRkumRbqaMgépÞ~gEdlxøaMgkøa .

• eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgsMrab´karrMedaH

nigGnuvtþEpnkarenHy¨agbuinRbsb´ .

- 11 - 11

karts)UrMedaHKWCaeBlsMrabkarBwgJk´elIxøÜnÉg ehIynigkarBRgwg

épÞ~grbs´Rkumts)U . dUcEdlelak qal sÞÜtpaeNl ‘Charles Steward

Parnell’ :nERskRbkas enAeBleKeZVIyuTÆnakarkUdkmµRbqaMgnwgézøQñÜl

pÞH enARbeTsGayLin ‘Ireland’ ~gqñaM1879 nig1880 ÷

²karBwgJkelIrdðaPi:lCakar«tRbeyaCn¾çççGs´elakGñkRtUvrMBwg

EteTAelIkartaMgcitþrbs´Gs´elakGñkçççsUmCYyxøÜnÉg edayQrCamYyKña

çççBRgwgKñaÉgEdlTnexSayçççRbmUlpþúMKña er[bcMxøÜnççç ehIyGs´elakGñk

RtUvQñHçççenAeBlEdlGselakGñktMrUveGayeKedaHRsaybJØaenH eBlenaH

eTIbbJØaenHRtUveKedaHRsay:n³ .

enAcMeJHmuxkgkMlaMgEdlBwgEpÁkelIxøÜnÉg EdlmanyuTÆnakarlÁ

skmµPaBEdleJreBjeTAedayesckþIkøahannigvin&y rbbpþac´karnwgRtUv

dYlrlMenATIbMput . buEnþlk¡xNÐTaMgbYnxagelI KWCakargarticbMputEdl

eKRtUvbMeBj .4

karBieRKaHxagelIenHbJ¢ak´za karrMedaHBIrbbpþac´karenATIbMput sæit

enAelIsmtæPaBRbCaBlrdð~gkarrMedaHxøÜnÉg . krNIeCaKC&yénneya:y

erIbRmH ßk*karts)UGhigSaedIm|IplRbeyaCn¾neya:yxagelIenH mann&y

za eKmanmeZüa:ysMrabeGayRbCaBlrdðrMedaHxøÜnÉg buEnþeKBuMTan´:nyk

meZüa:yenaHeTABRgIkeRbIR:s´ . eyIgnwgBinitüemIlmeZüa:yenH eGay

:nBisþar ~gCMBUkxageRkay . buEnþCadMbUg eyIgKYrviPaKGMBIviZIcrca Edl

eKzaGacCameZüa:ymYysMrab´ruHerIrbbpþac´kar .

4 :"RTIk sasShVIl GUehKh<aZI (Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty)Ç RbvtþisaRsþénRbeTs

GayLin (Ireland) eRkamshB&nÆÇ 1880-1922Ç Lúndun (London) ; emZUn (Methuen)

TMB&rTI 490-491

- 12 - 12

- 13 - 13

CMBUkTI2

eRKaHfñak;énkarcrca

enAeBleKRbQmmuxnwgbJØa ~gkartTl´CamYyrbbpþac´kar ‘dUcCa

~gCMBUkTI 1’ GñkxøHGacvilRtLbeTArkkarcuHj¨m edayesá{msáat . GñkxøH

eT[t edayemIlBuMeXIjzaeKGacsMerc:nlTÆiRbCaZibetyü Gacsnñidðanza

eKRtUvEtTTYlykGVIEdlhakdUcCa rbbpþackarGciéRnþy¾CamYynwgesckþIsg¹wm

eTAelI ²karpSHpSa³ ²karsMrbsMrYl³ nig ²karcrca³ EdleKRbEhlCa

GaceRsacRsg´lk¡N;lÁxøH ehIybJ©b´GMeBIeXareXA . RbsinebIeKemIl

esI> edayKµanmeZüa:yCak´EsþgÉNaepSgeT[t karKitEbbenH hakdUc

CasmrmüEdr .

karts)UEmnETnRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kareXareXA minEmnmanlk¡N;

gayRsYleT . dUecñHehtuGIV:nCaeKRtUvedIrtampøÚvenHCacaM:c / ehtuGIV:n

CaeKRKb´Kña mineyaKyl rkmeZüa:yCYbKña crcarkpøÚv edIm|IbJ©b´rbb

pþac´karsnSwm> / ehtuGVI:nCaBYkRbCaZibetyü minGacGMJvnaveGayBYk

pþac´karmancitþmnusSZm( ehIyBnül´eGayGñkTaMgenaHbnæykarCiHCan´rbs´

eKbnþicmþg> ehIyTIbMput QaneTArkkarGnuvtþn¾lTÆiRbCaZibetyü /

CYnkaleKBnülza karBitminEmnmanenAEtm¡ageT . BYkRbCaZibetyü

RbEhlCaylRcLMGMBIBYkpþackar EdlRbEhlCaeZVIGMeBICiHCanTaMgenaH eday

- 14 - 14

suqnÞ; ~gkal;eTs;d*lM:klMbinEmn . ßk*GñkxøHyl´za BYkpþac´karnwg

sb|aycitþdkxøÜnecjBIsæankarN¾d*lM:kEdlRbeTseBIbRbTH RbsinebI

eK:nTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþ ßk*plRbeyaCn¾GIVmYy . eKEvkEjkza eKGac

eGayBYkpþac´kar nUvkaredaHRsay²QñH-QñH³mYy EdlKUbdibkSTaMgGs´

:ncMeNjer[g>xøÜn . eKGacBnülza eRKaHzñak nigkarQWcab´énkarts)U

bnþ RbEhlminEmnCakarcaM:c RbsinebIBYkRbqaMgylRBmedaHRsayTMnas

edaysnþiviZItamkarcrca ‘EdlGñkCMnajkar ßk*rdðaPi:lmYyeT[tGacCYy

:n’ . etIkarenHminRbesIrCagkarts)Ud*lM:klMbin tamry;karts)UGhigSa

ßk*sRg<ameyaZaeTß /

KuNsm,tþi nigcMNucexSayénkic©crca karcrcaCaóbkrN¾d*manRbeyaCn¾mYy ~gkaredaHRsaybJØaTMnas

RbePTxøH ehIyeKminRtUvTatecal ~gkrNINaEdlsmrmü . ~gsæan

karN¾EdlminJk´B&nÆeTAnwgbJØaCamUldðan EdleKGacpSHpSa:n kic©crca

GacCameZüa:ysMxan edIm|IedaHRsayTMnas . kUdkmµrbskmµkrEdlTamTar

eLIgR:k´Ex CaóTahrN¾d*lÁsMrab´crcaedaHRsayTMnas . dMeNaHRsay

EdlGacelcecjBIkarcrcaenH KWkarRBmeRB[gKñaykkMriteLIgR:k´ExmYy

EdlenAcenøaHkMritEdlKUcrcaTaMgBIrTamTar . buEnþTMnas´kargarCamYynwg

shCIB manlk¡N;xusBITMnasJk´B&nÆnwgvtþmanbnþénrbbpþac´kareXareXA

ßk*karbeg,IteGaymanesrIPaBneya:y .

enAeBlEdleKRtUvedaHRsaybJØasMxan´ Jk´B&nÆeTAnwgeKalkarN¾

sasna esrIPaBmnusS ßk*GnaKtTaMgmUlénkarGPivD¿sg<m kic©crcaBuMGac

pþl´nUvdMeNaHRsay EdlCaTIeBjcitþsMrab´KUPaKITaMgsgxagenaHeLIy .

cMeJHbJØaCaRKwHxøH eKBuMKYrTTYlykkarsMrbsMrYleT . manEtkarpøas´bþÚr

- 15 - 15

GMNaceTAeGayBYkRbCaZibetyüeT EdlGackarJrbJØaEdlCaRKwH . karpøas

bþÚrenH nwgekItmaneLIgtamry;karts)U BuMEmnkic©crcaeT . b"uEnþkarenHmin

Emnmann&yza eKminKYreRbIkic©crcaenaHeLIy . cMNucsMxanenATIenH KWza

kic©crcaminEmnCameZüa:yCakEsþg edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´karEdlxøaMgkøa ~g

krNIEdlRkumRbCaZibetyüBuMmankMlaMgRbqaMgd*sVitsVajenaHeT .

CYnkal kic©crcaRbEhlminEmnCaCMerIsmYyeT[tpg . BYkpþac´kar

EdlkþabGMNacyagx¢ab RbEhlCaminRBmcrcaCamYynwgPaKIGñkRbCaZibetyü

eLIy . ßmYyk*enAeBlEdlkic©crca:ncabepþIm GñkcrcaxagRbCaZibetyü

RbEhlCaRtUv:txøÜn ehIy:t´dMNwgsUnüQwgEtmþg .

karcuHj:mtamkarcrca buK<lnigRkumTaMgLayEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar ehIyKaMRTkic©crca

Caer]y> EtgmanehtupllÁRtwmRtUv . CaBiess enAeBlEdlkarts)U

tamsRg<am:nekItmaneLIgrab´qñaM RbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kareXareXA ehIyBuM

:nC&yCMnHpþac´RB&Rt eKGacyl´:nza GñkTaMgenaH eTaHCamanExSbnÞat

neya:ylMeG[geTAxagNak*eday k*cg´:nsnþiPaBEdr . ~gkrNIenH

karcrcanwgkøayeTACabJØaenA~gcMeNamGñkRbCaZibetyü CaBiess enAeBl

EdlBYkpþac´karmankMlaMgeyaZaxøaMgelIslb´ ehIyRkumts)UBuMGacRTaMRT

karvinasxUcxatteTAeT[t:n . enAeBlenaH eKnwgmancMNg´y¨agxøaMgkøa

riHrkmeZüa:yepSgeT[t EdlGacCYyeRsacRsg´eKalbMNgrbs´Rkum

RbCaZibetyü RsbKñanwgkarbJ©b´nUvGMeBIhigSaeTAvijeTAmk .

karpþl´snþiPaBBIrbbpþac´kar tamry;kic©crcaCamYynwgRkum

RbCaZibetyü kMrnwg:nedaysuTÆcitþNas . ~gkrNIenH GMeBIhigSaGac

cbPøam RbsinebIempþackarbJ©bsRg<amRbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdðedayÉkÉg .

- 16 - 16

BYkenHGacepþImKMnit edayBuMcaM:c´mankarcrca er[bcMeGaymankareKarB

PaBézøzñÚr nigsiTÆimnusSeLIgvij edaHElgGñkeTasneya:y bJ©b´kareZVI

TaruNkmµ pÁakskmµPaBeyaZa dkxøÜnecjBIrgVgrdðaPi:l ehIyEzøgsuMeTas

eTARbCaBlrdð .

~gkrNIEdlrbbpþac´karmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIykarts)UenAEtrMxan

eKteTAeT[t BYkpþac´karRbEhlCacgcrcaCamYynwgRkumRbqaMg edIm|IeGay

RkumenHcuHj¨m ~grUbPaBzaCakarsag²snþiPaB³ . karGMJvnaveGayman

karcrca GacCakarKYreGaycab´GarmµN¾ buEnþeRKaHzñak´Zán´nwgGacelcecj

eLIg enA~gbnÞbcrca .

pÞúyeTAvij enAeBlRkumRbqaMgmankMlaMgxøaMgkøa ehIyrbbpþac´kar

sæitenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgEmnETn BYkpþackarRbEhlCasuMeZVIkarcrca edIm|I

eRsacRsgGMNacnigRTBüsm|tþieGay:neRcIn eTAtamkarEdlGaceZVIeTA

:n . ~gkrNIenH BYkRbCaZibetyüBuMKYrCYyempþac´kareGaysMerctam

bMNgrbs´eKenaHeT .

RkumGñkRbCaZibetyü KYrEtRbugRby&tñGnÞak´ Edlempþac´karer[bcM

dak´cUleTA~gkmµviZIcrca . karsuMeGaymankic©crca enAeBlEdlJk´B&nÆ

nwgbJØaRKwHxagesrIPaBneya:y RbEhlRKan´EtCakarxMxñHExñgrbs´BYk

pþac´kar edIm|IlYgelameGayBYkRbCaZibetyü cuHcaj´edaysnþiviZI enAeBl

EdlGMeBIhigSarbs´rbbpþackarenAEtmanCabnþeTAeT[t . enA~gTMnas´Ebb

enH tYnaTId*smrmüEtmYyénkic©crca RbEhlCaGacekItmaneLIg~gvK<bJ©b´

énkarts)Uy¨agbþÚrpþac´ enAeBlEdlGMNacrbs´BYkpþac´kar:nRtUvxUcexÞcxÞI

ehIyBYkenHcrcariHrkpøÚveTAkan´RBlanynþehaH edIm|IsuvtæiPaBpÞalxøÜn .

- 17 - 17

GMNac nigyutþiFm’enAkñúgkic©crca RbsinebIkarvinicä&yEbbxagelIenH enAEtmanlk¡N;minsUvtwgEtg

RbqaMgnwgkarcrcaeTenaH RbEhlCaeKKYrEtbnæymenasec©tnarevIrvay eTA

elIplRbeyaCn¾énkic©crcaenHxøHehIy . eKRtUvEtKitKUreGay:nhµt´ct

za etIeKRtUvGnuvtþkic©crcaenHEbbNa /

²kic©crca³BuMEmnmann&yza KUPaKIGg<úycuH ~glk¡N;esµIPaBKña

ehIyBieRKaHKña edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaEdlnaMeGaymanTMnasrvageKTaMgBIrnak

enaHeT . eKRtUvcgcaMGMBIkarBitBIry¨ag . TImYy GVIEdlnwgsMercenATIbJ©b´

dakcUleTA~gkic©RBmeRB[g BuMEmnGaRs&yeTAelIPaBsmrmüRtwmRtUvéneyabl

nigeKalbMNgNaenaHeT . TIBIr GIVEdlnwgmanenA~gkic©RBmeRB[genH KW

GaRs&yeTAelIkMlaMgénPaKInImYy> .

eKRtUvKitdlsMNYrBi:k>mYycMnYn . etIPaKInImYy>GaceZVIGVIxøH enA

ézáeRkay edIm|IeGay:nsMercdUceKalbMNg RbsinebIeKBuM:neCaKC&y BuM

RBmeRB[gKñaenAelItucrca / etIPaKInImYy>GaceZVIGIVxøH eRkayBImankic©RBmeRB[g

rYcehIy RbsinebIeKmineKarBtamJküsnüa ehIyeRbIkMlaMg:y sMerctam

eKalbMNgrbs´eK zVIebIeKmankic©RBmeRB[grYceTAehIyk*eday /

karylRBmKñaEdleK:nsMerctamkarcrca minEmnsæitenAelIkarEvk

EjkzaGVIxusGVIRtUvenaHeT . zVIebIktþaTaMgenaH nwgRtUveKykeTABieRKaHCajwk

jab lTÆplEmnETnénkarcrca elcecjBIkaryleXIjGMBIkMlaMger[gxøÜn

énKUPaKITaMgBIr . etIRkumGñkRbCaZibetyüGaceZVIGVIxøH edIm|IkuMeGayKUcrca

bdiesZkarTamTaryagticbMputrbseK / etIBYkpþackarGaceZVIGVIxøH edIm|IeGay

:nenAkan´GMNacdEdl ehIybnSabkMlaMgBYkRbCaZibetyü / eKGac

niyaymüa¨geT[tza RbsinebIeK:nkic©RBmeRB[gmYy kic©RBmeRB[genH eRcIn

EtCalTÆplénkarvaytMélrbs´PaKImYyGMBIsmtæPaBkMlaMgénPaKImYyeT[t

- 18 - 18

kareRb[beZ[bkMlaMgrbs´KUPaKITaMgBIr rYcehIyeTIbeKKitGMBIkarEdleKGac

bJ©b´karts)UedaycMhenH .

eKk*RtUvEtRby&tñGMBIGVIEdlPaKITaMgBIrsuxcitþlHbg´ecal edIm|IeGay

:nsMerckic©RBmeRB[gmYy . ~gkic©crcaEdlmaneCaKC&y eKEtgeXIjman

karsMrbsMrYl bnæysar;sMxan'éneyabl´EdleKmanxusKña . PaKInImYy>

:nTTYlmYycMENkénGVIEdleKcg´:n ehIylHbg´eKalbMNgrbs´eKmYy

cMENk .

~gkrNIEdleKRbTHnwgrbbpþackard*xøaMgkøa etIkMlaMgKaMRTRbCaZibetyü

RtUvlHbg´GVIxøH eGayeTABYkpþac´kar / etIeKalbMNgBYkpþac´karGVIxøH Edl

kMlaMgRbCaZibetyünwgTTYlyk / etIBYkRbCaZibetyünwgeGayeTABYkpþackar

‘CaKNbkSneya:y ßCaRkumemT&B’ nUvtYnaTICaGciéRnþy¾smRsbtamrdð

ZmµnuJ¦ enA~grdðaPi:lzµIEdrßeT / etIkareZVIEbbenH manlk¡N;RbCaZibetyü

RtgNaeTA /

RbsinebIeKsnµtza kic©crcamandMeNIrlÁRbesIr eKRtUvecaTsYrCa

caM:cza etIeKnwg:nsnþiPaBEbbNaEdr / etICIvPaBrsenAnwg:nlÁRbesIr

ßk*y¨ab´yuWnCagmun RbsinebIBYkRbCaZibetyüepþIm ßk*bnþkarts)U /

karyl;RBmrbs;BYkpþac;kar BYkpþac´karRbEhlCamanmUlehtu nigeKalbMNgmYycMnYn Edl

CMrujeGaymankarCiHCaneK ÷ GMNac buNüs&kþi RTBüsm|tþi karEkTMrg

sg<mCaedIm . eKRtUvEtcgcaMza eKnwg:tbg´nUvmUlehtu nigeKalbMNg

TaMgenaH RbsinebIeK:tbg´karRtYtRtarbs´eK . dUecñH ~gkarcrca BYk

pþac´kar nwgxitxMEzrkSaeKalbMNgrbs´eKTaMgenH .

eTaHCaBYkpþac´karsnüaEbbNa enA~gkic©RBmeRB[g eKminKYrePøcza

- 19 - 19

BYkpþac´karGacsnüaGIVTaMgGs´ edIm|IeGayKUbdibkSyl´RBmbnÞn´«riyabz

rYcehIyeTIbeKrMelaPTaMgkMeral eTAelIkic©RBmeRB[genaHEtmþg .

RbsinebIBYkRbCaZibetyüylRBmpÁakkarts)URbqaMg edIm|IeGay:n

ZUres|IyBIkarCiHCan eKRbEhlCaxkcitþyagxøaMgCaBuMxan . karpÁakkarts)U

kRmbnæykarCiHCan´Nas´ .

enAeRkayeBlEdlkMlaMgRbqaMgépÞ~g nigGnþrCatidkxøÜnzyehIy

enaH BYkpþac´karRbEhlCabeg,InkarCiHCan´ nigGMeBIhigSaeGayxøaMgCagmun .

kardYlrlMénkarts)UrbsRbCaBlrdð Caer]y> KWCakardkykecjnUvkMlaMg

Tb´Tl EdlZøab´EtKabmineGayBYkpþackarRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXAxøaMgeBk .

eBlenaH BYkpþac´kar nwgcat´viZankarkMcatGñkNak*:ntamcMNg´citþ .

elak RKisñaLal´ RsIuzaranI ‘Krishnalal Shridharani’5 :nsresrza ÷

²BYkpþac´karmanGMNaceZVITuk¡ enARtgEtkEnøgNa EdleyIgKµankMlaMgTb

Tl´³ .

karts)Uedaymincrca KWCakarcaM:csMrab´karpøas´bþÚr enA~gTMnas

EdlJkB&nÆbJØaRKwH . esÞIrEtRKbkrNI karts)URtUvEtbnþ edIm|IdkBYkpþackar

ecjBIGMNaceGayTalEt:n . C&yCMnH Caer]y> minGaRs&yeTAelIkarcrca

eT buEnþsæitenAelIkarbuinRbsb ~gkareRbImeZüa:yEdlmanRbsiTÆPaB .

KMnitts)Urbs´eyIg EdleyIgnwgBinitüBieRKaHy¨agBisþarbnþiceT[tenH KW

neya:yerIbRmH ßk*karts)UGhigSa EdlCameZüa:yd*xøaMgkøabMput sMrab´

GñkTaMgLayNaEdlts)UedIm|IesrIPaB .

5RKisñaLal RsIuzaranI ‘Krishnalal Shridharani’ sRg<amedayKµanhigSa ; karsikSaGMBI

meZüa:yelak KnÆI (Gandhi) nigeCaKC&yÇ jÚvy"k (New York);harxt eRbs

(Harcourt Brace) 1939 nige:HBum¬eLIgvijenARkugjÚvy"k nigLúndun; h<alin bu"pøIssIug

(Garland Publishing) qñaM 1972 TMB&rTI 260 .

- 20 - 20

etIsnþiPaBEbbNa RbsinebIBYkpþac'kar nigBYkRbCaZibetyüniyayGMBIsnþiPaB eKRtUv

KiteGay:nlÁitlÁn' edaysarkarenHTak'TgnwgeRKaHzñak' . GñkEdleRbI

Jkü ²snþiPaB³ minEmnmann&yza GñkenaHcg':nsnþiPaBEdlRbkbeday

esrIPaB nigyutþiZm(enaHeLIy . karcuHj"meTAtamkarsg,t'sg,ind*eXareXA

nigenAsáat'esá{m enAcMeJHmuxBYkpþac'karkacsahavEdl:neZVITaruNkmµ

dl'Blrdðrab'mWunnak' minEmnCasnþiPaBeT . GuIEtørEtgGMJvnaveGayman

snþiPaB Edlmann&yza eKRtUvcuHj"meTAtambMNgrbs'xøÜn . snþiPaBrbs'

BYkpþac'kar Caer]y> minxusBIsnþiPaBenA~gKuk ßenA:¨qaexµacenaHeLIy .

enAmaneRKaHzñak'epSg>eT[t . BYkGñkcrcaEdlmaneKalbMNglÁRtwmRtUv

CYnkal yl'RcLM GMBIeKalbMNgénkic©crca nigdMeNIrkarkic©crca . elIs

BIenHeTAeT[t BYkGñkcrcaRbCaZibetyü ßk*BYkÉkeTsbreTsxagkic©crca

EdlsuxcitþCYy~gkarcrca ~geBlmYyrMeBcenaH GacCYypþl'dl'BYkpþac'kar

nUvPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'CatinigGnþrCati EdlBYkpþac'kar:n:t'bg' edaysar

karrMelaPkan'kab'rdð karrMelaPelIsiTÆimnusS nigGMeBIeXareXAnana . Rbsin

ebIeKKµanPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'EdleKRtUvkary"agxøaMgeTenaH BYkpþac'karmin

GacbnþkarRKb'RKgrdð edayKµanTIbJ©b'enaHeLIy . dUecñH BYkEdlKaMRT

snþiPaB minKYrpþl'PaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab' eTABYkenaHeT .

mUlehtusMrab;esckþIsgÇwm dUcEdl:nviPaKBImunrYcehIy BYkGñkdwknaMRkumRbqaMg RbEhlCa

bg¡Mcitþ gakeTArkkic©crca edaysarkarGs'sg¹wmeTAelIkarts)URbCaZibetyü .

b"uEnþ eKGacEkGarmµN¾Gs'kMlaMgGs´TwkcitþenaH:n . rbbpþac'karminGac

- 21 - 21

enAbnþKµanTIbJ©b':neLIy . BlrdðEdlrs'enAeRkamrbbpþac'kar mincaM:c'

enAEtTn'exSayenaHeT ehIyBYkpþac'kark*minRtUveKGnuJ¦ateGayenAkþab'

GMNacrhUt:nEdr . elakGarIsþÚt (Aristotle) :nkt'sMKal'CayUrNas'

mkehIyza ÷ ²ççç rbbpþac'karmanGayuxøICagsæab&nnanaÉeT[tTaMgGs'ççç

TIbMputrbbpþac'karrs'enAmin:nyUreT³ .6 rbbpþac'karCMnan'zµIk*manlk¡N;

Tn'exSayenHEdr . eKGaceZVIeGaycMNucexSayTaMgenHkanEtexSayeLIg

ehIyeBlenaH GMNacBYkpþac'karnwgRtUvEbkexÞcxÞI . ‘enA~gCMBUkTI 4 eyIg

nwgBinitüemIlcMNucexSayTaMgenHeGay:nBisþar .’

RbvtþisaRsþzµI>enH:nbgØajeGayeKeXIjBIPaBTn'exSayrbs'rbb

pþac'kar ehIybJ¢ak'za BYkenHGacdYlrlM~gry;eBld*xøI . enAeBlEdl

eKRtUvkareBl 10qñaM BIqñaM1980 eTA1990 edIm|ITMlak'rbbpþac'karkumµúnIsþ

enARbeTsb"ULÚj(Poland)Ç rbbpþac´karGaløWm"g'xagekIt(East Germany) nig

eqkUsøÚva"KI(Czechoslovakia) :ndYlrlM ~gry;eBlEtb"unµanGaTitübueNÑaH .

~gRbeTsEGlsava"d&r(El Savador) nigh<Úetma"La (Guatemala) ~gqñaM1944

karts)URbqaMgnwgBYkpþac'kareyaZaRtUvkarEt 2GaTitü . rbbeyaZad*xøaMgkøa

énRBHecAGZiraCsah¾énRbeTsGIur"g'(Iran) :nRtUvcuHexSayEtb"unµanExb"ueNÑaH .

rbbpþac'karma"rkUs(Marcos) énRbeTshVIlIB¬In(The Philippines) :ndYl

rlM enAcMeJHmuxkMlaMgRbCaBlrdð ~gry;eBlEtb"unµanGaTitü~gqñaM1986

- rdðaPi:lGaemrik:nedaHédlHbg'ecalRbZanaZibtIma"rkUsPøam enAeBl

EdleKeXIjkMlaMgRkumRbqaMgelcecjeLIgxøaMg . karl|geZVIrdðRbharBI

sMNak'BYktwgEtg ~gshPaBsUev[t~gExsIhaqñaM1981 :nRtUvneya:y

6 GarIsþÚt (Aristotle)Ç neya:yÇ ERbsMrYleday tçGçsIunEkør (T.A. Sinclair)Ç (hamn'sVt

[Harmond Sworth] mIudlesc [Middlesex]Ç RbeTsGg'eKøsÇ nig :l'TIm&r

[Baltimore]Ç ma"rIELn [Maryland] ; epnKUevn b)uk [Penguin Books] qñaM 1975 [1962]’Ç

es[vePATI 5 CMBUkTI 12 TMB&rTI 231 nigTI 232 .

- 22 - 22

erIbRmHxÞb'Cab'~gry;eBlEtb"unµanézábueNÑaH . taMgBIeBlenaHmk rdðnana

CaeRcIn EdlshPaBsUev[t:nRKb'RKgCayUrNas'mkehIyenaH k*:negIb

eLIg ehIyk*:nÉkraCü~grvagb"unµanézá GaTitü nigExEtb"ueNÑaH .

KMnitcas'mYyEdlza meZüa:yhigSaEtgEtmanRbsiTÆPaBqab'rh&s

ehIymeZüa:yGhigSaEtgEtRtUvkareBlyUrGEgVg KWCakaryl'RcLM . zVIebI

eKRbEhlCaRtUvkareBlevlaeRcIn sMrab'karERbRbYl~gsæankarN¾nigsg<m

karRbyuTÆEmnETnRbqaMgrbbpþac'kar CYnkal GacekIteLIg~gry;eBld*xøI

tamry;karts)UGhigSa .

kic©crcaminEmnCaRckedIrEtmYy eRkABIkarbg,sRg<amy"aghinehac

nigkarGs'sg¹wmcuHj"menaHeLIy . óTahrN¾xagelI nig~gCMBUkTI 1 :n

bgØajeGayeXIjza eKenAmanmeZüa:ymYyeT[tsMrab'GñkTaMgLayNa

Edlcg':nsnþiPaB nig esrIPaB ÷ karerIbRmHneya:y .

- 23 - 23

CMBUkTI3

eBlNaGMNacnwgmkdl;

karsMerc:nsg<mmYyEdlmanesrIPaBnigsnþiPaB minEmnCakargay

RsYleT . karenHtMrUveGaymaneTBekaslüd*eRCARCH xagyuTÆviZI karer[bcM

CaGg<kar nigEpnkar . sMxan´bMput karenHtMrUveGaymanGMNac . BYk

RbCaZibetyüBuMGacmansg¹wmza nwgrMlMrbbpþac´kar ehIyer[bcMeGayman

esrIPaBneya:y RbsinebIeKBuMGaceRbIR:s´GMNacrbsxøÜnÉgpÞal eday

RbsiTÆPaB .

b¨uEnþ etIeKGaceZVIkarenH:n tamEbbbTNaeTA / etIGMNacRbePT

NaEdlRkumRbCaZibetyüRbqaMgGacRbmUlpþúM EdlmankMritRKb´RKan´sMrab´

rMlMrbbpþac´kar nigbNþajeyaZa-bUlisd*TUlMTUlayrbs´eK / cMelIyeTA

nwgsMNYrenH sæitenAelIkaryl´GMBIGMNacneya:y EdleKeRcInEtePøc .

karecHdwgGMBIGMNacneya:yenH minEmnCakarlM:kTalEtesaH . karBit

CamUldðanxøH manlk¡N;samJ¦ ehIygayyl´CaTIbMput .

erOgeRBgniTanGMBIm©as;sVa er]geRBgniTancinmYyEdler[ber[gedayelak lIv CI‘Liu-Ji’ ~g

- 24 - 24

stvtSTI 14 :nbJ¢akyagRKbRKan GMBIkarminylnUvGVICaGMNacneya:y .7

enA~grbbskþiPUmimYyénrC¢kalCU‘Chu’ manburscMNasmñak man

CIvitrs´enA:nedaysarkarciJ©wmsVamYycMnYnEdlbMerIKat´ . GñkRsukehA

Kat´za ²CUkug‘ju gong’³ ‘m©as´sVa’ .

Caer[gral´RBwk CUkugekaHRbCuMsVaTaMgGs´ ehIybJ¢aeGaysVaEdl

cas´CageK dwknaMsVaTaMgLayeTAeLIgPñM edIm|IRbmUlEpøeQInana . bTbJ¢a

enaHKW sVanImYy>RtUvEtRbKl´eGayeTAtacas´enHcMnYn 10PaKryénGVIEdl

BYkvaRbmUl:n . sVaNaEdlminGnuvtþtambJ¢aenHeT nwgRtUvrMJt´ya¨g

eXareXA . sVaTaMgenaH:nTTYlrgeRKaHy¨agQWcab´ buEnþBuMh)anrG)UrTaM .

ézámYy kUnsVamYy:nsYreTAsVaÉeT[tza ²etItacas´enHCaGñkdaM

edImeQITaMgenaHEmneT /³ sVaÉeT[ttbza ²minEmneT ! edImeQITaMgenaH

duHtamZmµCati³ . kUnsVaenaH:nsYrteTAeT[tza ²ehtuGIV:nCaeyIgmin

GacebHEpøeQITaMgenaH edayKµankarGnuJ¦atBItaenH /³ . sVaÉeT[ttbza

²:nÇ eyIgGaceZVI:n³ . kUnsVak*sYrCabnþeT[t ²ebIdUecñH ehtuGVI:nCa

eyIgKYrBwgEpÁkeTAelItaenH / ehtuGVI:nCaeyIgTaMgGsKñaRtUvEtbMerIKat /³ .

enAmuneBlkUnsVaenHniyaycb´ sVaÉeT[tTaMgGsk*P\ak´xøÜneRBIt .

dl´yb´ggwt enAeBldwgzatacasedklg´lk´eTAehIyenaH BYk

sVak*naMKñaruHerI ehIyrMlMRTugEdltacasdak´XuMsVaTaMgenaH . vanaMKñaRbmUl

EpøeQITaMgGs´ EdlCUkugrkSaTuk~gXøaMg ehIynaMKñart´cUléRBrhUt . enATI

bMput tacas´k*:nsøab´:t´bg´CIvit edaysarkarGtXøan .

7 er]genHEdlmancMNgeCIgedImza ²karRtYtRtaedayyuTÆviZI³ Rsg'ecjBIyUlIhSI (Yu-li-zi) niBnÆedaylIvCI (Liu-Ji) qñaM1311-1375 bkERbedaysIudnIét EdlrkSa siTÆiRKb'y"ag .

yUlIhSICaeQµaHEkøgkøayrbs'lIvCI.GtæbTERbsMrYlenHe:HBum¬pSayCaelIkdMbUg ~gRBwtþib&Rt

eQµaH ²kardak'TNÐkmµGhigSa ; dMNwgBIviTüasæan Gal´bWt GaMgsþaj ‘xaMRbIud ma"saQUsit’

ExS 4 elx 3 ‘rdUvRtCak' qñaM1992-1993’ TMB&rTI 3 .

- 25 - 25

elak yU lIsuI‘Yu-li-zi’ :neBalza ²GñkxøHenA~gelakenH RtYt

RtamnusS edayeRbIyuTÆviZIbMPan´eK mineyageTAelIeKalkarN¾RtwmRtUveT .

etIGñkTaMgenaHmindUctam©as´sVaenHeTß / GñkTaMgenaHmindwgGMBIkaryl´RcLM

rbs´xøÜnÉg . dUecñH enAeBlNaEdlRkumGñkEdlRtUveKe:kP\ak´xøÜneLIg

yuTÆviZIbMPan´rbs´eKk*Gs´manRbsiTÆPaBPøam .³

RbPBcaM)ac;nanaénGMNacneya)ay eKalkarN¾enHKWgayRsYlyl . BYkpþac´karRtUvkarCMnYyBIGñk

EdleKRtYtRta . RbsinebIKµanCMnYyenHeT eKk*BuMGacRKbRKg nigbnþRbPB

énGMNacneya:yrbseKeLIy .

RbPBnanaénGMNacneya:ymanCaGaT¥ ÷

• GMNacGaC\aZr KWCaCMen]~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdðza rbbenH

manPaBRsbc|ab ehIyzaeKmankatBVkic© eKarBtambJ¢a

rbs´GñkRKb´RKg .

• ZnZanmnusS KWCacMnYn nigsar;sMxanénmnusS nigRkumTaMg

Lay EdleKarB eZVIshkar ßk*pþl´CMnYydl´GñkRtYtRta .

• eTBekaslü nigcMeNHdwg EdlrbbenHRtUvkar edIm|IGnuvtþ

viZankarNamYy ehIyEdlpþleGayedaybuK<l nigRkum

mnusS EdleZVIshkar .

• ktþaGrUbIy¾ KWCaktþaJk´B&nÆeTAnwgcitþsaRsþ nigmenaKmviC¢a

EdlCMrujeGaymnusSeZVItambJ¢a nigCYyRTRTgGñkRtYtRta .

• sm|tþiZnZan KWCakMritEdlGñkRKbRKg GacRtYtRta nigeRbI

R:s´dIZøI ZnZanZmµCati ZnZanhirJ¦vtæú RbB&nÆesdðkic©

ehIynig óbkrN¾sMrabkarTakTg nigkardwkCJ¢Ún .

- 26 - 26

• kardakeTas KWCakardak´TNÐkmµ tamkarKMram ßk*Gnuvtþ

mWugm¨at´ eTAelIGñkEdlmineZVItambJ¢a nigmineZVIshkar

edIm|IeGaymankarcuHj¨m nigshRbtibtþikarEdlrbbenH

RtUvkar edIm|Irs´ nigedIm|IGnuvtþviZankarrbs´eK .

buEnþRbPBTaMgenH GaRs&yeTAelIkarTTYlykrbbenH eTAelIkarcuH

j¨m nigkareZVItambJ¢arbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigeTAelIshRbtibtþikarrbs´

RbCaBlrdð nigsæab&nnana~gsg<m . eKBuMGacZanaeGaymanlk¡N;

TaMgGs´enHrhUteTA:neT .

shRbtibtþikar kareZVItambJ¢anigkarKaMRT nwgBRgwgRbPBGMNac

EdleKRtUvkar ehIynwgBRgIkGMNacénrdðaPi:lNamYy .

pÞúyeTAvij karQb´shRbtibtþikarCamYyBYkpþac´kar BIsMNak´

RbCaBlrdðnigsæab&nnana nwgbnæyßk*RbEhlCapþac´RbPBénGMNac Edl

GñkRKbRKgBwgEpÁk . RbsinebIKµanRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacrbs´

RkumRtYtRtanwgcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayedaysV&yRbvtþi .

CaZmµta BYkpþac´karqab´ejac eTAelIskmµPaB nigKMnitnanaEdl

KMramkMEhgdllTÆPaBénkarcatEcgeRscEtcitþrbseK . dUecñH BYkpþackar

nwgKMramkMEhg dak´TNÐkmµCnTaMgLayNa EdleZVIkUdkmµ ßminshkar .

b¨uEnþ karenHminEmncbEtRtwmenHeT . karCiHCan ßk*GMeBIeXareXA minc|as

CaGaceZVIeGaymankarcuHj¨m ßk*shkareLIgvijBIsMNakGñkP\ak´rlwk edIm|I

eGayrbbenHmandMeNIrkareTAmuxeT[teLIy .

eTaHbIImankarCiHCanyagNak*eday RbsinebIeKGacbnæy ßk*pþacRbPB

énGMNacTaMgenH:nyUr lTÆpldMbUg Gacbg,eGaymanPaBRsBicRsBil

minc|aslas nigPaBRcbUkRcbl~grbbpþackar . GVIEdlnwgekItmanyag

c|as´CabnþeT[tenaH KWkarcuHzyGMNacrbs´BYkpþac´kar . eRkaymk karBüÜr

RbPBGMNacGaceZVIeGayrbbpþac´karKaMg KµandMeNIrkar ehIy~gkrNItwg

- 27 - 27

EtgEmnETn rbbpþac´karnwgRtUvdYlrlM . GMNacrbs´BYkpþac´karnwgrlt´

qab´ßk*el]n k*GaRs&yeTAelIkarbgÁt´RbPBGMNac .

dUecñH kMriténesrIPaBßk*GMeBIpþac´karenAeRkamrdðaPi:lNamYy PaK

eRcInGaRs&yeTAelIkartaMgcitþrbs´RbCaBlrdð zaetIeKcg´:nesrIPaBdl

kMritNa ehIyzaetIeKmancMNg´ nigsmtæPaBkMritNa edIm|ItTl´nwgBYk

pþac´karEdlcg´CiHCan´eK .

pÞúynwgeyabl´CaTUeTA rbbpþackarBwgJk´eTAelIRbCaBlrdð nig

sg<mEdleKkankab . dUcEdlGñkR:C\neya:y xal dWc‘Karl W Deutsch’

:nkt´sMKal´enA~gqñaM1953 ÷

²GMNacpþackarmankMritxøaMg EtenA~gkrNINaEdleKmincaM:ceRbI

R:sGMNaceGayjwkjab . RbsinebIeKeRbIGMNacpþackarenaHCaRbcaMRbqaMg

nwgRbCaBlrdð eKRbEhlCaminGacsæitenA~gGMNac:nyUreT . edaysar

rbbpþac´karTaMgenHRtUvkarGMNac sMrabRKb´RKgRbCaBlrdðeRcInCagRbePT

rdðaPi:lÉeT[t rbbEbbenHRtUvkary"agxøaMg eGaymanTMlab´eZVItambJ¢a

eK ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdð . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t eKRtUvEtBwgEpÁkeTAelI

karKaMRTd*skmµ y¨agehacNas´ BIsMNakRkumRbCaBlrdðmYycMnYnZM ~g

krNIEdleKRtUvkar . ¨8

elak cn GUsÞIn ‘John Austin’ GñkR:C\xagc|ab´CatiGg´eKøsenA

stvtSTI 19 :ner[brabGMBIsæankarN¾ EdlrbbpþackartTlnwgRbCaBlrdð

Edlminsb|aycitþ . elak GUsÞIn:nBnülza RbsinebIRbCaBlrdðPaKeRcIn

taMgcitþza nwgrMlMrdðaPi:l ehIysuxcitþRTaMRTkarsg,tsg,in edIm|IsMerckar

8 xaldWc (Karl W. Deutsch) ²sñameRbHenA~gzµ³ enA~ges[vePAcgRkgeday xal

eRhVdWrIk (Carl J. Friedrich) pþac´karniym ‘xaMRbIud ma"saQUsit eragBum¬sakl

viTüal&yhavad (Harvard, 1952) TMB&rTI 313-314 .

- 28 - 28

enH kMlaMgénrdðaPi:lEdlrab´bJ©ÚlTaMgBYkKaMRTeKpgenaH BuMGackarJr

rdðaPi:lEdlBlrdðsÁbminKaMRT:neLIy eTaHbIrdðaPi:lenH:nTTYlCMnYy

BIbreTsk*eday . elakGUsÞIn:nsnñidðanza BuMmannrNamñakGacbg¡MRbCaBl

rdðEdlerIbRmH eGayvileTArkkareKarBeZVItambJ¢a eRkamkarRKbRKgCaGciéRnþy¾

:neLIy .9

elak nIkULÚ ma¨kaEvlIø ‘Niccolo Machiavelli’ :nBnül´taMgBIyUr

Nas´mkehIyza RBHGg<m©as´ ²çççEdlmansaZarNCnCasRtUv minGac

mankarkkekþAeT . ehIyenAeBlEdlGMeBIeXareXArbsRTgkanEtxøaMg eBl

enaH rbbRKbRKgrbsRTg´k*cuHexSayeTAtamenaHEdr³ .10

eK:neXIjkarelIkykKMnitneya:yd*eRCARCHenH eTAGnuvtþeday

Cak´Esþg ~gkrNIts)Urbs´RkumvIrCnNrev¨‘Norway’ RbqaMgnwgkarkan´kab´

Rsukrbs´BYkNasIu . dUcEdl:ner[brab~gCMBUkTI 1 RbCaBlrdðbULÚj

‘Poland’ GaløWm¨g eqkUsøÚva¨KI nigGñkÉeT[td*køahan :nRbqaMgtTlnwg

karQøanJnnigrbbpþackarrbsBYkkumµúynIsþ ehIyenATIbMput :nCYyeGay

rbbRKb´RKgkumµúynIsþdYlrlM~gTVIbGWr¨ub . EmnETneTA RBwtþikarN¾TaMgenH

minEmnCaer]gzµIeT . krNIRbqaMgtTl´edayGhigSa :ncabmaneLIg y¨ag

ehacNas´ taMgBIqñaM494munRKwsþskraC enAeBlEdlRbCaBlrdðsamJ¦

CaTaskrsMerccitþ Qb´eZVIshRbtibtþikarCamYynwgBYkrUmEdlCam©as´RtYt

9 cn GUsÞIn (John Austin) emer[nGMBIc|ab'ßk*TsSnviC¢aGMBIc|ab'viC¢man ‘karpSayelIkTI 5

Binitü nigEksMrYleday rUbWt xaMbil [Robert Campbell], BIrExS RkugLúndun ; cn m"ray [John Murray] qñaM 1911 [1861] , ExSTI1 TMB&rTI 296 .’ 10 nIkULÚ m"akava¨lIø (Niccolo Machiavelli) GtæaZib|ayGMBIes[vePAelIkdMbUg 10rbs'lIvI

‘Livy) enA~gGtæaZib|ayén nIkULÚ ma"kava"løI Lúndun ; r"UelC (Routledge) nig XIh<in

epal (Kegan Paul) qñaM 1950 ExSTI1 TMB&rTI 254

- 29 - 29

Rta .11 karts)UGhigSa:nRtUvRbCaBlrdðykeTAeRbIR:s ~geBlxus>

Kña CaTUeTA~gTVIbGasIu GaRhVik Gaemrik GURsþalI ekaH:¨sIuhVikTaMgLay

nigTIVbGWr¨ub .

dUecñHktþasMxan'3 EdlkMNt'za etIeKGacRKb'RKg ßminRKb'RKg

GMNacrdðaPi:l:ndl'kMritNa KW ÷

1- kMriténTwkcitþ RbCaBlrdð~gkarcg'dak'sMJZeTAelIGMNacrdð

2- kMritkMlaMgsæab&n nigGg<karÉkraCnana rbs'BlrdðEdlcg'

dkRbPBGMNacecj ~geBlRsbKña nig

3- kMritlTÆPaB RbCaBlrdðEdlGacdkkaryl'RBm nigCMnYy

rbs'eKBIrdðaPi:l .

mNÐlTaMgLayénGMNacRbCaFibetyü lk¡N;mYyénsg<mRbCaZibetyü KWvtþmanénGg<karßRkumeRkArdðaPi:l

EdlÉkraCdac'ecjBIrdð . Gg<karTaMgenH manCaGaT¥ RkumRKYsar sæab&n

sasna smaKmvb|Zm( køwbkILa viTüasæanesdðkic© shCIB smaKmnisSit

KNbkSneya:y PUmi smaKmGñkrs'enACitxagKña køwbsYnc|ar Gg<kar

siTÆimnusS RkumePøg sg<mGkSrsil|¾ nigRkumÉeT[t> . Gg<karTaMgenH

mansar;sMxan'~gkarbMerIeKalbMNgxøÜnÉg ehIynigCYybMeBjesckþIRtUvkar

rbs´sg<mEdr .

elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gg<karTaMgenHmansar;sMxanxagneya:y .

11 sUmGanes[vePA CIn sab (Gene Sharp)Ç neya:yénskmµPaBGhigSa bUsþún

(Boston) ; ptT&r saCin (Porter Sargent) qñaM 1973 TMB&rTI 75 ehIyniges[vePA

ÉeT[tEdlmanóTahrN¾CaRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn .

- 30 - 30

eKpþl'CamUldðanßevTika EdlRbCaBlrdðGacbeJ©j«TÆiBl eTAelITisedA

éndMeNIrvivtþn¾rbs´sg<mTaMgmUl ehIytTl'nwgGg<karßrdðaPi:lNa Edl

eKeXIjza :neZVIGVIb"HJl' edayGyutþiZm( eTAelIplRbeyaCn¾ skmµPaB

nigeKalbMNgrbs'eK . BYkrs'enAÉeka EdlminEmnCasmaCikénRkumNa

mYyenaH eRcInEtBuMGacman«TÆiBlGIVxøaMgkøaeTAelIsg<m kMuzaeLIydl'rdðaPi:l

ehIyc|as'CaKµanGanuPaBGVIeTAelIrbbpþac'karesaHeLIy .

dUecñH RbsinebIBYkpþac'karGacdkTukPaBsVy&tnigesrIPaBrbs'Gg<kar

TaMgLayenH RbCaBlrdðk*:t'bg'CMnYytamenaHEdr . RbsinebIGg<karTaMg

enHZøak'eTA~gkNþab´édrbs´rdðGMNac ßk*RtUvCMnYsedayGg<karepSgEdl

eKGacRtYt:n rbbpþac´karGaceRbIGg<karTaMgenH eGayeTACiHCan'smaCik

nana nigEpñkNamYyénsg<menaH .

b"uEnþ RbsinebIeKGacrkSaßk*Tak'TajykmkvijnUvsV&yPaB nigesrIPaB

énsæab&nÉkraCsIuvilTaMgenaH ‘eGaysæitenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs'rdðaPi:l’

sæab&nTaMgenaHnwgmanRbeyaCn¾y"agxøaMgdl'karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH .

lk¡N;rYmmYyEdlman~góTahrN¾ GMBIkrNIrbbpþac'karEdl:nZøak´cuH

exSay KWkarGnuvtþn¾d*køahannigRsuHKñanUvneya:yerIbRmH edayRbCaBlrdð

nigsæab&nnanarbs'eK .

dUcEdlbJ¢ak'rYcmkehIy mNÐlGMNacTaMgenHCasæab&nRKwH Edl

RbCaBlrdðeRbIR:s' edIm|Idak'sMJZßk*Tb'Tl'nwgkarRtYtRtapþac'kar . enA

~geBlGnaKt mNÐlTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACaEpñkmYyénrcnasm¬&nÆcMbgEdl

eKBMuGackat'ecal:n sMrab'sg<mesrImYy edIm|Ikarts)UrMedaHeGay:neCaK

C&y .

RbsinebIrbbpþac'kar:nTTYlC&yCMnH ~gkarrMlMßk*RtYtRtaGg<kar

ÉkraCTaMgenaH BYkGñkRbyuTÆts)URtUvEtbeg,ItRkumsg<m nigsæab&nÉkraCzµI>

ßk*eZVIy"agNaTak'TajGg<karEdlenAesssl' eGaycUlmkenAeRkamkarkan'

- 31 - 31

kab'tamEbbRbCaZibetyüvij . ~gOkasbdivtþn¾enARbeTshugRKI (Hungary)

qñaM1956-1957 RkumRbwkSaRbCaZibetyüCaeRcIn :nelcecjeLIg ehIy

:nTaMgcab'édKñaer[bcMCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆénsæab&nnanapg . ~gRbeTsb"ULÚj

enAcugTsvtS1980 BYkkmµkr:nrkSaTuksaxashCIB²sUlIdarIZI³ (Solidarity

samK<I) mYycMnYnxusc|ab' ehIy~gkrNIxøH :nkþab'ykshCIBCapøÚvkar

rbs'BYkkumµúynIsþ:neT[tpg . karlUtlas'xagsæab&nEbbenH Gacman

«TÆiBlneya:yd*sMxan'>CaeRcIn .

CakarBitNas' TaMgenHBMuEmnmann&yza kareZVIeGayexSaynwgrMlM

rbbpþac'kar CakargayRsYleT ßzakarl|gNamYynwgsuTÆEt:neCaKC&y

enaHeLIy . karenHc|as'CaBMuEmnmann&yza karts)UnwgRbRBwtþeTAeday

KµankarxUcxat BIeRJHGñkTaMgLayEdlenAEtbMerIBYkpþac'karnwgvayRbhar

bkmkvij ~gkarRbwgERbgrbs'eK edIm|Ibg¡MeGayRbCaBlrdðepþImeZVIshkar

nigeZVItambJ¢aeKeLIgvij .

b"uEnþ karyl'eXIjeRCARCHGMBIGMNacxagelIenH mann&yzakar:k'

Ebkénrbbpþac'kar KWCaRBwtþikarN¾EdlGacekIteLIg . CaBiess rbbpþac'kar

manlk¡N;c|as'las'mYycMnYn EdleZVIeGayrbbenHTn'exSay enAcMeJH

muxneya:yerIbRmHmYyEdleKGnuvtþy"agbiunRbsb´ . eyIgnwgBinitüEvk

Ejklk¡N;TaMgenaHeGay:nBisþar .

- 32 - 32

- 33 - 33

CMBUkTI4

rbbpþac;karmancMNucexSay

Caer]y> rbbpþac'karmanrUbPaBCarbbminexSay . Pñak'garsMgat'

eyaZa b"Ulis kMlaMgeyaZa Kuk mnIÞrTaruNkmµ nigRkumRbharCIvit sæit

enAeRkamkarRKb'RKgrbs'mnusSd*manGMNacmYycMnYntUc . BYkpþac'kar Ca

er]y> eRbIR:s'RTBüsm|tþiCati manCaGaT¥ luykak' ZnZanZmµCati nig

kMlaMgplitkmµy"agx¢Hx¢ay nigedIm|IbMeBjbMNgxøÜnÉg .

~gkareRb[beZ[b kMlaMgRbqaMgRbCaZibetyü Caer]y> hak'dUc

CaexSaysMebImNas' KµanRbsiTÆPaB ehIyKµanGMNacGVITaMgGs' . karyl'

eXIjGMBIPaBxøaMgkøa tTl'nwgPaB«tGMNacEbbenH eZVIeGaykarRbqaMgBMuGac

manRbsiTÆPaB .

b"uEnþsac'er]genHenAminTan'cb'sBVRKb'eT .

karsMKal;rkemIlEkgeCIgGaKIl (Achilles) er]geRBgmYy~gGkSrsil|¾Rkik (Greece)buraN :nbJ©aMgy"agbiun

Rbsb' eGayeKeXIjcMNucexSayénGVIEdleKzaminTan'exSay . GaKIlCa

GñkcM:MgmYyrUbEdll|IeQµaHza KµannrNaGaceZVIVIeGayeKrbYs ehIyBMuman

davNamYyGacmutEs|keK:neLIy . kalenACaTark mþayrbs'GaKIl:n

- 34 - 34

ykkUneTAmuCTwk~gTenøTiBVmYyeQµaHsÞIk(Styx) Edl:neZVIeGayEs|ksVit

kab'minmut . b"uEnþeKenAmanbJØamYy . edaysarmþayRtUvkan'EkgeCIgkUn

eBlmuCTwk edIm|IkMueGayrsat'tamcrnþTwk TwkTenøTiBVenaHBMu:nRCabcUleTA

karJrRtg'kEnøgEkgeCIgenHeT . enAeBlEdlGaKIleBjv&y eKhak'dUc

CabursEdlKµanGavuZsRtUvNaGaceZVIeGayrbYs:neLIy . b"uEnþ enA~g

sRg<amRbqaMgnwgTIRkugRty (Troy) edayeZVItambJ¢arbs'mnusSmñak''Edldwg

GMBIcMNucexSayenH TahansRtUvmYyrUb:n:j'RBYjtRmg'eTArkEkgeCIg

GaKIlEdlKµanGIVkarBar EdlCakEnøgEtmYyEdlGaceZIVeGayGaKIlrbYs .

rbYsenH:neZVIeGayGaKIl:t'bg'CIvit . rhUtmkTl'ézáenH BaküGg'eKøs

"Achilles’ heel" ‘EkgeCIgGaKIl’ :nRtUveKeRbI enAeBleKniyayGMBIcMNuc

exSayrbs'mnusS Epnkar ßk*sæab&nNamYy EdleKKµanmeZüa:ykarBar

RbsinebIKUsRtUvvayRbharcMkEnøgenaH .

eKGacGnuvtþeKalkarN¾dUcKñaenH eTAelIrbbpþac''kareXareXATaMg

Lay . eKGacQñHrbbenH:nedayqab'rh&s ehIyxUcxattic RbsinebIeK

dwgc|as'GMBIcMNucexSay ehIyepþatkarvayRbhareTAelIEtcMNucexSayTaMg

enaH .

cMNucexSayrbs;rbbpþac;kar cMNucexSayrbbpþac'karmanCaGaT¥dUcteTA ;

1- karbnæy ßkarpÁakshRbtibtþikar BIsMNak'mnusS Rkum nig

sæab&nTaMgLay EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IeGayRbB&nÆTaMgmUlman

dMeNIrkar .

2- esckþIRtUvkarß«TÆiBlénEpnkarcas' GacraraMgmineGayeK

GnuvtþEpnkarzµIEdlminsIusgVak'Kña .

- 35 - 35

3- RbB&nÆkargarGackøayeTACaTMlab eZVIeGaykarERbRbYleTAtam

sæankarN¾zµI> BuM:nqab'rh&s .

4- buK<lik nigZnZanEdl:nEbgEckeTAtamkargarbc©úb|nñ ehIy

enaHBuMGacpøas'bþÚrPøam> eTAtamesckþIRtUvkarzµI> .

5- GñkenAeRkambg<ab' Edlxøacp<ab'citþecAhVaynaymin:n RbEhl

Caminh)aneZVIr:ykarN¾Bit ßk*eGayB&t(manRKb''sBV Edl

BYkpþac'karRtUvkar edIm|IsMerccitþeGay:nRtwmRtUv .

6- menaKmviC¢aGaccuHexSay ehIyCMen]nignimitþrUbénrbbmYy

RbEhlCaRtUvreg<aHreg<I .

7- RbsinebImenaKmviC¢aNamYymankMritxøaMg ehIyman«TÆiBleTA

elIGIVEdleKyl'za CakarBit karRbkan'x¢ab'ykmenaKmviC¢a

enH GacraraMgmineGayeKcab'GarmµN¾eTAelIsæankarN¾ nig

esckþIRtUvkarCak'Esþg .

8- RbsiTÆPaB nigsmtæPaBénrdð:lEdlcuHexSay ßbTbJ¢aRtYt

RtahYsehtu GaceZVIeGayEpnkar nigkarGnuvtþn¾nanaBuMman

RbsiTÆPaB .

9- TMnas'épÞ~g karRbkYtRbECg nigkarRbTUsþraypÞal'xøÜn Gacnwg

eZIVeGaymankarxUcxat ßk*sÞHkic©Rbtibtþikarénrbbpþac'kar .

10- bJ¦v&nþnignisiSt GacrMeCIbrMCYl~gkareqøIytbeTAtamsæan

karN¾ karKabsg,t' nigkarbRg,ab .

11- saZarNCn bnÞab'BImYyry;eBl GacmanGarmµN¾ElgrvI

rvl' mankarsgS&y nigGacRbTUsþraynwgrbbenH .

12- TMnas'xagCatisasn¾ vNÑ; vb|Zm( nigtMbn' GacmankMritkan'

EtxøaMgeLIg .

13- fananuRkmGMNacénrbbpþac'kar EtgEtminsUvmansæirPaB ehIy

- 36 - 36

CYnkal sæirPaBenHGacmankMritxøaMg . buK<lnImYy> minenA

kan''tMENgdEdl> b"uEnþGaceLIgcuH ßk*RtUveKdkecjEtmþg

ehIyCMnYsedayGñkepSgeT[t .

14- EpñkxøHénRkumb"Ulis ßk*kmøaMgeyaZa RbEhlCaGaccat'kar

edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgpÞal'xøÜn eTaHbICaRtUvRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac'kar

k*eday manCaGaT¥ kareZIVrdðRbharCaedIm .

15- RbsinebIrbbpþac'karenHzµIezµag eKRtUvkareBlevla edIm|IBRgwg

xøÜneGay:nmaMmYn .

16- edaysarbJØamaneRcIn ehIyGñksMerckarmantic Epnkar

neya:ynana nigkarGnuvtþn¾xus RbEhlCaekIteLIgCajwk

jab' .

17- RbsinebIeKcg'eC[svagBIeRKaHzñak'EbbenH ehIyrMElkkarRtYt

Rta nigkarsMerccitþeGayeTAGñkdéTxageRkam karRtYtRtaelI

GMNackMBUlRbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'exSayeTAtamenaHEdr .

karvayRbhareTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac;kar CamYynwgkardwgGMBIcMNucexSay Edlrbbpþac'karc|as'Caman Rkum

RbCaZibetyüRbqaMgGacriHrkmeZüa:ybMe:¨g ²EkgeCIgGaKIl³ edIm|IeGay

RbB&nÆpþac´karmankarEkERbxøaMg ßk*bMEbkrMlayRbB&nÆenaHEtmþg .

dUecñH eKGacmanesckþIsnñidðand*c|as´las´mYy ÷ zVIebIeKmanrUbPaB

xøaMgkøa rbbpþackarTaMgGssuTÆEtmancMNucexSaymYycMnYn karxVHRbsiTÆPaB

épÞ~g karRbkYtQñanIsbuK<l karxVHRbsiTÆPaBCasæab&n nigTMnas´Kña~g

cMeNamEpñkepSg>énrdð:l . cMNucexSayTaMgenH ~gry;eBlmYy Gac

eZVIeGayrbbpþac´karminsUvmanRbsiTÆPaB ehIyrgeRKaHBIkarERbRbYl nigBI

- 37 - 37

karts)U EdleKer[bcMeLIgy"agc|aslas . rbbpþac'karc|as´CaBuMGac :n

eCaKC&yeTAelIGVI>TaMgGs EdleKcg:nenaHeLIy . óTahrN¾ maneBl

xøH sUm|IEtJkübJ¢apÞal´rbs´GIuEtør k*RtUveKpÁibTukecalEdr BIeRJHGñkEdl

enAxageRkam:nbdiesZ minRBmykeTAGnuvtþ . eBlxøH rbbpþac´kar

RbEhlCa GacdYlrlMy¨agqab´rh&s dUcEdleyIg:nseg,teXIjrYcmk

ehIy .

karenHminEmnmann&yza eKGacrMlMrbbpþac´kar:n edayKµaneRKaH

zñak´nigkarxUcxateT . viZankarnImYy>edIm|IesrIPaB nwgmaneRKaHzñak´ ehIy

nigkarQWcab´ RBmTaMgRtUvkareBlevlapgEdr . ehIyKµanviZankarNa

mYy EdlGacZanaeGay:neCaKC&yd*qab´rh&sRKb´kal;eTs;enaHeLIy .

buEnþ RbePTénkarts)UEdlepþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar EdleK

dwgc|as´enaH Gac:nTTYleCaKC&y CagKMeragts)UNaEdlRbQmmuxtTl´

CamYycMNucxøaMgénrbbpþac´kar . sMNYrenAeBlenHKW etIeKGaceZVIkarts)U

enHtamEbbNa /

- 38 - 38

- 39 - 39

CMBUkTI5

kareRbIR)as;GMNac

enA~gCMBUkTI 1 eyIg:nkt´sMKal´za karts)UtamkMlaMgeyaZa

RbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar BuM:nvayRbhareTAcMkEnøgNaEdlrbbenHexSay buEnþ

enARtgkEnøgEdlrbbenHxøaMgCaTIbMputeTAvij . enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIs

eTARbkYttamkMlaMgT&B karp<t´p<g´eRK]gGavuZ bec©keTsxageRbIGavuZCaedIm

clnaRbqaMghakdUcCa:ndak´xøÜnÉgeGaycajeRb[beKrYceTAehIy . rbb

pþac´karc|as´CaGacRbmUlpþúMZnZanEbbenH :neRcInCagBYkRbqaMgesÞIrRKb´

kal;eTs; . eyIgk*:nBieRKaHehIyEdr GMBIeRKaHzñak´énkarBwgEpÁkeTAelI

kMlaMgbreTs sMrab´karrMedaHenH . enA~gCMBUkTI 2 eyIg:nBinitüemIl

bJØaTaMgLay EdlJkB&nÆeTAnwgbJØaBwgEpÁkeTAelIkic©crca edIm|IkMcat´

rbbpþac´kar .

dUecñH etIeKGacenAmanmeZüa:yNaeT[t EdlGacpþl´eGayRkum

RbCaZibetyüRbqaMg nUvPaBmaneRb[b ehIynigCYyeGayeKbMe:¨gcMNuc

exSayénrbbpþac´kar / etIbec©keTsEbbNaEdlGacGnuvtþRTwsþIénGMNac

neya:y EdleyIgBieRKaHenA~gCMBUkTI 3 / CMerIsepSgmYy KWneya:y

erIbRmH .

neya:yerIbRmHmanlk¡N;dUcteTA ÷

- 40 - 40

• eC[svagmineRbIkMlaMg:ynigGavuZ nigmeZüa:yÉeT[t Edlrbb

pþac´karniymeRbIR:s´ .

• eZVIeGayrbbpþac´kar mankarlM:k~gkartbt .

• eZVIeGaycMNucexSayTaMgLayénrbbpþackar mankMritkanEtxøaMg ehIy

pþac´RbPBGMNacrbbenH .

• er[bcMCaskmµPaB EdleKGacykeTAGnuvtþ:nyagTUlMTUlay buEnþ

k*GacepþateTAelIeKalbMNgNamYyd*c|as´las´Edr .

• eZVIeGayempþac´karKitxus ehIynigcat´viZankarxus .

• neya:yerIbRmHenHGacBwgEpÁkeTAelIRbCaBlrdðTaMgmUl Rkumsg<m

nigsæab&nnana y¨agmanRbsiTÆPaB ~gkarts)UbJ©b´GMeBICiHCan´d*

eXareXArbs´mnusSmYyRkumtUc .

• CYypSBVpSayGMBIkarEbgEckGMNacd*manRbsiTÆPaBenA~gsg<m edIm|I

sMrYldlkarbeg,ItnigkarEzrkSaeGaysg<mRbCaZibetyü mandMeNIr

kareTAGnaKt .

dMeNIrénkarts‘UGhigSa dUcCakMlaMgeyaZaEdr eKGaceRbIneya:yerIbRmH edIm|IGacsMerc

:nnUveKalbMNgmYycMnYn rab´cab´BIkarxñHExñgrujeGayKUbdibkSGnuvtþ

viZankarepSg eTAkarbeg,ItOkassMrab´eGaymankaredaHRsayTMnas´eday

snþiviZI ßk*eTAdl´kareZVIeGayrbbKUbdibkSrlM . b¨uEnþneya:yerIbRmHman

dMeNIrkarxusKña BIkareRbIGMeBIhigSa . zVIebIviZITaMgBIrenH CaóbkrN¾sMrab

eZVIkarts)U viZIenHeZVItamEbbbTxusBIKña ehIyecjCalTÆplepSgBIKña .

eK:ndwgc|as´ehIyGMBIreb[b nigplvi:kénTMnashigSarYcehIy . eKeRbI

eRK]gGavuZsMrab´KMramkMEhg eZVIeGaymanrbYs kar:t´bg´CIvit ehIynig

- 41 - 41

karrMlMecalGVI>TaMgGs' .

karts)UGhigSamanPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgCag ehIymanviZIts)UeRcInEbb

CagkareRbIGMeBIhigSa . ~gkarts)UenH eKeRbIGavuZxagcitþsaRsþ sg<mkic©

esdðkic© nigneya:y edaymankarcUlrYmBIsMNakRbCaBlrdð nigsæab&n

epSg>~gsg<m . eK:ns<al´viZITaMgenH zaCa:tukmµRbqaMg kUdkmµ karmin

eZVIshRbtibtþikar Bhikar karminsb|aycitþ ehIynigGMNacRbCaBlrdð .

dUcEdl:nkt´sMKal´BImunrYcehIy rdðaPi:lTaMgGs´GacRKbRKg:n Et

enAeBlNaEdleK:nTTYlCMnYyBIRbPBGMNacepSg>rbseK EdleKRtUvkar

ehIyEdlecjBIshRbtibtþikar karcuHj¨m nigkareZVItambJ¢aBIsMNak

RbCaBlrdð nigsæab&nnanaénsg<m . neya:yerIbRmH mindUckareRbI

higSaeT KWCaGavuZEtmYysMrab´kat´pþac´RbPBGMNacrbbpþac'karTaMgenaH .

GavuFnigvin½yGhigSa kMhusmYyEdlyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHBImun>:neZVI KWkarBwgEpÁk

eTAelIEtviZImYy ßBIr dUcCa kUdkmµ nig:tukmµZM> . karBit viZImaneRcIn

RbePTsMrab'Gñker[bcMyuTÆnakarRbqaMg ykeTAGnuvtþtamRtUvkar .

eK:ndwgc|as'GMBIviZIRbmaN 200Ebb ehIyenAmaneRcIneT[t .

viZITaMgenHEckecjCa bIRkumZM> ÷ :tukmµRbqaMgnigkarBnül'ENnaM karmin

eZVIshRbtibtþikar nigkareZVIGnþraKmn¾ . viZI:tukmµRbqaMg nigkarBnül'

ENnaMedayGhigSa KWkareZVI:tukmµCanimitþrUb manCaGaT¥ karedIrCak|Ün nig

karRbmUlpþúMKñaedaysáat'esá{m ‘manRbmaN 54viZI’ . karmineZVIshkar

manbIRbePT ÷ k’ minshkarsg<mkic© ‘16viZI’Ç x’ minshkaresdðkic©man

CaGaT¥ Bhikar ‘26viZI’ nigkUdkmµ ‘23viZI’Ç nig K’ minshkar neya:y

‘38viZI’ . GnþraKmn¾GhigSatamEbbcitþsaRsþ ragkay sg<mkic© esdðkic©

- 42 - 42

ßk*neya:y dUcCakarGt'Gahar karkan'kab'TIkEnøgNamYyedayGhigSa

nigrdðaPi:lTnÞwm ‘karbeg,ItCardðaPi:lmYyeT[t RsbKñanwgrdðaPi:l

pþac'kar’ sæitenA~gRkumTI3 . bJ¢IEdlman 198viZI manP¢ab'enAxagcugén

es[vePAenH .

kareRCIserIsy¨aghµt´ct´ ykviZITaMgenaHeTAGnuvtþeGay:nsBV

TisTI eTAtamKMeragyuTÆsaRsþmYyd*c|aslas´ eZVIeGayrbbminRtwmRtUvNa

mYy rabbJ©ÚlTaMgrbbpþac´karpgEdr mankarreg<aHreg<I .

pÞúynwgviZankareyaZa eKGacepþatviZIénkarts)UGhigSaTaMgenHeday

pÞal' eTAelIbJØananaEdleKtMrg'cg':n . óTahrN¾ edaysarbJØa

rbbpþac'kar eRcInCabJØaneya:y karts)UGhigSaRbePTneya:ynwgman

sar;sMxan'xøaMg . viZITaMgenHmanCaGaT¥ karmineGayPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'

eTABYkpþac'kar nigkarmineZVIshkarCamYyrbbGñkTaMgenH . eKk*GaceRbIviZI

mineZVIshkarenH~gEpnkarBiessNamYyEdr . Caer]y> edaysáat'esá{m

nigsMgat' eKRbEhlCaGaceZVIeGaykarGnuvtþn¾Epnkarpþac'karNamYyrGak'

rGYl nigxateBlevla . CYnkaleT[t eKGacRbEkkmineZVItambJ¢a nig

eZVIkUdkmµ-:tukmµRbqaMgeBjmuxCasaZarN; . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´karmankarb¨HJl´dl´

esdðkic© ßk*RbCaBlrdðrGU)rrTaMxøaMgGMBIbJØaesdðkic© skmµPaBeGayraMgsÞH

esdðkic© dUcCa Bhikar ßk*kUdkmµ GacCaviZId*manRbsiTÆPaB sMrab'Rkum

ts)U . karxMxñHExñgrbsBYkpþackar edIm|IekgRbv&J©ykcMeNjBIRbB&nÆesdðkic©

GaceBIbRbTHnwgkUdkmµCaTUeTA kareZVIkaryWt> nigkarRbEkkmineZVIshkar

ßk*kareKcxøÜnrbs´GñkCMnajkarEdlrbbenHRtUvkarCacaM:c . eKGaceRbI

R:s´RbePTénkUdkmµmYycMnYn enA~gEpñksMxan>énkarplit énkardwknaM én

karp<t´p<g´vtæúZatuedIm nig~gkarEckcayplitpl .

viZIxøHénkarts)UGhigSatMrUveGayeKeZVIskmµPaBnana EdleKBuMZøab´

- 43 - 43

eZVI dUcCa karedIrEckxitb&NÑ kare:HBum¬pSayedaysMgat karGt´Gahar

karGg<úycuHenAtampøÚv . mnusSxøHBi:keZVIskmµPaBEbbenH elIkElgEt

~gkal;eTs;BiessEmnETn .

viZIts)UGhigSaxøHeT[t tMrUveGaymnusSmñabnþeZVIkic©karepSg>CaZmµta

b¨uEnþtamEbbbTepSgeT[t . óTahrN¾ eKGacnaMKñacUleZVIkardUcZmµta eday

mineZVIkUdkmµ buEnþ edayectna eKnaMKñaeZVIkaryWt> ßk*minsUveGayman

RbsiTÆPaBdUcZmµta . eKnaMKñaeZVI ²xus³edayectna eRcInCageBlmun> .

xøHeT[tGackøayeTACa²QW³ ehIy²minGac³eTAeZVIkar~geBlNamYy ßk*

eKGacbdiesZmineZVIkar . eKGacnaMKñaeTAsURtZm(~gRBHvihar enAeBlEdl

kareZVIEbbenH minRtwmEtbJ¢akGMBICMen]xagsasnaeT EtCaCMen]xagneya:y

eT[t . eKGaceZVIskmµPaBedIm|IkarJrBYkekµg>eGayputBIkareXasnarbs´

rbbpþac´kar tamkarer[nsURtenApÞH ßk*tamsalaer[nlYclak´ . eKGac

bdiesZmincUlCasmaCikénGg<karEdlrbbpþac'kar²esñI³ ßk*tMrUv ehIyEdl

eKmincUledayesµaHsµ&RK~geBlmun> . PaBRbhak´RbEhlKñaénviZITaMg

enH eTAnwgskmµPaBZmµtarbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarERbRbYlbnþicbnþÜcBI

CIvPaBsBVdgrbs´eK GaceZVIeGaykarcUlrYm~gskmµPaBrMedaHRbCaCati

EbbenH kanEtgayRsYleLIgsMrabGñkTaMgenaH .

edaysarkarts)UGhigSa nigGMeBIhigSa manPaBxusKñay¨agxøaMg~g

karGnuvtþn¾ sUm|IEtGMeBIhigSabnþic ~gOkasyuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmH k*

Gacbeg,IteGaymanplvi:kEdr BIeRJHGMeBIhigSaEtbnþicenH GaceZVIeGay

karts)UEkERb eTACaRbePTEdlBYkpþac´karmaneRb[bCagd*xøaMgkøa ‘sRg<am

eyaZa’ . vin&yGhigSa KWCaktþad*sMxan´sMrab´C&yCMnH ehIyeKRtUvEtRbkan´

eGayx¢ab´ zVIebIBYkpþac´karnigPñak´garrbs´eKeRbIGMeBIeXareXA júHjg´eGay

manhigSaEbbNak*eday .

karRbkan´ykvin&yGhigSaeGayCab ~gkartTl´CamYynwgKUbdibkS

- 44 - 44

higSa nwgsMrYleGayynþkarbYny¨agsMrab´karpøas´bþÚr ~gkarts)UGhigSa

eGaymandMeNIrkareTAmux:n ‘viPaKxageRkam’ . vin&yGhigSa k*man

sar;sMxanxøaMgNasEdrenA~gdMeNIrkarneya:yCUCisU)‘Jiu-Jitsu’ . enA~g

dMeNIrkarenH GMeBIeXareXAy¨agc|asRkELténrbbpþac´kar RbqaMgnwgBYk

GhigSa nwgnaMeGaymanplvi:kbkRtLb´eTABYkpþac´karvij eZVIeGayman

karminsb|aycitþépÞ~génBYkpþac´kar nignaMeGaykarKaMRTBYkGhigSaman

kMritkanEtxøaMgeLIg ~gcMeNamRbCaBlrdðEdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþac´karenaH.

b¨uEnþ enA~gkrNIxøHeT[t eKRbEhlCaminGaceC[seGayputBIGMeBI

higSamYykMrittUc RbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar . GarmµN¾mYrem¨AnigkarsÁb´rbb

enH GacnaMeGaymanGMeBIhigSapÞúHeLIg . ßRkumxøHénBYkts)URbEhlCamin

cglHbgecalGMeBIhigSa zVIebIeKylGMBIsar;sMxanénkarts)UGhigSak*eday .

~gkrNITaMgenH eKBuMcaM:c´lHbg´ecalneya:yerIbRmHenaHeT . b¨uEnþCa

karcaM:c´ eKRtUvEbgEckskmµPaBhigSa eGaydac´ecjqáayBIskmµPaB

GhigSa . eKKYreZVIEbbenHtamEpñkPUmisaRsþ RkumepSg> karkMNteBl

evla nigtambJØanImYy> . RbsinebImindUecñaHeT GMeBIhigSaGacmanpl

vi:ky¨agxøaMgeTAelIkareRbIR:s´neya:yerIbRmH EdlCaóbkrN¾d*xøaMgkøa

sMrab'QaneTArkeCaKC&yeGay:neRcInCag .

RbvtþisaRsþ:nbgØajeGayeXIjza enAeBleKKiteRKagTukCamunza

nwgmankar:t´bg´CIvitnigrbYsenA~gneya:yerIbRmH karxUcxatTaMgenaH

mankMritticCagqáayBIkarxUcxat~gsRg<ameyaZa . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t

karts)UEbbenH BuM:nnaMeTArkkarkab´sMlab´Kña nigGMeBIeXareXA edayKµan

TIbJ©b´enaHeLIy .

karts)UGhigSatMrUveGayman ehIyeRcInEteZVIeGayman karQb ‘ß

karTb´s,at´’ xøacrdðaPi:lnigskmµPaBCiHCan´higSa . karQb´xøac ß

karTbs,at´karP&yxøac KWCaktþasMxan´~gkarrMlMGMNacBYkpþac´kar Edlman

- 45 - 45

eTAelIRbCaBlrdðTUeTA .

karebIkcMh PaBsMgat; nig\riyabfRtwmRtUv PaBsMgat kare:kR:s ehIynigkarXubXitKñaCasMgat :nbeg,It

CabJØad*lMM:ksMrab´clnaEdleRbIskmµPaBGhigSa . Caer]y> eKminGac

lakeGayCit mineGaybUlis nigPñak´garsMgatdwgGMBIeKalbMNg nig

EpnkareT . tamkaryl´eXIjrbs´clnats)U PaBsMgatminRKanEtCa

b\sKl´énkarP&yxøaceT EtCaktþaEdlCYybEnæmeTAelIkarP&yxøac Edl

eZVIeGayxUcsµartIts)U ehIybnæycMnYnmnusSEdlGaccUlrYm~gskmµPaBNa

mYy . PaBsMgatenHk*GacCYybEnæmeTAelIkarsgS&y nigkarecaTRbkan

Kña Caer]y> minsmehtusmpl ~gcMeNamclnats)U GMBIzaetInrNaCa

Pñak´garsMgat´esuIbkarN¾eGayKUbdibkS . karenHRbEhlCaGacb¨HJl

dl´lTÆPaBrbs´clnats)U ~gkarRbkan´x¢ab´nUvGMeBIGhigSa . pÞúyeTAvij

karebIkcMheGayeKdwgGMBIeKalbMNgnigEpnkarénkarts)U minRtwmEtman

pllÁeTAvijeT buEnþnwgCYyeGayeKeXIjza EmnETneTA clnats)UmankMlaMg

xøaMgkøaCaTIbMput . tamkarBit bJØaenHsµúKsµajCagGVIEdleK:nniyayxag

elI ehIymanskmµPaBts)UmYycMnYnZM EdltMrUveGaymankarlak:Mg . eK

RtUvkareGaymankarviPaKd*eRCARCHmYy ~gcMeNamGñkTaMgLayNaEdlyl

dwgc|as GMBIzamBlénkarts)UGhigSa ehIynigmeZüa:yrbsBYkpþac´kar

sMrab'kartamdanesIubGeg,t enA~gsæankarN¾BiessNamYy .

kare:HBum¬pSBVpSayCasMgat kareRbIR:s´viTüúpSaysMelgeRkAc|ab´

ehIynigkarRbmUlykB&t(mansMgat´GMBIRbtibtþikarrbs´rbbpþac´kar KWCa

skmµPaBmYy~gcMeNamskmµPaBBiessmYycMnYntUc EdltMrUveGayman

PaBsMgat´CaTIbMput .

- 46 - 46

karRbkanx¢ab´nUv«riyabzRtwmRtUv ~gskmµPaBGhigSa KWCakarcaM

:c~gRKbdMNak'karénTMnas . ktþaxøH dUcCa karminP&yxøac nigkarRbkan

x¢ab´nUvvin&yGhigSa KWCakarcaM:c´RKb´eBlevla . eKRtUvcgcaMza Caer]y>

eKRtUvkarcMnYnmnusSy¨ageRcIn edIm|IEkERbGIVmYy . buEnþ eKGacRbmUlGñk

EdleKTukcitþeGay:neRcInEbbenH Ettamry;karRbkanx¢ab´nUv«riyabz

x¬g´x¬s´RtwmRtUv ~gclnats)U .

karERbRbYlRKwHGMNac GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtcgcaMza enA~gTMnasEdleKGnuvtþneya:yerI

bRmH TIlants)UmankarERbRbYlminQb´Qr edaysarKUbdibkSnwgeZVI

skmµPaBtbtKñaeTAvijeTAmk «tQb'Qr . KµanGIVEdlsæitenAnwgz,l´

enaHeT . TMnakTMngGMNacrvagPaKITaMgBIr nwgmankarERbRbYly¨agqab´

rh&sCanic© . karenHekItmaneLIg edaysarBYkRbqaMgenAEtbnþkarTbTl´

edayGhigSa zVIebIPaKIm¡ageT[tecHEtbRg,abCiHCan'EbbNak*eday .

karERbRbYlénkMritGMNacrbsPaKIRbkYtTaMgsgxag enA~gkal;

eTs;TMnas´EbbenH RbEhlCaxøaMgCagehIyel]nCagTMnas'higSa ehIy

nwgCMrujeGayecjCalTÆplEbøk> Edlmann&yxøwmsarneya:yeRcIn .

edaysarkarERbRbYlTaMgenH skmµPaBBiessNamYyrbsRkumts)U RbEhl

CamanplEvgqáay EdlGaceZVIeGayPaKINamYy kanEtmaMeLIgßk*cuHexSay .

elIsBIenHeTAeT[t tamry;skmµPaBrbseK RkumGhigSaRbEhlCa

nwgman«TÆiBlxøaMgeTAelIkarekIneLIg ßk*cuHzyénkMlaMgbdibkS . óTahrN¾

Rkumts)UGhigSad*manvin&ynigesckþIkøahan ~gkarRbQmmuxGMeBIeXareXA

rbs´BYkpþac´kar GaceZVIeGaykgTahannigGñkKaMRTBYkpþac´kar manGarmµN¾

minRsYl minsb|aycitþ ehIyGackøayeTACaRkumEdlBYkpþac´karElgTuk

- 47 - 47

citþ:n ehIyenA~gkrNIxøaMgEmnETn GacnaMeGaymankarbHe:répÞ~g .

karRbqaMgEbbenH k*GacnaMmknUvkarpþnÞaeTaskan'EtxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþac´kar

BIsMNakGnþrCatiEdr . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmH

d*eQø{sév d*manvin&y GacCMrujeGaymankarcUlrYm~gclnats)Ukan´Et

eRcIneLIg> BIsMNak´GñkEdlCaZmµtaKaMRTBYkpþac´kar ßk*CaTUeTA enACa

GBüaRkwt~gTMnas´enH .

ynþkarbYny:agsMrab;karERbRbYl karts)UGhigSanaMmknUvkarERbRbYlbYny¨ag . ynþkarTImYy:nekIt

maneLIg b¨uEnþy¨agkRm . enAeBlEdlTwkcitþsmaCikénRkumpþac´karBuH

keRJ¢al edaysareKeXIjTuk¡evTnaBIkarCiHCan´eTAelIBYkRbqaMgGhigSad*

køahan ßk*eKERbcitþyl'za buBVehtuénkarts)Umanlk¡N;RtwmRtUv GñkTaMg

enaHGacnwgTTYlyk:nnUveKalbMNgrbsRkumts)U . ynþkarenHmaneQµaH

ehAza karbþÚrRkum . zVIebIkrNIénkarbþÚrRkum eTArkkarts)UGhigSa :nekIt

maneLIg RBwtþikarN¾enHkRmNas ehIyenA~gTMnasCaeRcIn karenHminekIt

maneLIgeT ßk*ekItmaneLIgEtbnþicbnþÜcbueNÑaH .

GVIEdlekIteLIgCajwkjy KWkarts)UGhigSa:npøas´bþÚrsæankarN¾

TMnas´ nigsg<mdl´kMritmYyEdlBYkpþackar BuMGaceZVIGVIeTAtamcMNg´citþdUc

eBlmun . enHKWCakarpøasbþÚrJkB&nÆnwgGMNacénPaKITaMgBIrEdlbeg,IteGay

manynþkarTaMgbIeT[t ÷ kareyaKyl karbg¡MedayGhigSa nigkarEbkEx\k .

etIynþkarNamYynwgekItmaneLIgenaH GaRs&yeTAelIkarERbRbYlénTMnak

TMngGMNac EdleZVIeGayBYkRbCaZibetyümaneRb[b .

RbsinebIbJØaCak´EsþgNamYyminEmnCabJØasMxan´Nas´NaeTenaH

BYkpþac´karmincat´TukkarTamTarrbs´RkumRbqaMg enA~gyuTÆnakard*mankMrit

- 48 - 48

mYy zaCakarKMramkMEhg ehIykarRbkYtKñaRtg´bJØaenH GaceZVIeGayman

karERbRbYlxøHeTAelITMnakTMngGMNac . ~gkrNIenH eKGacbJ©b´TMnas

enH:nPøam tamkic©RBmeRB[gmYyEdlmankareyaKylsMrbsMrYlKña .

eKehAynþkarenHza kareyaKyl´ . eKedaHRsaybJØakUdkmµCaeRcIntam

ynþkarenH óTahrN¾ KUPaKITaMgsgxag:nsMerceKalbMNgxøH buEnþKµan

KUPaKINamYy:nTTYlGVI>TaMgGsEdleKcg:nenaHeT . rdðaPi:lGacyl

eXIjza karbJ©b´TMnas´EbbenH nwgmanplRbeyaCn¾lÁ dUcCa kareZVI

eGaysæankarN¾ZUrRsal karbeg,IteGaymanrUbPaBza ²smrmü³ ßk*dus

xat´rUbPaBrbbenH elIépÞGnþrCati . dUecñH CakarsMxaneKRtUvRbugRby&tñ ~g

kareRCIserIsykbJØaEdleKGacTTYledaHRsay tamynþkar kareyaK

yl´enH . karts)UedIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´karminEmnCabJØaEbbenHeT .

karts)UGhigSaGacmankMritxøaMgkøaCagGIVEdlynþkarbþÚrRkum ßk*kareyaK

yl :nbgØajeGayeKeXIj. karminshkarnigkarerIbRmHrbs´RbCaBl

rdðk*GacpøasbþÚrsæankarN¾sg<m nigneya:y CaBiess TMnakTMngGMNac

EdlGaceZVIeGaymankarxUcxatdl´smtæPaBrbs´BYkpþac´kar ~gkarRKb´RKg

kic©kar esdðkic© sg<mkic© nigneya:yrvagrdðaPi:lnigsg<m . kgkMlaMg

eyaZarbs´BYkpþac´kar RbEhlCacuHexSay eKElgTukcitþ:n rhUtdl´BYk

enaHElgeZVItambJ¢a minRBmbRg,abBYkts)U . zVIebIBYkemdwknaMpþac´karsæit

enA~gtMENgdEdl ehIyenAEtRbkanx¢abykeKalbMNgedImrbseK lTÆPaB

rbs´eK~gkareZVIGVImYyeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB :nRtUveKdkhUtecj . enHKW

CaGVIEdleKehAza karbg¡MGhigSa .

enA~gsæankarN¾d*xøaMgkøaxøHeT[t lk¡N;EdleZVIeGaymankarbg¡M

edayGhigSamanCabnþeTAeT[t . ~gxN;enaH BYkdwknaMpþac´kar:t´bg´nUv

lTÆPaBcatEcg ehIyrcnasm¬&nÆrbseKk*dYlrlM . karminshkar nig

karerIbRmHénBYkts)U manRbsiTÆPaBeBjelj rhUtdlkMritmYyEdleZVIeGay

- 49 - 49

BYkpþackarBuMGacRKbRKgeK:nTalEtesaH . rdð:lrbsBYkpþackarbdiesZ

minRBmeZVItambJ¢azñak´dwknaM . Tahan nigbUlisrbs´BYkpþac´karnaMKñabH

e:r . RbCaBlrdð ßGñkEdlZøabKaMRTrbbpþac´kar RbkasminTTYls<al´

BYkdwknaMpþac´kar edayGHGagza BYkenHBuMmansiTÆiRKb´RKgTal´EtesaH .

dUecñH CMnYy nigkareZVItambJ¢aBImunk*GsmaneTAEdr . ynþkarTIbYnénkarERb

RbYl karEbkEx\k énRbB&nÆpþac´karmanlk¡N;eBjelj EdleZVIeGayrbb

pþackarKµanTaMgkMlaMgsMrabcuHjm . rbbenH:nmkdleBldYlrlMEbkEx\k .

~gkarer[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþsMrabkarrMedaH eKKYrEtcgcaMynþkar

TaMgbYnenH . CYnkalynþkarTaMgenHcab´dMeNIrkaredayÉkÉg . buEnþ

kareRCIserIsykynþkarmYyßeRcIn mkeZVICaeKalsMrab´karpøas´bþÚrenA~g

TMnas nwgGaceZVIeGayeKmanlTÆPaBer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþBiess sMrabGnuvtþ .

kareRCIserIsykynþkarNamYy nwgGaRs&yeTAelIktþaCaeRcIn manCaGaT¥

kMritGMNacénRkumTaMgLayEdlRbkYtKña «riyabz ehIynigeKalbMNgén

RkumEdleZVIkarts)UGhigSa .

\Ti§BlRbCaFibetyüénneya)ayerIbRmH pÞúyeTAnwgGMeBIhigSa EdlBRgwgGMNacmnusSEtmYyRkum kareRbI

meZüa:yts)UGhigSa nwgeZVIeGaysg<mneya:y manlk¡N;RbCaZibetyü .

EpñkmYyén«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyüenH manlk¡N; EdlminGnuJ¦at

eGaymanGMeBIeXareXA . KWza pÞúyeTAnwgmeZüa:yeyaZa meZüa:y

GhigSaenH BuM:npþlnUvóbkrN¾sMrabCiHCanGñkenAeRkambJ¢arbsKN;dwknaM

EdleKGacbgVileGayRbqaMgnwgRbCaBlrdð edIm|IbegI,tßbnþrbbpþac´kar

enaHeT. BYkGñkdwknaMclnaneya:yerIbRmH GaceRbI«TÆiBlnigdak´sMJZ

eTAelIGñkedIrtam buEnþeKminGaccabGñkTaMgenaHeTAdak´Kuk ßRbharCIvit

- 50 - 50

enAeBlEdleKCMTas´ ßk*eKeRCIsykemdwknaMÉeT[tenaHeLIy .

EpñkmYyeT[tén«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyüenHKWmanlk¡N;viC¢man . KW

mann&yza karts)UGhigSanwgpþl´dl´RbCaBlrdðnUvmeZüa:yts)UmYy Edl

eKGacykeTAeRbIedIm|IkarJresrIPaBrbs´eK tTl´nwgrbbpþac´karNamYy .

xageRkamenH KWCa«TÆiBlRbCaZibetyülÁmYycMnYnénkarts)UGhigSa ÷

• bTBiesaZn¾~gkarts)UGhigSanaMeGayRbCaBlrdðmankarTukcitþ

eTAelIxøÜnÉg ~gkartTl´CamYynwg karKMramnigsmtæPaB

bRg,abTaMghigSa .

• karts)UGhigSapþl´nUvmeZüa:ysMrab´karmineZVIshkarnigkar

erIbRmH EdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI sMrab'Tb´Tl´nwgkarRtYtRta

edayKµanRbCaZibetyü BIsMNak´rbbpþac´karNamYy .

• enAcMeJHmuxkarRKb´RKgtamkarCiHCan´ eKGaceRbIkarts)U

GhigSa sMrab´hat´er[nGnuvtþesrIPaBRbCaZibetyü dUcCa

esrIPaBxagkarniyay esrIPaBxagkarpSBVpSay Gg<karÉkraC

nigesrIPaBénkarRbCuMKña .

• dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBIelI karts)UGhigSaGacCaCMnYyy¨agxøaMg

dl´karrs´ranmanCIvit karbeg,IteLIgvij nigkarBRgwgénRkum

ÉkraC nigsæab&nnanaénsg<mmnusS . TaMgenHsuTÆEt

manplRbeyaCn¾ sMrablTÆiRbCaZibetyü edaysarktþaTaMg

enH manlTÆPaBRbmUlpþúMGMNacRbCaBlrdð ehIydak´kMriteTA

elIGMNacrbs´BYkNaEdlcg´køayeTACaBYkpþac´kar .

• karts)UGhigSaGacpþl´CameZüa:y EdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI

edIm|IbeJ©jGMNacRbqaMgnwgkarCiHCan´ tamry;skmµPaB

b¨UlisnigeyaZaénrdðaPi:lpþac´kar .

• karts)UGhigSaGacpþl´CaviZankarepSg> EdlRbCaBlrdð

- 51 - 51

nigsæab&nÉkraC GaceRbIR:s´ edIm|ICaRbeyaCn¾dl´lTÆi

RbCaZibetyü eTAbnæyßkat´pþacRbPBGMNacénGñkdwknaM Edl

CakarKMramkMEhgdl´lTÆPaBBYkdwknaMEdlcg´bnþkarCiHCan´ .

PaBsµúKsµajénkarts‘UGhigSa dUcEdleyIg:ndwgGMBIkarEvkEjkenHrYcehIy karts)UGhigSa KWCa

meZüa:yd*sµúKsµaj sMrab´skmµPaBsg<mmnusS EdlJkB&nÆeTAnwgviZICa

eRcIn eTAynþkarsMrabkarERbRbYlmYycMnYn ehIynigkartMrUveGayman«riyabz

c|as´las´mYycMnYn . edIm|IeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB CaBiess enAeBlEdl

eKtTl´CamYynwgrbbpþac´kar neya:yerIbRmHtMrUveGaymanEpnkar nig

karer[bcMxøÜneGay:nhµt´ct´ . GñkcUlrYmTaMgLayRtUvyl´GMBIGVIEdleK

RtUveZVI . ZnZanEdleKRtUvkark*RtUvEtman . BYkGñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþ RtUv

eZVIkarviPaK riHrkmeZüa:yeZVIeGaykarts)UGhigSaenHmanRbsiTÆPaBxøaMgCa

TIbMput . «LÚvenH eyIgbEgVrkarykcitþTukdak´rbs´eyIgeTArkktþad*sMxan´

cugeRkayenH ÷ esckþIRtUvkareGaymankarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ .

- 52 - 52

- 53 - 53

CMBUkTI6

esckþIRtUvkareGaymanEpnkaryuT§saRsþ

yuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmHRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar GacepþImeLIgeTA

tamEbbbTmYycMnYn . ~gGtItkal karts)UTaMgLayesÞIrEtBuMmankarer[b

cM ehIyekItmaneLIgedayécdnü . karekItTuk¡minsuxcitþCak´Esþg Edl:n

naMeTAeGaymanskmµPaBRbqaMg manlk¡N;eRcInRbePT buEnþCaer]y> man

GMeBIeXareXA karcabxøÜn ßkarsMlab´mnusSEdleKeKarB Epnkarßk*

karbJ¢aeGaybRg,ab karxVHes|{gGahar karRbmazCMen]sasna ßk*ézáxYbén

RBwtþikarN¾NamYyxagelIenH . CYnkal rbbpþac´karRbRBwtþGMeBINamYy

EdleZVIeGayBlrdðekþARkhay ehIyeKk*naMKñaepþImeZVIskmµPaB edayBuMdwg

zakarbHe:renaHnwgRtUvcbtamEbbNa . ~geBlxøHeT[t buK<ld*køahan

mñak ßk*mnusSmYyRkumtUcGaccab´epþImeZVIskmµPaBmYy EdlTak´Taj:n

karKaMRTy¨agxøaMg . GñkÉeT[tGacsMKal´eXIjza karekItTuk¡minsuxcitþ

NamYyenaH k*CabTBiesaZn¾GaRkkEdleK:nqøgkatEdr emøaHehIy eKk*Gac

cUlrYm~gkarts)UenaHeTA . CYnkal karGMJvnaveGaymankarRbqaMgnwg

GVImYy CaBiess BIsMNak´mnusSmYyRkumtUc ßk*mnusSmñakGacTak´Taj

karKaMRTd*ZMeZg EdleKsµanmindl .

enAeBlEdlkareqøIytbtPøam>EbbenH manlk¡N;lÁRbesIrxøHenaH

- 54 - 54

karenHCaer]y>manKuNvibtþimYycMnYn . Cajwkjab´ Rkumts)URbCaZibetyü

BuM:nKitKUreGay:nditdl GMBIkartbtd*eXareXAénrbbpþac´kareT emø¨aH

ehIy eKrgeRKaHy¨agdMNM ehIykarts)Uk*rlMeTAEdr . CYnkal karEdl

KµanEpnkareRKagTukCamunrbsBYkRbCaZibetyü :nbNþaleGaykarsMerc

citþsMxan>ekIteLIgCayzaehtu EdlnaMeTArkplvi:ky¨agxøaMg . sUm|IEt

enAeBlEdlrbbCiHCan´:nRtUvdYlrlM karEdlKµankarer[bcMCaEpnkarGMBI

EbbbTbþÚreTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyü :nnaMeTAeGayrbbpþackarzµImYyeT[tekIt

maneLIg .

karerobcMCaEpnkarCak;Esþg enAeBlGnaKt skmµPaBRbCaBlrdðEdlKµankareRKagTuk nwgc|as

CaedIrtYsMxan´~gkarbHe:rRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar . buEnþ «LÚvenHeKGacKit

KUr GMBImeZüa:ynanaEdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCaTIbMputedIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar viPaK

emIleBlevlaEdlsæankarN¾neya:ynigGarmµN¾RbCaBlrdðnwgeLIgdl´

kMrit nigeRCIserIsreb[bepþImyuTÆnakar . eKRtUvkareGaymankarKitKUrd*

hµt´ct´ edayEpÁkeTAelIkarvaytMélsæankarN¾Cak´Esþg nigGMBIlTÆPaB

rbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeRCIserIsykmeZüa:yNaEdlsmRsbeTAtam

kal;eTs; ehIymanRbsiTÆPaBkarts)UykesrIPaB .

RbsinebIeKcg´:nsMercGVImYy eKKYrEter[bcMCaKMeragkarzaetIeKRtUv

eZVIskmµPaBGVIxøH . RbsinebIeKalbMNgenaHsMxan´dl´kMritNa plvi:k

énbraC&yk*Zán´Zár ehIykarer[bcMCaEpnkark*mansar;sMxan eTAtamkMrit

enaHEdr . karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ nwgCYyeGayeKeRbIR:sZnZan

EdleKGacRbmUl:n edaymanRbsiTÆPaBCaTIbMput . enHKWCaplRbeyaCn¾

Bit CaBiess sMrabclnaRbCaZibetyü EdlmankarxVHxatZnZan ehIy

- 55 - 55

nigeRKaHzñakEdlGñkKaMRTRtUvRbQmmux ~gkarrMlMrbbpþac´kard*xøaMgkøa .

pÞúyeTAvij rbbpþac´karCaZmµtamanRTBüsm|tþi kMlaMgCaRkum ehIynig

lTÆPaBeRcIn~gkareRbIGMeBIeXareXA .

²karer[bcMCaEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ³ TIenH mann&yza karKitKUrer[bcM

CaskmµPaBmYycMnYn EdlGacEkERbsæankarN¾bc©úb|nñ eTArksæankarN¾

GnaKtEdleKcg:n . sMrab'karBiPakSaenAeBlenH karenHmann&yzaBI

rbbpþackareTAGnaKtRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü . EpnkaredIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNg

enH CaZmµta mankarer[byuTÆnakarCaeRcIn EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtþtamlMdab

lMeday ehIynigkarer[bcMCaskmµPaBnanaÉeT[t sMrab´BRgwgRbCaBlrdð

nigsg<mEdleKCiHCan´ ehIynigedIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþac´karcuHexSay . cUrkt´

sMKalza eKalbMNgenAeBlenH minEmnRKan´EtrMlMrbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñeT

KWmanEzmTaMgkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþ

cMbgmYyEdldak´kMriteKaledA RtwmEtrMlMrbbpþac´karbc©úb|nñ GacmaneRKaH

zñak´ edaysarrbbpþac´karmYyzµIGacekItmaneLIg eRkayBIrbbpþac'karcas'

dYlrlM .

]bsKÁkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar GñkKaMRTesrIPaBxøHenA~gBiPBelakenH BuM:neRbIR:s´smtæPaB

rbs´eKeGayeBjelj edIm|IedaHRsaybJØa zaetIeKGacsMerc:nkarrMedaH

tamEbbNa . GñkTaMgenaHkRm nwgylGMBIsar;sMxan´CaTIbMputénkarer[b

cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayRbugRby&tñ munnwgeKecjeZVIskmµPaB . dUecñHehIy

:nCaeKesÞIrEtBuM:ner[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenHTal´EtesaH .

ehtuGVI:nCamnusSEdlmankaryleXIjEvgqáay ~gkarTamTar

esrIPaBneya:ymkCUnRbCaBlrdð kRmer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ

- 56 - 56

edIm|IsMerctameKaledA / KWCakarKYreGaysþay Cajwkjy mnusSCaeRcIn

elIslubenA~gRkumRbCaZibetyüRbqaMg BuM:nyl´c|as´GMBIesckþIRtUvkar

eGaymankarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ßk*BuMmanTMlaber[nsURtxagkarKittam

k|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ . enHKWCakic©karlM:k . edaysarBYkpþac´kartamrukKYnCa

drab nigedaysarkarTTYlxusRtUvd*elIslubCaer[gral´eBlevla Gñkdwk

naMRkumts)U Caer]y> BuMmansuvtæiPaB ßeBlevla edIm|IbNþúHbNþalkarKit

tamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþenHeT . emøa¨HehIyTMlabZmµtarbseKenaH KWRKan´Et

beJ©jRbtikmµeTAelIGIVEdlrbbpþac´karp©úgepþIm . krNIenH RkumRbqaMgEtg

EtsæitenA~gsæanPaBkarJr rkSaTuknUvesrIPaBEdl:nsMercrYcehIy ßk*

GacTb´bnæyel|}nénkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþac´kar ßk*bg,begI,tCabJØasMrab´

EpnkarzµI> Edlrbbpþac´kardak´Gnuvtþ .

buK<lenARkumxøHeT[t RbEhlCaminyl´GMBIesckþIRtUvkareGayman

EpnkarEvgqáayTUlMTUlaymYy sMrabclnarMedaHenHeT . eKmanKMnity¨ag

gayRsYlza RbsinebIeKRKanEtRbkaneGayx¢abnUveKalbMNgrbseK ehIy

RTaMts)UeGay:nyUrbnþiceTA eKnwg:nTTYleCaKC&ytamEbbNamYy . Gñk

xøHeT[tsnµtza RbsinebIeKRKanEtrs´enAeTAtameKalkarN¾ nigótþmKti

rbs´eK enAcMeJHmuxkarlM:kTaMgLay eK:neZVIGIV>TaMgGs EdleKGac

eZVI:nrYceTAehIy . karGnuvtþn¾eKalbMNgmnusSZm( nigkaresµaHRtg´eTA

elIótþmKti KWCakarKYreGaysresIrEmnehIy buEnþenAmankarxVHxatxøaMg

Nas´sMrabkarbJ©b´rbbpþac´kar nigkarTTYl:nesrIPaB .

BYkGñkRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´karepSgeT[t RbEhlCayl´y¨aggayza

RbsinebIeKeRbIGMeBIhigSaeGay:nRKbRKan´ esrIPaBnwgmkdl . b¨uEnþ dUc

Edl:nkt´sMKal´rYcmkehIy kareRbIGMeBIhigSa minEmnCakarZanaeGay

maneCaKC&yeT . CaCagkarrMedaH meZüa:yhigSaGacnaMeTArkbraC&y

esaknadkmµd*segVK ßk*plvi:kTaMgBIr . ~gkrNICaeRcIn rbbpþac´kar

- 57 - 57

manlTÆPaBeRcInsMrabkarts)UhigSa ehIyBYkRbCaZibetyükRmmaneRb[b

elIBYkpþac´karxagkMlaMgeyaZaNas´ .

enAmanskmµCnmYycMnYneT[t EdleZVIskmµPaBeTAtamGVIEdleKman

GarmµN¾zaeKKYreZVI . b¨uEnþmeZüa:yTaMgenH minRtwmEtbJ¢akeGayeKeXIj

GMBIkareGaytMéleTAelIxøÜnÉghYsehtueBkeTenaH KW EzmTaMgBuM:npþl´nUv

karENnaMNamYy sMraber[bcMeGaymanKMeragkarcMbg edIm|IrMedaH .

skmµPaBEdlsæitenAelI²KMnitlÁ³rbsbuK<lNamñakenaH k*mankMrit

tictYcEdr . GVIEdleKRtUvkar KWskmµPaBEdlBwgEpÁkeTAelIkarKitKUry¨ag

hµt´ct GMBI²CMhanbnþbnÞab´TaMgLay³ EdleKRtUvkaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar .

RbsinebIKµankarviPaKtamyuTÆsaRsþ GñkdwknaMkarts)U Caer]y> mindwgzaetI

CMhanbnþbnÞab´enaHKYrCaGVIeT BIeRJHeKBuM:nKitKUreGay:nhµt´ct´ GMBI

CMh)anbnþbnÞab´c|as´las sMrabeTArkeCaKC&y . karEbkR:C\a nigKMnit

lÁ>suTÆEtCaktþasMxan´ buEnþeKRtUveRbIktþaTaMgenaH edIm|ICMrujeGaysæanPaB

yuTÆsaRsþkMlaMgRbCaZibetyümandMeNIrkareTAmux .

edayeKdwgyagc|asGMBIskmµPaBCaeRcInEdleKGacGnuvtþRbqaMgnwg

rbbpþac´kar ehIyedaysareKminGacsMercza eKepþImeZVIGVIenAeBlNaenaH

GñkxøHeGayeyablza ²catkareZVIskmµPaBTaMgGs~geBlCamYyKña³ . KMnit

enHRbEhlCamanRbeyaCn¾ b¨uEnþeKBuMGacGnuvtþ:neT CaBiess RbsinebI

clnats)UenaHenATn´exSay . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t viZankarEbbenH BuM:n

pþl´nUvkarENnaMGMBITIkEnøgEdleKepþIm EpñkEdleKKYrepþatkarxMxñHExñg ehIy

nigreb[beRbIR:s´ZnZanEdleKminsUvman .

buK<lnigRkumÉeT[tRbEhlCayl´ GMBIkarcaM:c´eGaymanEpnkar

xøH buEnþGñkTaMgenaHKit:nRtwmEtEpnkarry;eBlxøI ßyuTÆviZIeKal . eKRbEhl

Caminylza Epnkarry;eBlEvgCakarcaM:c ßCakareKGaceZVI:neLIy .

CYnkal eKRbEhlCaminGacKit ehIyviPaKeTAtamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ beNþay

- 58 - 58

eGayxYrk|aleKrMxanCajwkjab´edaybJØaminsMxan´ ehIyCab´rvl´nwgtbt

eTAnwgGMeBIKUbdibkS CaCageZVIskmµPaBp©úgepþIm . edaysareKcMNayzamBl

eRcIneBk eTAelIskmµPaBry;eBlxøI GñkdwknaMTaMgenaH Caer]y> BuM:n

BicarNariHrkviZankarCaCMerIsÉeT[t EdlGactMrg´karxñHExñgCaTUeTA edIm|I

eGayqabeTAdlTIedAenaHeLIy .

krNIÉeT[tEdlGacekIteLIgEdrenaH KWclnaRbCaZibetyüxøH min

eZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBisþaredIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kareT eKsuxcitþepþatGarmµN¾eTA

elIbJØaPøam> edaysarbuBVehtuepSgeT[t . ~gcitþrbs´eK eKBuMmanCMen]

za karxMxñHExñgrbs´eKGacbJ©b´rbbpþac´kar:neLIy . dUecñHehIy karer[b

cMCaEpnkarsMrab´eKalbMNgenH :nRtUveKcatTukza Cakarbg¡ateBl ßk*

CakarBuMmanRbeyaCn¾ . GñkEdlts)UedIm|IesrIPaB tTl´nwgrbbpþac´kar

eyareXA Caer]y> eBIbRbTHnwgkMlaMgeyaZanigbUlisd*sMebIm EdleZVI

eGayeKyl´za BYkpþac´karGaceZVIGVITaMgGs´tamcMNg´ . edayeKxVHesckþI

sg¹wmBitR:kd GñkTaMgenaH enAEttTl´RbqaMgrbbpþac´kar edaysarbuBV

ehtusIlZm( ßRbvtþisaRsþ . zVIebIeKminTTYlsarPaBk*eday RbEhlCaeK

BuMEdlTTYls<al~gxøÜneKpÞalza skmµPaBTaMgLayhakdUcCaKµansg¹wm .

dUecñHehIy cMeJHGñkTaMgenH karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþBisþarsMrab´eBl

Evgqáay BuMmann&yxøwmsarGIVeT .

karBuM:neZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþenH Caer]y> pþl´nUvplvi:kd*Zán´Zár ÷

kMlaMgeKcuHexSay skmµPaBeKBuMmanRbsiTÆPaB zamBlxatbg´eTAelIbJØa

tUctac eKmineRbIPaBmaneRb[b eBlsæankarN¾huceGay ehIykareZVI

BlikmµNamYyBuM:nplRbeyaCn¾ . RbsinebIBYkRbCaZibetyümineZVIEpnkar

tamyuTÆsaRsþeTenaH eKRbEhlCaBuMGacsMercbMNgrbs´eK:neLIy .

kareRCIserIsykskmµPaBcMruHmYycMnYn EdlKµanEpnkareGay:nRtwmRtUv

nwgminCYyCMrujeGaykarxñHExñgts)UmandMeNIreTAmuxekIteLIy . pÞúyeTAvij

- 59 - 59

karenHRbEhlCabeNþayeGayrbbpþac´karbeg,InkarRtYtRtanigGMNacrbs'

eKeTAvijeT .

KWCakarKYreGaysþay BIeRJHkarEdleKkRmer[bcMeGaymanCaEpnkar

sMrabrMedaH eGay:nBisþarRtwmRtUv :nCYyeZVIeGayrbbpþac'karbgØajrUbPaB

maMTaMCagkarBitEmnETn . BYkenHGacmanCIvitrsenArab´qñaM ßk*rab´TsvtS

elIsBIry;eBlEdleKKYrnwgrs .

BaküeBcn_bYnsMxan;²kñúgkareFVIEpnkaryuT§saRsþ edIm|ICYyeGayeyIgKittamk|ÜnyuTÆsaRsþ karyl'eGayc|as''GMBI

niymn&yénBaküCamUldðanbYn KWCakarcaM:c' .

yuTÆsaRsþcMbg ; KWCaeKalKMnit EdledIrtYCaktþaTMnak'TMng nig

cat'EcgGMBIkareRbIR:s'ZnZan EdlRkummYymanTaMgGs' ‘esdðkic© mnusS

Twkcitþ neya:y nigGg<PaBnanaCaedIm’ sMrab'sMedAeTArkkarsMercbMNg

enA~gTMnas'mYy .

yuTÆsaRsþcMbg CamYynwgkarykcitþTukdak'eTAelIeKalbMNgrbs'

Rkum nigZnZan sMerceRCIserIsykviZankar ‘dUcCa kareZVIsRg<ameyaZatam

EbbsamJ¦Zmµta ßk*Cakarts)UGhigSa’ sMrabGnuvtþ~gkaredaHRsayTMnas' .

~gkareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH GñkdwknaMRkumts)U RtUvvaytémønigeZVI

Epnkarza etIeKnwgdak'sMJZ nig«TÆiBlEbbNaeTAelIKUbdibkS . elIs

BIenHeTAeT[t yuTÆsaRsþcMbg manrYmTaMgkarsMerccitþGMBIkal;eTs;smRsb

nigkarkMNt'eBlevla sMrab'epþImyuTÆnakardMbUg nigbnþbnÞab' .

yuTÆsaRsþcMbger[bcMCaRKwH sMrab'eRCIserIsyuTÆsaRsþxøI>bEnæmeT[t

sMrab'karts)U . yuTÆsaRsþcMbgk*sMercEdr GMBIkarEbgEckkic©kareTARkum

NamYy nigEbgEckZnZaneGayeKykeTAeRbIR:s'sMrab'karts)UenH .

- 60 - 60

yuTÆsaRsþ ; KWCaKMnitGMBIreb[bykeCaKC&ysMrab'eKalbMNgNa

mYy enA~gkic©ts)U tamkarGnuvtþn¾~grgVg'yuTÆsaRsþcMbg EdleKeRCIserIs .

yuTÆsaRsþmankarJk´B&nÆeTAnwgkarsMerccitþ zaetIeKKYrebIkkarRbyuTÆNamYy

EdrßeT enAeBlNa tamviZIEbbNa ehIynigreb[beZVIeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB

CaGtibrima ~gkarts)UedIm|IGVImYyenATIbJ©b' . eK:neRb[beZ[byuTÆsaRsþ

eTAnwgKMnitrbs'sil|krenA~gxYrk|al ÉEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ CaKMnUsrbs'

sæabtükrenAelIRkdas .12

yuTÆsaRsþGacrabbJ©ÚlkarxñHExñgbeg,IteGaymansæankarN¾yuTÆsaRsþ

d*manRbeyaCn¾ rhUtdl'kMritmYyEdlKUbdibkSGacemIleXIjy"agc|as'za

kartTl'KñaedaycMh nwgnaMeGayeKbraC&y emø"aHehIy eKcuHcaj´edayBuM

caM:c'ttaMg . RbsinebIeKenAEtcg´tTl sæankaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁenaH nwg

c|as´CaCYyeGayGñkRbqaMgQñH~gkarts)U . yuTÆsaRsþk*Jk'B&nÆpgEdrCa

mYynwgkareZIVy"agNa edIm|IykC&yCMnHEdleK:nTTYlehIyenaH eTAeRbI

R:s'CabnþeT[t .

sMrabdMeNIrénkarts)U EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ KWCaKMnitRKwHGMBIreb[bBRgIk

bMEbkecjCayuTÆnakar nigGMBIzaetIEpñknImYy>TaMgenaH cUlrYmsIusgVak'Kña

EbbNa edIm|ICMrujeTArkkarsMerceKalbMNgrYm . karenHTak'TgeTAnwg

karbiunRbsb'~gkarcat'taMgRkumskmµ eGayGnuvtþRbtibtþikartUc>Cabnþ .

kareZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþEdllÁ RtUvKitKUrGMBIesckþIRtUvkar edIm|IeCaKC&y

~gkarGnuvtþn¾meZüa:yNamYy~gkarts)U . meZüa:ynImYy>manesckþI

RtUvkarxusBIKña . b"uEnþ karRKan'EtbMeBj²esckþIRtUvkar³ enHBuMTan'RKb'RKan'

eT edIm|IeGayc|as'za:neCaKC&y . eKRtUvkarmanktþaepSg>eT[tCabEnæm .

~gkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ BYkRbCaZibetyü RtUvkMNt´eKalbMNg

12 rUbWt hilvIu (Robert Helvey) Tak'TgedaypÞal'ézá19ExsIhaqñaM1993 .

- 61 - 61

nanaeGayc|as'las' ehIysMercza etIeKnwgvas'kMritRbsiTÆPaBénkarxMxñH

ExñgedIm|IeCaKC&yenaH tamEbbNa . kareZVIEbbenH nwgGnuJ¦ateGayGñk

yuTÆsaRsþdwgc|as'GMBIGVIEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IsMerceKalbMNgnImYy> . kartMrUv

eGaymanPaBc|as'las'EbbenH k*Caktþad*sMxan'~gkarer[bcMEpnkar yuTÆviZI

enaHEdr .

eKeRbIyuTÆviZInigviZankar ~gkarGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþ . yuTÆviZI Tak'Tg

eTAnwgkareRbIR:s'kMlaMgRkumy"agbiunRbsb' edIm|ITak'TajykeRb[b enA~g

sæankarN¾tUcNamYy . yuTÆviZI KWCaskmµPaBxøImYy EdleKeRbIsMrab'eGay

:nsMerceKalbMNgtUcmYy . kareRCIserIsykyuTÆviZINamYy GaRs&y

eTAelIKMnitza etIeKGaceRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleKmanEbbNa edIm|IeGayman

RbsiTÆPaB ~gdMNak'kard*xøINamYy ~gkarGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþenH . edIm|I

eGaymanRbsiTÆPaBx¬s' eKRtUveRCIserIsyuTÆviZI niger[nreb[bGnuvtþNaEdl

GacCYyeGayeKsMerc:n nUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . plEdl:nBIyuTÆviZI

EdlminCYyeGayeK:neCaKC&y~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ RbEhlCa enATI

bMput køayeTACakarxatbg'zamBlRkum .

dUecñH yuTÆviZIJk'B&nÆnwgskmµPaBd*xøIEdlRsbeTAnwgyuTÆsaRsþTUeTA

k*dUcCa yuTÆsaRsþEdlsmRsbeTAnwgyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr . yuTÆviZIEtgEt

P¢ab'eTAnwgkarRbyuTÆpÞal' enAeBlEdlyuTÆsaRsþrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgKMnitTUlM

TUlay . eKyl'za yuTÆviZIRKan´EtCaEpñkmYyényuTÆsaRsþTUeTAsMrab'sRg<am

ßk*CavK<mYyényuTÆnakarNamYyEtbueNÑaH . eRb[beZ[beTAnwgyuTÆsaRsþ eK

eRbIyuTÆviZIsMrab'eBlxøICag ßk*~gEpñktUcCag ‘TIkEnøg sæab&nNamYy CaedIm’

ßk*CamYymnusStic ßk*sMrab'sMercvtæúbMNgbnÞabbnSM . enA~gskmµPaB

GhigSa karxusKñarvageKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆviZI nigeKalbMNgrbs'yuTÆsaRsþ

RbEhlCaGacGaRs&yelIkarsMercza etIskmµPaBEdleKeRCIserIsman

eKalbMNgtUcßZM .

- 62 - 62

eKeRCIserIskarvayRbharedayeRbIyuTÆviZI edIm|ICYyeGay:nsMerc

eKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþ . karRbyuTÆedayeRbIyuTÆviZI KWCaóbkrN¾rbs'Gñk

yuTÆsaRsþsMrab'beg,IteGaymansæanPaBlÁRbesIr sMrab'karvayRbharpþac'

RB&RteTAelIbdibkS . dUecñH GñkEdlTTYlxusRtUvxager[bcMEpnkar nigGnuvtþ

yuTÆviZI RtUvEtmaneTBekaslüxagkarvaytémøsæankarN¾ ehIyeRCIserIs

viZankard*smRsbCaTIbMputsMrab'yuTÆnakar . GñkTaMgLayÉeT[tEdlcUl

rYm~gRbtibtþikar RtUvTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalGMBIkarGnuvtþn¾EbbbT EdleK

eRCIserIs nigviZankarTaMgenaH .

viZankar ; niyayGMBIGavuZ ßk*óbkrN¾sMrab'skmµPaBNamYy .

~gkrNIEbbbT sMrab'karts)UGhigSa óbkrN¾TaMgenaHmanCaGaT¥ skmµPaB

mYycMnYn ‘dUcCa EbbbTCaeRcInénkareZVIkUdkmµ Bhikar karmineZVIshkar

neya:y’ Edl:ner[brab'~gCMBUkTI 5 . ‘sUmemIlóbsm&¬nÆ’ .

karer[bcMeGaymanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþmYy EdlmankarTTYlxusRtUv

nigmanRbsiTÆPaB GaRs&yeTAelIkarKitKUry¨aghµt´ct´~gkareRCIserIsyk

yuTÆsaRsþcMbg yuTÆsaRsþ yuTÆviZI nigviZankar .

emer[nsMxan'énkarBiPakSaEvkEjkenH KWeKRtUveRbIbJ¦a~gkareZVI

EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ edIm|IerIbRmHecjBIrbbpþac'kar . karEdleKBuM:neZVIEpnkar

tamEbbQøasév GacnaMeTArkmhnþray enAeBlEdlkareRbIR:s'R:C\ad*

manRbsiTÆPaB ~gkarer[bcMCapøÚvtamyuTÆsaRsþedayeRbIR:s'ZnZanEdleK

mand*biunRbsb' nwgCMrujeGaysg<mQaneTArkesrIPaB nigRbCaZibetyü .

- 63 - 63

CMBUkTI7

karerobcMCayuT§saRsþ

edIm|IeZVIeGay:nC&yCMnHkan´Etc|as GñkdwknaMRkumts)URtUvEter[b

cMeGaymanEpnkary¨agBisþar EdlGacBRgwgsµartIGñkrgeRKaH EdlGaceZVI

eGayrbbpþac´karcuHexSay nigrlM ehIyksagRbCaZibetyüEdlmaMTaM .

edIm|IsMerc:nEpnkarEbbenH eKRtUveGaymankarviPaKsæankarN¾eGay:n

c|aslas nigeRCIserIsmeZüa:ynana sMrabskmµPaBd*manRbsiTÆPaB .

CamYynwglTÆplénkarviPaKd*hµtctenH eKnwgGacer[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ

cMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrabyuTÆnakar edIm|IeGay:nsMercykesrIPaB . zVI

ebIJkB&nÆKña karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakar CaviZIBIr

xusKña . eRkayBIeK:ner[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþcMbgehIy eTIbeKGaceZVIEpnkar

yuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakar edIm|IBRgwgnigsMerceKalbMNgEdlmanbJ¢ak~g

yuTÆsaRsþcMbg .

karer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþsMrabkarts)U tMrUveGayeKykcitþTukdakeTAelI

sMnYr nigkic©karCaeRcIn . enAeBlenH eyIgnwgbgØajnUvktþasMxan´>Edl

eKRtUvBicarNa enA~grgVgyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrabyuTÆnakar . buEnþ

karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ tMrUveGayGñkeZVIEpnkarsMrab´karts)U mankaryl

dwgGMBIsæankarN¾TMnas EdlJk´B&nÆeTAnwgktþakMlaMgmnusS RbvtþisaRsþ

- 64 - 64

rdðaPi:l eyaZa vb|Zm( sg<m neya:y citþsaRsþ esdðkic© ehIynig

GnþrCati . eKGacer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþ:nsMrabEtkrNIts)U ehIynigmUldðan

énkarts)UEdlmanlk¡N;c|as´las´ .

CakarsMxan dMbUgGñkdwknaMRbCaZibetyü nigGñkeZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ

RtUvviPaKGMBIeKalbMNgnana nigsar;sMxan´énbuBVehtu . etIeKalbMNg

TaMgenH smRsb ehIytMrUveGaymankarts)Ud*xøaMgkøaEmnß / karsMercGMBI

eKalbMNgEmnETnénkarts)U KWCakarcaM:c´ . eyIg:nEvkEjkrYcehIy

za karrMlMrbbpþac´kar ßk*karbeNþjempþac´karbc©úb|nñ ecjBIGMNacBuMRKb´

RKaneT . eKalbMNgénkarts)UEbbenH RtUvmankarbeg,IteGaymansg<m

esrI RsbnwgeKalkarN¾rdðaPi:lRbCaZibetyümYy . karylc|as´GMBI

cMNucenH nwgmanGanuPaBeTAelIkarer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþ

CabnþbnÞab´ÉeT[t .

CaBiess GñkeZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ RtUveqøIysMnYrsMxan´> dUcCa ÷

• etIóbsK<GVIEdlraraMgmineGayeK:nTTYlesrIPaB /

• etIktþaGVIxøHEdlnwgCYyeGay:nTTYlesrIPaB /

• etIrbbpþac´karmancMNucxøaMgNaxøH /

• etIcMNucexSayrbs´rbbpþac´karmanGVIxøH /

• etIcMNucexSayénRbPBGMNacrbbpþac´karmandlkMritNaEdr /

• etIcMNucxøaMgénRkumRbCaZibetyü nigRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTAman

GVIxøH /

• etIRkumRbCaZibetyümancMNucexSayGVIxøH / ehIyeKedaHRsay

cMNucexSayTaMgenaHEbbNaeTA /

• etIPaKIÉeT[tmanCMhryagNaEdr / PaKIÉeT[tenHBuMTanJkB&nÆ

nwgTMnaseT buEnþeKRbEhlCa:nCYy ßk*RbEhlCaCYyrbb

pþackar ßk*clnaRbCaZibetyü . RbsinebIdUecñHEmn etIeKGac

- 65 - 65

CYytamEbbNaEdr /

kareRCIserIsmeFüa)ay enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbg GñkeZVIEpnkarRtUveRCIserIsykmeZüa:yts)U

sMxan´> sMrab´eRbIR:s´~gTMnas´ . eKRtUvviPaKemIlKuNsm|tþi nigkarxVH

xaténCMerIsTaMgLaysMrab´karts)U manCaGaT¥ karc|aMgtTl´tamkMlaMg

eyaZa kareZVIsRg<amqµk´éRB neya:yerIbRmH ßk*meZüa:yÉeT[t .

~gkareRCIserIsenH GñkeZVIyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBicarNasMnYrxøHdUcxageRkam ÷

etIBYkRbCaZibetyümansmtæPaBeRbImeZüa:yenHEdrßeT / etImeZüa:y

EdleRCIserIsenH nwgeRbIkMlaMgRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan´EdrßeT / etI

meZüa:yenH epþateTAelIcMNucexSayénrbbpþac´kar ßk*CakarvayRbhar

eTAelIcMNucxøaMgrbs´eK / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nwgCYyeGayRkum

RbCaZibetyümankarTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgkanEtxøaMg ßk*meZüa:yTaMgenaHtMrUv

eGaymankarBwgEpÁkeTAelIPaKITIbI ßk*CMnYyBIbreTs / etIkareRbIR:s´

meZüa:yEdleRCIserIsenaH manRbvtþibTBiesaZn¾EbbNaxøH ~gkarrMlM

rbbpþackar / etImeZüa:yTaMgenaH nwgbeg,Inßk*bnæykarxUcxat nigmhnþray

EdlGacekItmaneLIg ~gkarRbqaMgtTlenAézámuxEdrßeT / RbsinebIeKsnµt

za eK:neCaKC&y~gkarrMlMrbbpþackar etImeZüa:yts)UEdleK:neRCIs

erIs nwgman«TÆiBlEbbNaeTAelIRbePTrdðaPi:lzµI EdlnwgelcecjBI

karts)U / eKRtUvEteC[svagskmµPaBRbePTNamYy EdlBuMmanRbeyaCn¾

enA~gyuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleKer[bcMeLIg .

~gCMBUkmun> eyIg:nEvkEjkza neya:yerIbRmHpþl´nUvkarman

eRb[by¨agxøaMg eTAelImeZüa:yts)UÉeT[t . BYkGñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvBinitüemIl

sæankarN¾TMnasrbseKehIysMerc zaetI neya:yerIbRmHnwgpþlnUvcMelIy

- 66 - 66

viC¢maneTAelIsMnYrTaMgLayxagelIenHEdrßeT .

karerobcMEpnkaredIm,IlT§iRbCaFibetyü eKKYrEtcgcaMza ~gkarRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackar eKalbMNgnigyuTÆsaRsþ

cMbg BuMEmnmanRtwmEtrMlMempþackarenaHeT KWer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü

mYy ehIyeZVIeGayrbbpþac´karzµImYyeT[tegIbminrYc . edIm|IsMerceKalbMNg

EbbenH meZüa:yEdleKeRCIserIssMrab´karts)U RtUvEtCYyeZVIeGayman

karERbRbYl ~gkarEbgEckGMNacenA~gsg<m . enAeRkamrbbpþac´kar

RbCaBlrdð nigsg<msIuvil mansPaBTn´exSayNas´ ehIyrdðaPi:lman

GMNacxøaMgeBk . RbsinebIKµankarpøas´bþÚreGaymantulüPaBGMNaceTenaH

GñkRtYtRtamYyRkumeT[t RbsinebIeKcg GackøayeTACaBYkpþackardUcRkumcas .

dUecñHehIy :nCaeKminsVaKmn¾²bdivtþn¾RBHbrmraCvaMg³ ßk*rdðRbhareT .

neya:yerIbRmHCYyeGaymankarEbgEckd*smrmümYy nUvGMNac

BitR:kd tamry;karRbmUlpþúM~gsg<mmnusS edIm|IRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar

dUcEdl:nBiPakSaenA~gCMBUkTI 5 . viZIenHGacekItmaneLIgeTAtamEbb

bTmYycMnYn . karbeg,IneGaymansmtæPaBts)UGhigSamann&yza lTÆPaB

rbbpþac´karedIm|IkarCiHCan´higSa ElgsUvmanRbsiTÆPaB ~gkarKMramkMEhg

nigTak´TajeGaymankarcuHj¨mBIsMNak´RbCaBlrdð . enAeBlenaH

RbCaBlrdðnwgmanmeZüa:yd*xøaMgkøasMrabtTl ehIyCYnkal raraMgGMNac

empþac´kareT[tpg . elIsBIenHeTAeT[t karRbmUlpþúMykkMlaMgRbCaBlrdð

tamry;neya:yerIbRmH nwgBRgwgsæab&nÉkraCnanaenA~gsg<m . eKBuMGac

ePøcy¨agqabrh&s nUvkarEdleK:nbeJ©jGMNacd*manRbsiTÆPaBmþgrYc

mkehIyenaHeT . cMeNHdwg nigeTBekaslüEdleK:nTTYl~gkarts)U

nwgBRgwgRbCaBlrdð minbeNþayeGayBYkEdlGackøayeTACaGñkpþackar RKb

- 67 - 67

RKgtamkarsg,t´sg,in:nedaygay . karERbRbYléntulüPaBGMNacEbb

enH enATIbMput nwgRbEhlCaeZVIeGaymankarksagsg<mRbCaZibetyümYy

EdlrwgmaM .

CMnYyBIeRkA CaEpñkmYyénkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg karviPaKeTAelItYnaTIénRkum

ts)Uxag~g nigsMJZBIxageRkA edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´kar KWCakarcaM:c . ~g

karEvkEjkenH eyIg:nBnül´rYcehIyza kMlaMgsMxan´énkarts)URtUvEt

ecjBIépÞ~g . RbsinebIeK:nCMnYyGnþrCati CMnYyenaHnwgCMrujeGay

karts)UépÞ~g mankMritxøaMgbEnæmeTAtamenaHEdr .

edIm|ICakarbEnæmd*KYrsmmYy eKGaceZVIkarxñHExñgRbmUlpþúMmtiGnþrCati

eGayRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar enA~gbuBVehtumnusSZm( sIlZm( ßk*sasna .

eKGacxñHExñgeGaymankardakTNÐkmµeTAelIrbbpþackar xagkarTUt neya:y

nigesdðkic© BIsMNakrdðaPi:lnananigGg<karGnþrCati . TNÐkmµTaMgenaH

GacmanRTg´RTayCaesdðkic© karQb´pþleRK]gsJVvuZeyaZa karbnæykMrit

TTYls<al´xagkarTUt ßk*pþac´cMNgTUtTaMgRsug karhamXatmineGayman

CMnYyesdðkic© nigkareZVIvinieyaKenA~gRbeTspþac´kar karbeNþjrdðaPi:l

pþackarBIGg<karGnþrCatinana nigBIEpñkepSg>énGg<karshRbCaCati . elIs

BIenH eKGacpþlCMnYyGnþrCati dUcCa karRTRTgxagluykak nigTUrKmnaKmn¾

eTAeGayBYkRbCaZibetyüedaypÞal' .

- 68 - 68

karerobcMyuT§saRsþcMbg bnÞabBIkarviPaKemIlsæankarN¾ kareRCIserIsmeZüa:y ehIynig

karsMercGMBItYnaTIrbs´CMnYybreTsrYcehIy Gñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nwg

RJgGMBIEbbbT EdleKnwgeRbI~gkarts)U . Epnkard*TUlMTUlayenH nwg

niyaytaMgBIIsæankarN¾bc©úb|nñ eTAdlkarrMedaH nigRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü~g

eBlGnaKt . ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþcMbgenH GñkeZVIEpnkarRtUvEtsYrxøÜn

ÉgnUvsMnYrmYycMnYn . sMnYrTaMgbunµanxageRkamenH ‘manlk¡N;minTUeTA

dUcsMnYrBImun’ TakTgnwgkarBicarNaEdleKRtUvkar ~gkarer[bcMyuTÆsaRsþ

cMbg edIm|Ikarts)Utamry;neya:yerIbRmH .

• etIeBlNaeTAEdllÁRbesIrsMrabeKepþImkarts)UEdlnwgmanry;eBl

yUrGEgVg /

• etIRbCaBlrdðEdleKCiHCan GacBRgwgkarTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg nigRbmUl

pþúMkMlaMgRKb´RKan edIm|IeZVIskmµPaBtTl´nwgrbbpþac´kar y¨agehac

Nas´k*mankMritbnþicbnþÜcCaelIkdMbUgEdrßeT /

• etIeKGactMeLIglTÆPaBrbsRbCaBlrdðtamEbbNa sMrab'karGnuvtþn¾

meZüa:ymineZVIshkar nigerIbRmH eTAtamdMeNIrkareBlevla nig

bTBiesaZn¾ /

• etIeKalbMNgényuTÆnakarxøI> CabnþbnÞab´ manGVIxøH sMrab´RKb´RKg

sg<mtamEbbRbCaZibetyü nigraraMgrbbpþac´kar /

• etIeKmansæab&nÉkraC EdlrYcBIkNþab´édrbbpþac´kar ehIyEdl

eKGaceRbI~gkarts)UedIm|IesrIPaBEdrßeT /

• etIsæab&nEbbNamYyenA~gsg<m EdleKGacrMedaHecjBIkarRtYt

RtarbsBYkpþackar ßk*zaetIsæab&nEbbNaEdleKRtUvbeg,ItCazµI edIm|I

- 69 - 69

bMeBjesckþIRtUvkar ehIynigbeg,IteGaymanbriyakasRbCaZibetyü

eTaHbICarbbpþac´karenAEtmanCabnþ /

• etIeKGacBRgwgkMlaMgépÞ~génRkumGñkts)UtamEbbNa /

• etIeKGacbNþúHbNþalGñkcUlrYmskmµPaBtamEbbNa /

• etIeKRtUvkarZnZanEbbNaxøH ‘luykak´ eRK]gsmÖar;CaedIm’ sMrab´

karts)UBIedImdl´cb /

• etIeKGaceRbInimitþrUbEbbNamYy EdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCageKbMput ~g

karRbmUlpþúMRbCaBlrdð /

• etIeKGaceZVIeGayRbPBénGMNacrbbpþackarcuHexSaybnþicmþg> rhUt

dl´Gs´Etmþg tammeZüa:yRbePTNa nig~gdMNak'karNaxøH /

• etIRtUveZVIEbbNa edIm|IeGayRbCaBlrdðEdlegIbRbqaMgtTl´ Gac

RkajeZVIkarerIbRmHpg ehIynigRbkanx¢ab´nUvvin&yGhigSapg /

• etIsg<mGacbnþkargar edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarCamUldðanrbs´eK

enA~gdMNak'karénTMnas´tamEbbNa /

• enAeBlEdlC&yCMnHkMBugQanmkdl etIRkumts)URbCaZibetyüGac

bnþkarksagsæab&nCamUldðan eGaysg<meRkayrbbpþackartamEbb

Na edIm|IeZVIeGaykarqøgBIrbbmYyeTArbbmYy:nrlUn /

eKRtUvEtcgcaMza manEpnkareRcIn EdleKGacer[bcMGnuvtþeLIg edIm|I

erIbRmHBIrbbpþac´kar . karts)UnImYy> edIm|IrMlMrbbpþac´karniger[bcMCa

RbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü nwgmanlk¡N;xus>Kña . BuMmansæankarN¾BIrdUcKña

ebHbiTenaHeLIy . rbbpþac´karnImYy> nwgmanlk¡N;BiessxøH ehIy

smtæPaBrbsBlrdðEdlTamTaresrIPaB k*manlk¡N;xusKñaEdr . GñkeZVI

EpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgedIm|Ikarts)Utamneya:yerIbRmH RtUvmankaryl´dwg

eGay:nc|as minRtwmEtGMBIsæankarN¾TMnasNamYyCaBiesseT KWeKRtUv

- 70 - 70

yl´dwgGMBImeZüa:yEdleKeRCIserIs sMrabeZVIkarts)UenaHeT[tpg .13

enAeBlEdlyuTÆsaRsþcMbgsMrab´karts)U :ner[bcMy¨aghµt´ct´

ehIyenaH eKmanmUlehtulÁmYycMnYn sMrabpSBVpSayeGayeKdwgGMBIyuTÆsaRsþ

enH . cMnYnmnusSCaeRcInEdleKRtUvkareGaycUlrYm RbEhlCamancMNg´

niglTÆPaBcUlrYm RbsinebIeKylyagc|as'las'GMBIKMnitCaTUeTA ehIynig

karENnaM . kardwgEbbenHGacman«TÆiBllÁRbesIrNas´eTAelITwkcitþ

sMrab'karylRBmcUlrYm nigGnuvtþeTAtamKMeragkar . ~gkrNINak*eday

BYkpþac´karnwg:ndwgGMBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbgenHedayRtYs> ehIykardwgEbbenH

GaceZVIeGayempþac´karBuMsUvh)ansahaveXareXA ~gkarCiHCan´RbCaBlrdð

edayeKdwgza GMeBIrbs´eKGacCH«TÆiBlGaRkk´tampøÚvneya:ymkvij .

kardwgGMBIlk¡N;sMxan´NamYyényuTÆsaRsþcMbgk*GacmanGanuPaB naMeGay

mankarminsb|aycitþ nigkarrtecjBIrbbpþac´karEdr .

enAeBlEdleKRBmeRB[gKñaGnuvtþEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbg edIm|IrMlM

rbbpþac´karniger[bcMCaRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüehIyenaH CakarcaM:c RkumKaMRT

RbCaZibetyüTaMgLay RtUvEteKarBGnuvtþtamKMeragkar . manEt~gkal;

eTs;d*kRmbueNÑaH Edlkarts)UKYrEtERbRbYlBIKMeragedIm . enAeBlEdl

eKmanPsþútagc|as´las´za yuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:neRCIserIsBImunman

karyl´RcLM ßk*kal;eTs;énkarts)U:nERbRbYly¨agxøaMg GñkeZVIEpnkar

RbEhlCaRtUvEkyuTÆsaRsþcMbgeLIgvij . enAeBlenaH eKKYrEk enAeRkay

13 sUmGankarsikSaenHya"gBisþar enA~ges[vePArbs' CIn sab neya:yénskmµPaB

GhigSa bUsþún ma"saQUsit ptT&r saCin qñaM 1973 niges[vePA PIT&r Gakamin (Peter Ackerman) nigRKIsþÚhV&r RKUhø&r (Christopher Kruegler) TMnas'GhigSatamyuTÆsaRsþ ev"spt (Westport) xnNikTIKit (Connecticut) ; R:h<&r (Praeger) qñaM 1994 sUmGanpgEdr karts)UGhigSa ; karGnuvtþn¾stvtSTI20 nigplRbeyaCn¾ ~gstvtSTI21 edayCIn sab

nwgecjpSayeBleRkay .

- 71 - 71

eBlEdleK:neZVIkarviPaKd*hµt´ct´eLIgvij ehIyer[bcM nigGnum&tEpnkar

yuTÆsaRsþcMbgzµIEdlRtwmRtUv .

karerobcMEpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;yuT§nakar eTaHbICayuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:ner[bcMehIyenaH manlk¡N;lÁ

RbesIrGacrMlMrbbpþackar nigelIktMekIgRbCaZibetyü:nk*eday k*yuTÆsaRsþ

cMbgEtmYyminGacGnuvtþedayxøÜnÉgeT . eKRtUver[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ

Cak´Esþg edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆnakarsMxan´> ~gkareZVIeGayGMNacBYkpþac´kar

cuHexSay . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgenH nwgmanrYmbJ©Úl nigbMPøWeGaymanyuTÆviZI

mYycMnYn EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|IvayRbhareGay:nxøaMgeTAelIrbbpþackar .

eKRtUvEteRCIserIsyuTÆviZI nigmeZüa:yCak´EsþgTaMgLay eGay:nhµt´ct

edIm|IeGayyuTÆviZITaMgenaH sMerc:nnUveKalbMNgényuTÆsaRsþNamYy .

enA~gCMBUkenH eyIgnwgBieRKaHEtGMBIkMrityuTÆsaRsþ .

GñkyuTÆsaRsþEdleZVIEpnkarsMrab´yuTÆnakarsMxan> k*dUcCaGñker[b

cMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdr RtUvmankaryleXIjeGayc|aslasGMBI

lk¡N;nigEbbbTénRbtibtþikar EdleKeRCIserIssMrabkarts)U . dUc

emT&BEdlRtUvyl´GMBIrcnasm¬&nÆénkgkMlaMg yuTÆviZI lk¡N;BRgayT&B

eRK]gsJVvuZ niglk¡N;PUmisaRsþCaedIm edIm|Ier[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþeyaZa

Gñker[bcMEpnkarsMrab´neya:yerIbRmH k*RtUvyl´eGayc|as´GMBIRbePT nig

eKalkarN¾yuTÆsaRsþénkarts)UGhigSaEdr . buEnþeTaHCay¨agenHkþI kar

ecHdwgGMBIkarts)UGhigSa karykcitþTukdak´eTAelIesckþIesñITaMgLayenA~g

es[vePAenH ehIynigcMelIyeTAelIsMnYrTaMgLayEdlecaTsYrenATIenH BuMEmn

Cakarbeg,It:nyuTÆsaRsþedayÉkÉgeT . karer[bcMCayuTÆsaRsþedIm|Ikar

ts)U enAEttMrUveGaymanKMnitécñRbDitEdlRbkbedaykardwgyl´c|as´las´

- 72 - 72

eT[t .

enA~gkarer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ edIm|IyuTÆnakarts)Ud*c|as´las´

NamYy ehIynigedIm|Ibeg,IneGaymankarts)UrMedaH~geBlEvgqáay Gñk

yuTÆsaRsþedIm|Ineya:yerIbRmH RtUvEtKitKUrGMBIbJØaCaeRcIn EdlmanxøH

dUcxageRkamenH ÷

• karsMerccitþGMBIeKaledAc|aslassMrabyuTÆnakar nigplRbeyaCn¾

sMrab´karGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþcMbg .

• karKitKUrlMGitGMBImeZüa:y ßk*GavuZEpñkneya:y EdleKGac

eRbIR:sd*manRbsiTÆPaB edIm|IGnuvtþyuTÆsaRsþEdleKeRCIserIs .

enA~gEpnkarTUeTAsMrab´yuTÆnakarNamYy eKRtUvBinitüehIykMNt´

za etIyuTÆviZInigmeZüa:yNamYyEdleKKYreRbI edIm|Idak´sMJZ

nigbnæyRbPBGMNacrbbpþac´kar . eKRtUvcgcaMza karsMerc:n

nUveKalbMNgZM> KWCalTÆplénkarsRmaMg nigGnuvtþCMhantUc>

Cak´Esþg edayRbugRby&tñ .

• karsMerccitþza etIbJØaesdðkic©KYrEtP¢ab´eTAnwgkarts)Uneya:yCa

TUeTAEdrßeT ßk*P¢ab´tamEbbbTNa/ RbsinebIbJØaesdðkic©Caktþa

sMxan´enA~gkarts)U eKRtUvEtRbugRby&tñ~gkarGHGagzaeKGacedaH

RsaybJØaesdðkic©TaMgenaH:n eRkayBIrbbpþac´karrlM. RbsinebI

mindUecñaHeT karxkcitþnigkarminsb|aycitþ nwgekItmaneLIg

RbsinebIeKBuMmankaredaHRsayPøam> enAeBlEdleKqøgeTArksg<m

RbCaZibetyü . karxkcitþTaMgenHGacsMrYleGaymankarelceLIg

nUvkMlaMgpþac´karzµImYy EdlsnüazanwgkMcatbJØaesdðkic©enHeGay

:n .

• karsMercKitTukCamunGMBIRbePTénrcnasm¬&nÆdwknaM nigRbB&nÆTMnak´

TMng EdlmanRbsiTÆPaBCaTIbMputsMrab´epþImkarts)U . etIeKGaceRbI

- 73 - 73

R:smeZüa:yNa edIm|IeZVIkarsMerccitþnana nigkarTak´TgKña

ehIypþl´CakarENnaMdl´Gñkts)UTaMgLay nigRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTA

enAeBlEdleKkMBugts)U /

• karpSBVpSayB&t(manGMBIkarts)U eTAeGayRbCaBlrdð eTAkgkMlaMg

rbbpþac´kar ehIynigRbB&nÆB&t(manGnþrCati . r:ykarN¾ nig

karGHGagGVImYyKYrEtmanlk¡N;BitCak´EsþgCanic© . karniyay

bMepøIs nigkarGHGagedayKµanmUldðan nwgeZVIeGayCMen]eTAelIRkum

ts)UcuHexSay .

• EpnkarnanasMrabskmµPaBBRgwgkarTukcitþxøÜnÉg karGbrM esdðkic©

nigneya:y edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs´Rkumts)U enAeBltTl´

Kñamkdl´ . KMeragkarTaMgenHGacGnuvtþ edayGñkEdlBuMmankarJk´

B&nÆedaypÞal´CamYynwgskmµPaBTaMgLayénRkumts)U .

• karsMercGMBIRbePTCMnYybreTs EdleKRtUvkar~gkarKaMRTyuTÆnakar

NamYy ßk*karts)UrMedaHCaTUeTA . etIeKGacRbmUlCMnYyBIeRkAeGay

manRbsiTÆPaBxøaMg tamEbbNa ehIyeRbIR:stamEbbNa edIm|I

kuMeGaykarts)UépÞ~gBwgEpÁkeTAelIktþaBIeRkAEdlminc|aslas / eK

RtUvRbugRby&tñ zaetIRkumxageRkANamYyEdlGacCaCMnYyRtwmRtUv

c|as´las dUcCa Gg<kareRkArdðaPi:l ‘clnasg<m Rkumsasna

ßneya:y RkumshCIBCaedIm’ rdðaPi:lbreTsnana ßk*Gg<kar

shRbCaCati nigGg<PaBepSg>rbseK .

elIsBIenHeTAeT[t Gñker[bcMkarts)U RtUveGaymanviZankarrkSasNþab

Zñab´ nigbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarxagTMnakTMngsg<mrbs´kgkMlaMgxøÜn enAeBl

eZVIkarts)U tTl´nwgkarRtYtRtarbs´BYkpþac´kar . karenHminRKan´Etbeg,It

eGaymanrcnasm¬&nÆRbCaZibetyüÉkraCCaCMerIsepSg>eT[t nigbMeBjesckþI

RtUvkarEmnETneT KWnwgCYybnæytémøénkarGHGagNamYy Edlza eKRtUv

- 74 - 74

eZVIkarbRg,aby¨ageXareXA edIm|IkuMeGaymanPaBRcbUkRcbl nigsæankarN¾

Kµanc|ab´TMlab´ ‘EdlBYkpþac´karniymeRbI’ .

karpSBVpSayKMnitmineFVIshkar edIm|IeGay:nneya:yerIbRmHd*eCaKC&ymYyRbqaMgnwgGMeBIpþac´kar

karyl´c|as´rbs´RbCaBlrdðGMBIKMnitmineZVIshkar KWCakarsMxan . dUc

Edl:nbgØaj~ger]g²m©assVa³‘sUmGanCMBUkTI 3’ eKGacyl´GMBIeKal

KMnitenHy¨aggayRsYl ; RbsinebIeKmancMnYnGñkeRkambg<ab´RKbRKan´Edl

bdiesZ minRBmeZVIshkareGay:nyUr RbqaMgnwgkarCiHCan´ RbB&nÆpþac´kar

nwgRtUvcuHexSay ehIyTIbMputRtUvEtdYlrlM .

GñkEdlrs´enAeRkamrbbpþac´karRbEhlCa:ndwg»GMBIKMnitenH BI

RbPBepSg> . eTaHCay¨agNak*eday kMlaMgRbCaZibetyüKYrEter[bcM

pSBVpSay eZVIya¨gNaeGayRbCaBlrdðTTYlykeKalKMnitmineZVIshkar

enH . eKKYrEtpSBVpSayer]g²m©as´sVa³ ßk*er]gNaÉeT[tEdlmanlMnaMxøwm

sardUcKñaenH ~gcMeNamsg<mmnusS . eKGacgayyler]gniTanEbbenH .

enAeBlEdleKTTYl:nnUvKMnitminshkarCaTUeTAenHehIy RbCaBlrdðnwg

Gacyl´GMBIxøwmsarénkarGMJvnav suMeGayeKGnuvtþkarmineZVIshkarCamYy

nwgBYkpþac´kar . GñkTaMgenaHGacmanKMnitp©úgepþImCaRbePTepSg>énkarmin

eZVIshkar enA~gsæankarN¾zµI> .

zVIebIkarpSBVpSayKMnit B&t(man nigbJ¢akarepSg>sMrab´karts)U man

karlM:k enA~grbbpþac´kar Caer]y> GñkRbCaZibetyüGaceZVIkic©karTaMg

enH:n . sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbNasIu‘Nazi’ nigkumµúynIsþ BYkts)UenAEtman

lTÆPaBTak´Tg minRtwmEtKñaÉgÉeT[t>eT KWTak´TgTaMgRkumsaZarNCn

TUlMTUlay tamry;kare:HBum¬pSaykaEst xitb&NÑ es[vePA edaylYclak

- 75 - 75

ehIybunµanqñaMeRkayenH eKGacecjpSayCaExSGatsMelg nigrUbPaBEzm

eT[tpg .

edaysareK:neZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþTukCamunenaH eKGacer[bcM ehIy

pSBVpSaykarENnaMTUeTAd*manRbsiTÆPaB sMrabkarts)U . karENnaMTaMgenH

GacniyayGMBIbJØa nigsæanPaBnana EdlRbCaBlrdðKYreZVIkarRbqaMgnig

Qb´eZVIshkar ehIynigreb[beZVIskmµPaBTaMgenaH . dUecñH eTaHbICa

karTak´TgBIRkumGñkdwknaMRbCaZibetyü:nRtUveKkat´pþac´ ehIyeKBuMGac:n

TTYlkarENnaMc|aslasNamYyCabnþeT[tk*eday RbCaBlrdðnwg:ndwg

reb[bcatkarGMBIbJØasMxan´>rYceRsceTAehIy . karENnaMTaMgenHnwgman

bJ©ÚlpgEdr nUvreb[bBinitüemIl²karENnaMRkumts)U³EkøgkøayNamYy Edl

GacecjBImCÄdðanbUlis EdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Ibeg,ItCakarjúHjg´eGay

Rkumts)Utbtxus .

karb®gáabnigviFankarTb;Tl; Gñker[bcMyuTÆsaRsþRtUvviPaKemIlkareqøIytb nigkarCiHCan´EdlGac

ekItmaneLIg CaBiess kMrithigSaénrbbpþac´kareTAelIskmµPaBnanarbs´

Rkumts)URbCaZibetyü . CacaM:c´ eKRtUvsMercGMBIreb[bTb´Tl tbt ßk*

eC[svagkarbRg,abEdlkanEtxøaMg edaymincuHj¨m . eyageTAtamyuTÆviZI

sMrabkal;eTs;nImYy> eKRtUvecjesckþIRBmand*smrmüeTARbCaBlrdð nig

GñkrYmts)U GMBIGMeBIbRg,abbEnæmBIsMNak´BYkpþac´kar edIm|IeGayGñkTaMgenaH

dwgGMBIeRKaHzñak´énkarcUlrYm~gkarts)U . RbsinebIkarbRg,abmankMritxøaMg

køa eKKYrer[bcMeGaymanCMnYyeBTüenARbcaMkarsMrab´Gñkts)UEdlrgrbYs .

eday:nKitTukCamunGMBIkarbRg,ab GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvKitKUrGMBIkareRbI

yuTÆviZI nigmeZüa:ynana EdlGacCYyeGay:nsMercvtæúbMNgényuTÆnakar

- 76 - 76

ßk*karrMedaH EdlnwgeC[svagßk*mankarbRg,abd*ticCaTIbMput . óTahrN¾

kardEgØk|Ün:tukmµtampøÚvzñlRbqaMgnwgrbbpþackartwgrwug RbEhlCaeZVIeGay

mankarrMeCIbrMCYlcitþ buEnþGMeBIenH k*GacnaMmknUvkar:tbg´Civit:tukrrab

Jn´nak´Edr . eTaHCay¨agenHk*eday karxUcxaty¨agxøaMgrbs´BYk:tukr

~gkrNIenH RbEhlCaBuM:nbEnæmkarKabsg,t´bEnæm eTAelIrbbpþac´kar

CaCagkarenApÞH kareZVIkUdkmµ nigGMeBImineZVIshkarBIsMNak´mRnþIrdðkar

JseBjRsukenaHeT .

RbsinebIeKRtUvkareGaymanskmµPaBbg,ehtu EdlGacnaMeGayman

karxUcxatxøaMg enA~geKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþNamYyenaH eKRtUvEtKitKUr

eGay:nhµtctGMBIplvi:k nigplcMeNjBIskmµPaBenH . etIRbCaBlrdð

nigRkumGñkts)UnwgRbkanvin&y nig«riyabz GhigSaenA~gkarts)UEbbenH

:nEdrßeT / etIeKGacTbTlnwgkarbg,ehtueGaymanGMeBIhigSa:nEdrßeT /

Gñker[bcMRtUveZVIEpnkarGMBImeZüa:yEdleKGacGnuvtþ edIm|IrkSavin&yGhigSa

nigrkSakarts)U enAcMeJHmuxGMeBIeXareXA . etIeKGaccatviZankarnana

dUcCa karRbkassnüa esckþIEzøgkarN¾neya:y xitþb&NÑGMBIvin&y reb[b

dwknaM:tukmµ kareZVIBhikarBIsMNakmnusSnigRkumEdlKaMRThigSa :nEdr

ßeT / emdwknaMTaMgLayKYrEtcgcaMCanic©GMBIvtþmanén²BYkPñakgarbg,ehtu³

EdlmanebskkmµjúHjg´eGayBYk:tukreRbIGMeBIhigSa .

karRbkan;EpnkaryuT§saRsþeGayx¢ab; enAeBlEdleKmanEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþd*lÁrYcehIyenaH BYkkMlaMg

RbCaZibetyüBuMKYrEbkGarmµN¾ edaysarEtkarpøas´bþÚrbnþicbnþÜcrbs´BYk

pþac´karEdlGaceZVIeGayeKcg´gakerBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþsMrab´

yuTÆnakarBiessNamYyeT . kargakerenHnwgeZVIeGayeKepþatGarmµN¾ eTA

- 77 - 77

elIskmµPaBZM>énbJØaminsMxaneTAvij . eKminKYrbeNþayeGayTwkcitþ~g

eBlPøam>enaH ‘dUcCakarrMeCIbrMCYlcitþedaysarGMeBIeXareXAzµI>rbs´BYk

pþackar’ bEgVrGarmµN¾rbsRkumeGayXøatecjBIyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþ

yuTÆnakareT . GMeBIeXareXAEdlBYkpþac´karRbRBwtþeLIg RbEhlCaedIm|I

bg,ehtu eGaykMlaMgRbCaZibetyülHbg´ecalEpnkarEdleK:ner[bcM

d*lÁTukrYcmkehIy ehIyEbreTAeRbIGMeBIhigSa edIm|IeGayBYkpþac´kar:n

C&yCMnHkanEtgayRsYl . RbsinebIeKyl´zakarEvkEjkCamUldðanman

lk¡N;smrmüehIy muxgarrbsRkumKaMRTRbCaZibetyü KWcabGnuvtþBI

dMNak'karmYyeTAdMNak'karmYy . CakarBit karERbRbYlxagyuTÆviZI nig

eKalbMNgtUc> nwgGacekIteLIg ehIyGñkdwknaMBUEkEtgEteRt[mxøÜnCanic©

edIm|ITajykplRbeyaCn¾eTAtamkal;eTs; . eKminKYrylRcLMGMBIkarEk

éxTaMgenH CamYynwgeKalbMNgTaMgLayényuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigeKalbMNg

énvK<yuTÆnakarNamYy . karGnuvtþn¾edayRbugRby&tñnUvyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nig

yuTÆsaRsþnanasMrab´yuTÆnakarNamYyEdleK:nsRmaMg nwgCYyy¨agxøaMg

eGay:neCaKC&y .

- 78 - 78

- 79 - 79

CMBUkTI8

karGnuvtþn_neya)ayerIbRmH

enA~gsæankarN¾EdlRbCaBlrdð manGarmµN¾Gssg¹wm nigPitP&y

kic©kardMbUgsMrab´saZarNCnRtUvEtmanPaBeRKaHzñaktic ehIymanlk¡N;

BRgwgsµartI nigkarTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg . skmµPaBTaMgenH manCaGaT¥ karesø{k

Jk´xusEbøkBIZmµta EdlGaceGayeKdwgCasaZarN;GMBIeyabl´CMTas´Na

mYy ehIynigGacpþl´OkaseGaymhaCnÉeT[tcUlrYm ~gkarsMEdgmti

RbqaMgenHEdr . ~gkrNIÉeT[t> bJØaeRkABIneya:y Edlhak´dUcCa

tUctac ‘dUcCa karTamTareGaymanTwksÁatsMrab´eRbIR:s´’ GackøayeTACa

TisedAsMxanmYysMrabskmµPaBCaRkum . GñkyuTÆsaRsþKYrEteRCIserIsyk

bJØaNamYy EdlmnusSPaKeRcInTTYls<alza CabJØasMxan ehIyEdl

eKBuMGacbdiesZecal:n . eCaKC&yEdl:nmkBIkareZVIyuTÆnakarxøI>Ebb

enH minRtwmEtGacCYyedaHRsaykarminsb|aycitþ~gcMeNam GMBIbJØaTaMg

enaHeT buEnþGaceZVIeGayRbCaBlrdðeC]za eKGacmanGMNac .

yuTÆsaRsþPaKeRcInényuTÆnakarenA~gkarts)UeBlyUrGEgVg BuMKYr sMedA

eTArkkardYlrlMPøam>énrbbpþackareT buEnþKYrEtsMerceGay:neKalbMNg

tUc>eTAvij . ehIyralyuTÆnakarBuMcaM:c´tMrUveGaymankarcUlrYmBImCÄdðan

TaMgGs´énRbCaBlrdðenaHeLIy .

- 80 - 80

~gkarKitKUrGMBIyuTÆnakarCak'Esþg edIm|IGnuvtþyuTÆsaRsþcMbg Gñk

yuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHRtYvEtBicarNaza etIyuTÆnakar~gdMNak'kardMbUg

dMNak'karkNþal nigdMNak'karcugeRkayénkarts)Ud*Evgqáay manlk¡N;

xusKñaEbbNa .

karts‘UsRmaMg enA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts)U yuTÆnakarepSg>EdlmaneKalbMNg

Cak´Esþgxus>Kña Gacmansar;sMxanNas . yuTÆnakarsRmaMgTaMgenaHGac

ekItmaneLIgCabnþbnÞabKña . CYnkal yuTÆnakarBIrßbImanry;kalCanKña .

enA~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakaredIm|I²karts)UsRmaMg³ CacaM:c´ eKRtUv

bJ¢akGMBIbJØa ßk*karQWcab´NamYy EdlCanimitþrUbénkarCiHCan´CaTUeTA

rbs´rbbpþac´kar . bJØaTaMgenHGacCaTisedAd*lÁRbesIr edIm|IeZVIyuTÆnakar

eGay:nsMerceKalbMNgtUc> ényuTÆsaRsþcMbgTaMgmUl .

karsMerc:nnUveKalbMNgyuTÆsaRsþtUc>TaMgenH RtUvBwgEpÁkeTAelI

smtæPaBbc©úb|nñ ßk*GnaKténkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü . karenHnwgCYyeGay

maneCaKC&ymYycMnYn EdlCakarelIkTwkcitþ nigCYyeGaymankarbEgVr

GMNacbnþicmþg>eTARkumts)U ~gry;eBlyUr .

yuTÆsaRsþts)UsRmaMgTaMgLayKYrEtepþateTAelIbJØasg<mkic© esdðkic©

ßneya:yNamYyd*c|aslas´ . eKGaceRCIserIsbJØaTaMgenHCaeKal

~gyuTÆsaRsþsRmaMg edIm|ICMrujEpñkxøHénRbB&nÆsg<mnigneya:y eGayput

BIkarRKbRKgrbs´empþac´kar edIm|ITajykmkvijnUvkarRKbRKgEpñkxøH Edl

bc©úb|nñenH sæitenA~gkNþab´édempþac´kar ßk*eZVImineGayempþac´kar:n

eCaKC&ytameKalbMNgNamYy . RbsinebIeKGaceZVIeTA:n yuTÆnakar

énkarts)UsRmaMg KYrEtvayRbhareGaycMcMNucexSaymYyßeRcInrbs´rbb

- 81 - 81

pþackar dUcEdl:nEvkEjkBImunrYcehIy . dUecñH BYkRbCaZibetyüGacbeg,It

eGaymanGanuPaBy¨agxøaMgbMput CamYynwgsmtæPaB kMlaMgEdleKman .

BIedImdMbUgPøam> BYkGñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEter[bcMEpnkareGay:n y¨ag

ehacNas´ yuTÆsaRsþsMrab´yuTÆnakarelIkTImYy . etIeKalbMNgtUc>

rbs´eKmanGVIxøH / etIeKalbMNgtUc>TaMgenaHGacCYysMercyuTÆsaRsþcMbg

EdleK:ner[bcMrYcehIytamEbbbTNa / RbsinebIGaceZVIeTA:n eKKYr

er[bcM y¨agehacNas eGaymanTMrg´TUeTAényuTÆsaRsþTaMgLaysMrab´

yuTÆnakarelIkTIBIr ehIyRbEhlCaelIkTIbIpgEdr . yuTÆsaRsþTaMgGs

nwgRtUvCaEpñkmYyénkarGnuvtþn¾yuTÆsaRsþcMbgEdleK:neRCIserIs ehIyGnuvtþ

eTAtamkarENnaMCaTUeTA .

kartTl;CanimitþrUb enAeBleKepþImyuTÆnakarzµI edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþackarTnexSay skmµPaB

neya:yelIkTImYyRbEhlCamanTMhMtUc . eKKYrer[bcMskmµPaBTaMgenH

edIm|Il|gemIlstiGarmµN¾rbs´RbCaBlrdð ehIyer[bcMGñkTaMgenaHsMrab´

karts)U EdlecHEtman tamry;karmineZVIshkar nigneya:yerIbRmH .

skmµPaBdMbUgRbEhlmanRTgRTayCakarRbqaMgCanimitþrUb ßmYy

k*RbEhlCaskmµPaBCanimitþrUbénkarmineZVIshkar~gry;eBlxøI . Rbsin

ebIcMnYnmnusS EdlcUlrYm~gskmµPaBenH mantictYc skmµPaBelIkdMbUg

enH Gacmanlk¡N;samJ¦ dUcCakaryk:c'p,aeTAdak´kEnøgnimitþmYyEdl

mansar;sMxan . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIcMnYnmnusSEdlcUlrYm~gskmµPaB

mancMnYneRcIn eKGacmUlmat'KñapÁakGVI>EdleKkMBugeZVIcMnYn5naTI ßk*sæit

enA~gkaresá{msáat'cMnYnbunµannaTI . enA~gsæankarN¾epSgeT[t mnusS

mYycMnYnGaceZVIkUdkmµGt´Gahar karRbmUlpþúMKñasµwgsµaZ¥sURtZm(enATIkEnøg

- 82 - 82

Edlmansar;sMxan BYknisSiteZVIBhikarmincUlzñakry;eBlxøImYy ßk*karcUl

eTAGg<úyRbqaMg~gkariyal&ysMxan´NamYy mYyry;eBl . enAeRkamrbb

pþac´kar skmµPaBNaxøaMgCagenHRbEhlCaTTYlkarbRg,aby¨agxøaMgkøa .

GMeBICanimitþrUbmYycMnYneT[t dUcCa karcUleTAkan´kab´enAmuxviman

empþac´kar ßk*TIcat´karrbs´bUlisRbEhlCamaneRKaHzñak´xøaMg dUecñHehIy

eKminKYrGnuvtþEbbenH sMrab´epþImyuTÆnakardMbUgeLIy . skmµPaBRbqaMg

CanimitþrUbenAeBledImdMbUg Caer]y> EtgTak´TajeGaymankarcab´GarmµN¾

BImCÄdðanCati ßGnþrCati dUcCakareZVI:tukmµZMenAtampøÚvZM> enARbeTsPUma

~gqñaM1988 ßk*karcUlkan´kab´ nigkUdkmµGt´Gaharrbs´BYknisSitenATIZøa

eZ[Namin ‘Tiananmen Square’ enATIRkugebkaMg qñaM1989 . karxUcxat

y¨agdMNM~gcMeNamBYk:tukr~gkrNITaMgBIrenH :ncgÁúlbgØajGMBIkar

RbugRby&tñ EdlBYkeZVIyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtman~gkarer[bcMyuTÆnakar . zVIebIeK

eXIjmanGanuPaBxagsIlZm( nigcitþsaRsþy¨agxøaMgkøay¨agNak*eday

skmµPaBEtÉkÉgEtmþgEbbenH minGacrMlMrbbpþac´kar:neT BIeRJHGMeBI

enH enAEtmanlk¡N;CanimitþrUbenAeLIy ehIyBuMGacEkERbGMNacrbb

pþac´kar:neT .

CaZmµta eKBuMGackat´pþac´RbPBGMNacrbs´empþac´kar:nTaMgGs´

ehIyy¨agqab´rh&s enA~gvK<dMbUgénkarts)UenaHeLIy . karenHtMrUveGay

RbCaBlrdðesÞIrEtTaMgGs ehIynigsæab&nTaMgLayénsg<mmnusS EdlBI

munmkZøab´Etsþab´bg<ab´ eGaybdiesZecalrbbpþac´karTaMgRsug ehIy

RbqaMgtTl´Pøam> tamry;karminshkary¨agdacxat . eKBuMTan´eXIjman

ehtukarN¾EbbenHekIteLIgeT ehIyKWCakarEdleKGac:neCaKC&y eday

lM:kCaTIbMput . dUecñH ~gkrNICaeRcInÉeT[t yuTÆnakarneya:yerIbRmH

minshkary"agqab'rh&smYy KWCayuTÆsaRsþEdlxVHkarBitCak´Esþg sMrab´

ebIkyuTÆnakarRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´kar .

- 83 - 83

karEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUv enA~gyuTÆnakarts)URbqaMg Caer]y> bnÞúkénkarts)UZøak´eTAelIEpñk

mYy ßk*eRcInénRbCaBlrdð . ~gyuTÆnakarbnþbnÞab´EdlmaneKalbMNg

epSg> bnÞúkénkarts)URtUvepÞreTARkumRbCaBlrdðNamYy . óTahrN¾ BYk

nisSitGaceZVIkUdkmµGMBIbJØaGb´rMÇ GñkdwknaMnigGñkmanCMen]sasna Gacepþat

eTAelIesrIPaBxagCMen]Ç GñkeZVIkarenAsæanIyrzePIøgGacRbqaMg tamkareKarB

bTbJ¢anirP&yy¨agmZü&txøaMgeBkeTA rhUtTal´EtRbB&nÆrzePIøgmandMeNIrkar

yWty¨avÇ BYkGñkkaEstRbEhlCaGactTl´nwgkarRtYtBinitütwgEtg tam

karTukRbeLaHcMhecalelITMB&rkaEst EdlCaZmµta eKe:HBum¬GtæbTEdl

rbbpþackarhamXatÇ ßmYyk*PñakgarbUlisecHEtrkcabmin:nsmaCikRkum

ts)URbCaZibetyüNamñak' Edlempþac´karcg´cab´xøÜn . yuTÆnakarts)UbNþak´

eTAtambJØa nigRkumRbCaBlrdð nwgGnuJ¦ateGaymCÄdðanRbCaBlrdðxøH

manOkassMrak enAeBlEdlkarts)UecHEtbnþeTAmux .

karts)UsRmaMgmansar;sMxan´CaBiess edIm|IkarJr vtþman nig

PaBsVy&ténsæab&nnigRkumsg<mkic© esdðkic© nigneya:yEdlÉkraC ehIy

EdlsæitenAeRkAkarRtYtRtarbs´rbbpþac´kar dUcEdleyIg:nBieRKaHBImunrYc

ehIy . mCÄmNÐlGMNacTaMgenHpþl´nUvmUldðanEdlRbCaBlrdðGaceRbI

R:s dak´sMJZ ßk*CYyTb´TlnwgkarRtYtRtapþac´kar . ~gkarts)UenH

RkumTaMgenHRbEhlCa sæitenA~gcMeNameKaledATImYysMrab´vayRbhar

rbs´rbbpþac´kar .

- 84 - 84

kartMrg;eTArkGMNacBYkpþac;kar enAeBlEdlkarts)UeBlEvgqáaymandMeNIrkarputBIdMNak'kardMbUg

cUleTAdldMNak'karbnÞab GñkyuTÆsaRsþRtUvEtviPaKemIl zaetIeKGacbnæy

RbPBGMNacrbs´empþac´karRtg´NaeT[t . eKalbMNgenaH KWkareRbI

meZüa:ymineZVIshkarrbs´RbCaBlrdð eTAbeg,IteGaymansæankarN¾

yuTÆsaRsþ ²cMeNj³ sMrab´kMlaMgRbCaZibetyü .

enAeBlEdlRkumts)URbCaZibetyüekInkMlaMgkanEtxøaMgeLIg Gñk

yuTÆsaRsþnwger[bcMeGaymankarminshkar nigkarerIbRmHkan´EtxøaMgeLIg

edIm|Ikat´pþac´RbPBGMNacrbbpþac´kar CamYynwgbMNgeZVIeGaymankarraMg

sÞHneya:y ehIyenATIbJ©b´ rbbpþac´karnwgrlayedayÉg .

eKRtUver[bcMedayRbugRby&tñGMBIEbbbT EdlkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü

eRbI ~gkareZVIeGaycuHexSaykarKaMRT EdlRbCaBlrdðnigRkumnanaZøab´pþl´

eTAeGayrbbpþac´kar . etIkarKaMRTTaMgenH nwgcuHexSaytamkarebIkeGay

eKeXIjnUvGMeBIeXareXArbsrbbenHÇ tamry;karbgØajeGayeKeXIjnUv

plvi:kesdðkic©d*mhnþrayénneya:yBYkempþackarÇ ßk*tamry;karyl

eXIjzµImYyzarbbpþac´karnwgRtUvbJ©b / y¨agehacNas´ eKRtUvBnül

ENnaMy¨agNa eGayGñkKaMRTempþac´kar køayeTACaBYkGBüaRkwtenA~gral

skmµPaBrbseK ßRbesIrCagenHeTAeT[t køayeTACaGñkKaMRTy¨agskmµén

clnaedIm|IRbCaZibetyü .

enAeBleKer[bcMEpnkar nigGnuvtþneya:yerIbRmH nigminshkar

CakarcaM:c´bMput eKRtUvykcitþTukdak´eTAelIGñkKaMRT nigGñkCMnYykar

sMxan>rbs´BYkpþac´kar EdlmanCaGaT¥ BYkGñkCMnit KNbkSneya:y

bUlis ehIynigmRnþIrdð:l CaBiess BYkeyaZa .

eKRtUvBinitüemIlGMBIkMriténkaresµaHRtg´rbs´BYkeyaZa TaMgkUnnig

- 85 - 85

nayTahan eTAelIrbbpþac´kareGay:nc|as´las´ ehIysMerczaetIBYk

eyaZamancMhßcMNucexSayenARtg´Na EdlGanuPaBkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü

cUlRCYtRCab:n . etIkUnTahanCaeRcInminsb|aycitþ edaysareKcab

bg¡MxøÜneGaycUleZVITahanEmnEdrßeT / etIkUnTahan nigemTahanTaMg

enaHGacdkxøÜnecjBIrbbpþac´kar edaysarehtuplpÞal´xøÜn RKYsar nig

neya:y EmnEdrßeT / etIktþaNaxøHEdlGaceZVIeGaykUnTahan nigem

TahanTaMgenaH cuHexSay enAcMeJHmuxkareRC[tERCkrbsBYkRbCaZibetyü .

enA~gdMNakkardMbUgénkarts)UrMedaH eKKYrEter[bcMeGaymanyuTÆsaRsþ

BiessmYy edIm|ITak´TgCamYyBYkTahan nigrdð:lrbs´empþac´kar . tam

ry;kareRbIJkü rUbPaBCanimitþrUb nigskmµPaBnana kMlaMgRbCaZibetyü

GaceGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHdwgza karts)UrMedaHnwgmansPaBsVahab bþÚrpþac

nigmanH . eKKYreGayBYkTahanTaMgenaHyl´za karts)Umanlk¡N;Biess

EdleKtak´EtgeLIg edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþac´karexSay minEmnedIm|IKMramkMEhg

dl´CIvitGñkTaMgenaHeT . karxitxMxñHExñgTaMgenH maneKalbMNgeZVIeGay

BYkTahanrbs´empþac´karZøak´Twkcitþ ehIyenATIbMput dkkaresµaHRtg´nigkar

eKarBtambJ¢a ehIyEbrmkKaMRTclnaRbCaZibetyüvij . eKGacer[bcM

CayuTÆsaRsþRbhakRbEhlKñaenHEdr sMrabRkumbUlis nigmRnþIrdð:l .

b¨uEnþeKminKYrbkRsayza karl|gTakTajrksmancitþ ehIyTI

bMput karmineZVItambJ¢a~gcMeNamkgkMlaMgBYkpþac´kar CakarelIkTwkcitþ

eGayBYkeyaZabJ©b´rbbpþac´kar eGayqabrh&stamviZankareyaZaenaH

eT . kareZVIEbbenH RbEhlCaBuMGacCYyeGaymanRbCaZibetyüBitR:kd

:neLIy edaysar dUcEdleyIg:nBicarNarYcehIy kareZVIrdðRbharman

lTÆPaBticNas´ ~gkareZVIeGaymantulüPaBGMNac rvagRkumRbCaBlrdð

nigGñkkanGMNac . dUecñHehIy CakarcaM:c´ eKRtUveZVIEpnkarGMBIreb[b

Tak´TajeGaynayTahanEdlmansmancitþ ylza eKminRtUvkarrdðRbhar

- 86 - 86

ßk*sRg<amsIuvilRbqaMgnwgrbbpþac´karenaHeLIy .

nayTahanEdlmansmancitþ GacedIrtYy¨agsMxan ~gkarts)U

RbCaZibetyü dUcCakarlatRtdagkarxkcitþ nigkarminshkar~grgVg

eyaZa karelIkTwkcitþeGayeZVIkargarKµanRbsiTÆPaBedayectna ehIynig

karmineZVItambJ¢aBIelIy¨agesá{msáat ehIynigKaMRTkarbdiesZminecj

bRg,abBYkts)U . buK<likeyaZa RbEhlCaGacpþlCMnYyGhigSaxøHeTABYk

RbCaZibetyü manCaGaT¥ ebIkRckeGayeKrt´eKcxøÜnedaysuvtæiPaB pþl'

B&t(mansMgat es|{gGahar zñaMeBTü CaedIm .

eyaZaKWCaRbPBGMNacy¨agsMxan´mYysMrab´BYkpþac´kar BIeRJHBYk

enHGaceRbIkgeyaZa Edlmanvin&ynigeRK]gsJVvuZ eTAvayRbhar dakTNÐkmµ

eTAelIRbCaBlrdð EdlmineZVItambJ¢aeK . GñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmH

KYrcgcaMza karbMEbkrbbpþac´kar KWCakarlM:kNas ßk*eZVIminekIt Rbsin

ebIBYkbUlis mRnþIrdð:l nigeyaZaenAEtKaMRTrbbpþac´kareBjTMhwg ehIy

eZVItambJ¢aBYkenH . dUecñH yuTÆsaRsþsMrabeZVIviTÆgSna bMEbkkaresµaHRtg´

rbs´kMlaMgBYkpþac´kar RtUvmanGaTiPaBy¨agx¬s´ sMrab´GñkyuTÆsaRsþ

RbCaZibetyü .

kMlaMgRbCaZibetyüKYrcgcaMza karminsb|aycitþ nigkarmineKarB

tambJ¢a ~gcMeNameyaZanigbUlis KWCaeRKaHzñak´sMrabsmaCikénRkum

TaMgenaH . BYkTahannigb¨Ulisdwgza karmineZVItambJ¢aem nigkarbHe:r

~gCYr nwgTTYleTasCaTMgn´ . kMlaMgRbCaZibetyüminKYrsuMeGayBYkTahan

nignayTahanbHe:rPøam>eT . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIeKmanExSry;TakTg

eKKYrBnüleGayGñkTaMgenaHylc|asza manEbbbTeRcInNas sMrablak

bM:MgkarmineZVItambJ¢a EdleKGaccab´GnuvtþCaelIkdMbUg . óTahrN¾

BYkbUlis nigTahanGaceZVItambJ¢aeTAbRg,abBYkts)UedayKµanRbsiTÆPaBÇ

eKrkBuMeXIjGñkEdlempþac´karcg´cabxøÜnÇ eKGacRBmanGñkts)UeGaydwgCa

- 87 - 87

munGMBIKMeragkarbRg,abNamYy karcabxøÜn ßk*karnireTsNamYyÇ ehIynig

minpþl´B&t(mansMxan´>eTAeGayembJ¢akar . nayTahanEdlminsb|ay

citþ GaceZVICaePøc minbJ©ÚnbnþeTAeRkam bJ¢akarsMrab´karbRg,abNamYy .

BYkTahanGac:j'kaMePøIgeGayputk|alBYk:tukr . Rbhak'RbEhlKñaenH

Edr mRnþIrdð:lGac:t'sMNMuer]g nigJkübJ¢aepSg> eZVIkaredayKµan

RbsiTÆPaB nigeZVICamanCMgWRtUvsMrakenApÞHrhUtdl'eBlCasHes|Iy .

karERbRbYlyuT§saRsþ GñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:yerIbRmHniwgRtUvBinitüvaytMélCanic© eTAelI

dMeNIrkarniglTÆplyuTÆsaRsþcMbg nigyuTÆsaRsþényuTÆnakarTaMgLay .

karts)UGacmandMeNIrkarminlÁRbesIr xusGVIEdleK:neRKagTuk . kñúgkrNI

EbbenH eKRtUvBinitüemIlkarERbRbYlkñúgyuTÆsaRsþEbbNaEdleKRtUvkar .

etIeKGaceZVIGVIxøH edIm|IBRgwgkMlaMgts)U ehIycab'ykkarts)UEdlmaneRb[b

eLIgvij / ~gsæanPaBEbbenH eKRtUvEtrkemIlbJØaeGayeXIj ehIyviPaK

tamyuTÆsaRsþmþgeT[t . eKRbEhlCaRtUvepÞrkarTTYlxusRtUveTARkumepSg

RbmUlpþMúRbPBGMNacbEnæm ehIyniger[bcMeGaymanskmµPaBCaCMerIszµI .

enAeBlEdleKeZVIkic©karTaMgenHrYcral'ehIy eKKYrGnuvtþEpnkarzµIenaHPøam .

pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIdMeNIrkarts)UenHmanPaBlÁRbesIrCagGVIEdl

eK:neRKagTuk ehIyrbbpþac'karkMBugEtreg<aHreg<I muneBlevlaEdleK

:nkMNt' etIkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacTajykplRbeyaCn¾Edl:nelIs

BIkareRKagTukenaH eTAeRbIR:s'EbbNa edIm|IeZVIeGayrbbpþac'karKaMgElg

mandMeNIrkarEtmþg / eyIgnwgBinitüviPaKsMnYrenHenA~gCMBUkCabnþxagmux .

- 88 - 88

- 89 - 89

CMBUkTI9

karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar

«TiÆBléneCaKC&yCabnþbnÞab´ényuTÆnakarGhigSaEdleK:nGnuvtþ

y¨aghµt´ct nwgBRgwgkarts)U ehIyer[bcMBRgIkEpñkTaMgLayénsg<m Edl

rbbpþac'karBMuGacRKb'RKg:n . yuTÆnakarTaMgenaHnwgpþl'Edr nUvbT

BiesaZn¾sMxan'> GMBIreb[bbdiesZmineZVIshkar ehIynigreb[beZVIneya:y

erIbRmH . bTBiesaZn¾enHnwgCaCMnYykary"agRbesIr enAeBlEdlkarerIbRmH

mineZVIshkar raldalkan'EtZMeLIg> .

dUcEdleyIg:nBieRKaH~gCMBUkTI3 kareZVItambg<ab' shRbtibtþikar

nigkarcuHj"m CaktþasMxan' sMrab'eZVIeGayBYkpþac'karmanGMNac . RbsinebI

KµankarJkB&nÆnwgRbPBGMNacTaMgenaHeT GMNacBYkpþac'karnwgcuHexSay

ehIyenATIbMputnwgRtUvrlay . dUecñHkardkykkarKaMRTTaMgenaHecj KWCa

skmµPaBcMbg edIm|IbMEbkrbbpþac'kar . eyIgKYrEtBinitüeLIgvij GMBIEbb

bTneya:yerIbRmHEdlGacmanGanuPaBeTAelIRbPBGMNacTaMgenaH .

skmµPaBTaMgLayEdlCanimitþrUbénkarerIbRmHnigkarbdiesZ KWCa

meZüa:ymYycMnYn~gcMeNammeZüa:yCaeRcIn sMrab´eZVIeGayexSaynUv

GMNacGaC\aZrxagneya:y nigPaBsmrmü EdlCaPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab'

rbs'rbbpþac'kar . enAeBlEdlGMNacrbbenHkan'EtxøaMg rbbenHk*nwg

- 90 - 90

:nTTYlkareZVItambJ¢a nigshkarkan'EtxøaMgEdr . eKRtUvbeJ©jkarmin

sb|aycitþ tamkareZVIskmµPaBd*c|as'las' edIm|IKMramkMEhgrbbpþac'kar

enH . eKRtUvdkykecjnUvshkarnigkareZVItambJ¢a edIm|Ikat'pþac'RbPB

epSg>ÉeT[ténGMNacrbbpþac'kar .

RbPBGMNacsMxan'TI2 KWRbPBZnZanmnusS - cMnYn nigKuNsm|tþi

énmnusSnigRkumTaMgLay Edlsþab'tambJ¢a eZVIshkarCamYy ßk*CYyGñk

RKb'RKgrdð . RbsinebImYyPaKZMénRbCaBlrdðminRBmeZVIshkar rbbenH

nwgmanbJØaZM . óTahrN¾ ; RbsinebImRnþIrdðkarElgeZVIkareGayman

RbsiTÆPaBdUcmun ßk*eKcenApÞH sæab&nrdð:lnwgTTYlkarb"HJl´CaxøaMg .

Rbhak'RbEhlKñaenHEdr RbsinebImnusS nigRkumEdlmineZVIshkar

manrYmbJ©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlZøab''BImunpþl´dl´rbbpþac´karnUvcMeNHdwg nig

CMnajkar empþac'karnwgeXIjza lTÆPaBeK~gkareZVIGVIeRscEtcMNg'citþ

nwgRtUvcuHzyexSayCaxøaMg . sUm|IEtlTÆPaBeKsMrab'eZVIkarsMerccitþeGay

:nRsYl niger[bcMEpnkareGaymanRbsiTÆPaB RbEhlCaRtUvcuHGn'Edr .

RbsinebIGanuPaBpøÚvcitþnigmenaKmn¾viC¢a EdleKehAzaktþaGrUbIy¾

EdlCaZmµtaCMrujeGayeKeZVItambJ¢anigCYyBYkpþac'kar RtUveKeZVIeGaycuH

exSay ßk*Gs'Etmþg RbCaBlrdðc|as'CanaMKñaElgeKarB ehIyQb'eZVI

shkar .

karEdlBYkpþac'karmanZnZansMPar; k*CakarJkB&nÆedaypÞal'eTA

GMNacrbs'eKEdr . RbsinebIkarRKb'RKgZnZanhirJ¦vtæú RbB&nÆesdðkic©

dIZøI ZnZanZmµCati kardwkCJ¢Ún nigmeZüa:yTak'TgepSg> sæitenA~g

kNþab'édGñkts)U RbPBGMNacd*sMxan'mYyenHrbs'BYkpþac´kar nwgcuHexSay

ßk*:t'bg' . kUdkmµ Bhikar nigkarekIneLIgénPaBsVy&t~gesdðkic©

TMnak'TMngnwgkardwkCJ¢Ún nwgeZVIeGayrbbenHTn'exSay .

dUcEdl:nBieRKaHBImunrYcehIy lTÆPaBBYkpþac´kar~gkarKMram

- 91 - 91

kMEhgdakTNÐkmµ eTAelIRkumRbCaBlrdðEdlminshkar mineZVItambJ¢a

KWCaRbPBcMbgénGMNacBYkpþac´kar . eKGaceZVIeGayRbPBGMNacenHTn

exSay:ntamreb[bBIry¨ag . TImYy RbsinebIRbCaBlrdð:ner[bcMxøÜnrYc

ehIy dUcEdl~gkrNIsRg<am edIm|ITTYlykplvi:kZán´ZárénkarerIbRmH

RbsiTÆPaBénkareZVITuk¡TaruNkmµ nwgcuHexSayxøaMg ‘KWza karbRg,abrbs´BYk

pþac´kar nwgBuM:nsMerc TTYl:nnUvkarcuHj¨meLIy’ . TIBIr RbsinebIkg

kMlaMgbUlisnigTahanminsb|aycitþ eKRbEhlCa tamkarpþúMKñaßk*mñak´>

GaceC[svag ßbdiesZminTTYlbJ¢aeTAcab´xøÜn eTAeZVI:b ßk*eTA:j´BYk

ts)U . RbsinebIBYkpþackarElgBwgEpÁk:neTAelIkgkMlaMgbUlis nigTahan

~gkarbRg,abmhaCn rbbpþac´karenHnwgTTYlkarKMramkMEhgy¨agxøaMg .

Caseg¡b eCaKC&yeTAelIrbbpþac´kar EdlmanmUldðanmaMTaM tMrUv

eGaymankarminshkar nigerIbRmH edIm|Ibnæynigdkecj nUvRbPBGMNac

rbs´rbbenH . RbsinebIKµankarBRgIkBRgwgeTAelIRbPBsMxan´>énGMNac

eTenaH rbbpþac´karnwgcuHexSay ehIyenATIbJ©b´ nwgEbkrlay . dUecñH

karer[bcMEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþsMrabneya:yerIbRmHd*manRbsiTÆPaB RbqaMgnwg

rbbpþackar tMrUveGaymankarepþateTAelIRbPBGMNacd*sMxanénBYkpþackar .

karBRgIkesrIPaB CamYynwgneya:yerIbRmH ~gdMNak'karts)UedaysRmaMg karekIn

eLIgénsæab&nsVy&txagsg<mkic© esdðkic© vb|Zm( nigneya:y nwgBRgIk

bnþicmþg> nUv²TIvalRbCaZibetyü³rbssg<m ehIynwgeZVIeGaykarRKb´RKg

rbs´rbbpþac´karrYjtUc . enAeBlEdlsæab&nsg<msIuvilkanEtmankMlaMg

xøaMgeLIg eTaHbICaBYkpþac´karmanbMNgEbbNak*eday RbCaBlrdðnwgecH

EtksagbEnæmnUvGg<karsg<mÉkraC EdlsæitenAeRkAkarRKbRKgrbs´rbb

- 92 - 92

pþackar . enAeBlEdlrbbpþackareZVIGnþraKmn¾ edIm|IpÁak²karBRgIkesrIPaB³

enH eKGacGnuvtþkarts)UGhigSa edIm|IkarJrTIvalzµIEdleKeTIbTTYl:n

ehIyrbbpþac´karnwgRbQmmuxeTAnwgrNsirSmYyeT[ténkarts)U .

TIbMput karrYmbJ¢ÚlKñarvagkarRbqaMgnigkarksagsæab&nsg<m Gac

naMeGaymanesrIPaBCabeNþaHGanñ naMeTArkkardYlrlMénrbbpþac´kar ehIy

nigkarcattaMgCapøÚvkareGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü . eKminGacbdiesZ

karvivtþn¾EbbenH:n BIeRJHtulüPaBGMNacenA~gsg<menH :nERbRbYl

y¨agxøaMgNaseTAehIy .

RbeTsbULÚjenATsvtS1970nig1980 :npþlCaóTahrN¾y¨ag

c|as´GMBIkarTamTarbnþicmþg>rbs´BYkts)U yktYnaTI nigsæab&nrbssg<m .

RBHviharkatUlik:nTTYlkartameZVI:b buEnþBuMEdlsæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKg

eBjeljrbs´BYkkumµúynIsþeT . enA~gqñaM1976 BYkbJ¦v&nþ nigkmµkr:n

rYmKñabeg,ItCaRkumtUc> dUcCa KN;kmµkarkarJrkmµkr edIm|IKaMRT nig

CMrujKMnitneya:yrbs´eK . karbeg,IteGaymanshCIBkmµkreQµaHza

²sUlIdarIZI³ ‘Solidarity [samK<I]’ edIm|IeZVIkUdkmµeGaymanRbsiTÆPaB :nbg¡M

eGayGaC\aZrTTYls<altampøÚvc|abenA~gqñaM1980 . BYkksikr nisSit

nigRkumÉeT[tCaeRcInk*:ner[bcMbeg,ItCaGg<karÉkraCrbs´eKEdr . enAeBl

EdlBYkkumµúynIsþdwgza RkumTaMgenH:nEkERbGMNacCakEsþg Gg<kar²samK<I³

k*:nRtUveKhamXat´lubecj ehIyBYkkumµúynIsþk*eRbIreb[bRKbRKgtam

c|abeyaZa .

sUm|IEtenAeRkamrbbc|ab´GaC\aswk Edlmankarcab´dak´Kuk nig

kartameZVI:by¨agxøaMg sæab&nÉkraCzµI>~gsg<menAEtmandMeNIrkareTAmux .

óTahrN¾ kaEst nigTsSnavdþIlYclak´rab´LÚ enAEtecjpSBVpSay .

eragBum¬xusc|ab´e:HBum¬es[vePArab´ryk|al ~gmYyqñaM> enAeBlEdlGñk

niBnÆl|Il|aj eZVIBhikar minsresreGaykareXasnarbs´BYkkumµúynIsþ nig

- 93 - 93

eragBum¬rdð . skmµPaBRbhakRbEhlKñaenH k*:nekItmaneLIg~gEpñk

ÉeT[ténsg<mEdr .

enAeRkamrbbeyaZarbs´elak qarUsils<I‘Jaruselski’ rdðaPi:l

eyaZakumµúynIsþ ~gdMNak´karmYy :nRtUveKcatTukza Gachkelat:n

RtwmEtEpñkxagelIénsg<mb"ueNÑaH . mRnþIrdðkarenAkan´kabGKarkariyal&y

rdðaPi:l . rbbenHGacCiHCan´sg<m:n tamry;kardak´TNÐkmµ karcab´

xøÜnGñkRbqaMg kardak´Kuk karrwbGUsykma¨sIune:HBum¬ nigskmµPaBCiHCan´

ÉeT[t> . buEnþrbbpþac´karenHenAEtBuMGacRtYtRtasg<m:n . taMgBIeBl

enaHmk eKrgcaMEteBlevla Edlsg<mGacrMlMrbbenaHTaMgRsug .

sUm|IEtenAeBlrbbpþac´karkan´kab´tMENgrdðaPi:lTaMgLay CYn

kal eKGacer[bcMeGaymanrdðaPi:l²TnÞwm³RbCaZibetyü . rdðaPi:l

TnÞwmenHnwgmandMeNIrkarkan´EtxøaMgeLIg CardðaPi:lRbkYt Edl:nTTYl

karesµaHRtg´ kareKarB nigshkarBIsMNak´RbCaBlrdðnigsæab&nsg<m .

bnÞabmk rbbpþac´karnwg:t´bg´lk¡N;CardðaPi:lkan´EteRcIneLIg> .

enATIbMput rdðaPi:lTnÞwmRbCaZibetyü RbEhlCaGaccUlCMnYsrbb

pþac´kareBjelj EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarEkERbeTArkRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü .

dMeNIrkarCabnþeT[tenaH KWeKnwgGnum&tykrdðZmµnuJ¦mYy ehIyer[bcMeGay

mankare:Heqñat EdlCadMNak´karmYyeT[t ~gGnþrkalenH .

karbMEbkrbbpþac;kar enAeBlEdlsæab&nsg<mkMBugEtEkERb clnaerIbRmHnigminshkar

GacmankMritkan´EtxøaMgeLIg . GñkyuTÆsaRsþRbCaZibetyüKYrEtKitTukeGay

ehIyza eKnwgeTAdl´eBlevlaEdlkMlaMgRbCaZibetyüGacmandMeNIrkar

hYsBIkarts)UedaysRmaMg ehIyeKGacepþImeGaymankarerIbRmHBIsMNak

- 94 - 94

mhaCn . ~gkrNICaeRcInelIslub eKRtUvkareBlevla edIm|Ibeg,Itnig

BRgIkBRgwgsmtæPaBRkumts)U ehIykarrIkraldalénkarerIbRmHmhaCn Gac

ekItmaneLIg luHRtaNaEteKxitxMrabqñaM . enA~gGnþrkalenH eKKYrEtepþIm

yuTÆnakarsMrabkarts)UsRmaMg edaymaneKalbMNgneya:ykanEtsMxan>

eLIg . eBlenH RkumRbCaBlrdðkanEteRcIneLIg enA~gRKb´RsTab´én

sg<m KYrEtcUlrYmcMENk . enAeBlEdleKbeg,InskmµPaBEbbenH CamYy

nwgkartaMgcitþd*mWugm¨at´ nigvin&y~gneya:yerIbRmH cMNucexSayépÞ~g

rbs´rbbpþac´karnwgecjrUbragkan´Etc|as´eLIg .

~geBlmYy karrYmbJ©ÚlKñarvagneya:yerIbRmHd*xøaMgkøa nig

karksagsæab&nÉkraC nwgTak´TajeGaymankarykcitþTukdak BIsMNak

GnþrCatiEdlKaMRTkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü . karenHRbEhlCaeZVIeGayman

karez,aleTas Bhikar nigkarpþac´skmµPaBGVImYyBIsMNak´GnþrCati edIm|I

KaMRTkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü ‘dUcCa~gkrNIRbeTsbULÚj’ .

GñkyuTÆsaRsþKYrEtdwgza enA~gsæankarN¾xøH kardYlrlMénrbb

pþac´karGacekIteLIgy¨agqab´rh&s dUcEdl:nekIteLIg~gRbeTsGaLWm¨g´

xagekIt ~gqñaM1989 . karenHGacekIteLIg enAeBlEdlRbPBGMNac:n

RtUveKkatbnæyy¨agxøaMg edaysarmhaCnTaMgmUl:negIbeLIgRbqaMgnwg

rbbpþac´kar . buEnþdMeNIrkarenHminEmnCadMeNIrkarZmµta emøaHehIy Ca

karRbesIrCag RbsinebIeKer[bcMeGaymankarts)UEvgGnøay ‘buEnþeKKYrRbug

eRb[bxøÜnCaeRsc sMrab'karts)Ud*xøImYy ’ .

~gdMeNIrkarts)UedIm|IrMedaH eKRtUvEteZVIbuNüGbGrsaTrC&yCMnH

EdleKTTYl:n zVIebIC&yCMnHenaH CaC&yCMnHelIbJØatUctack*eday . eK

RtUvEtTTYls<alsresIrGñkTaMgLayNa Edl:neZVIeGaymaneCaKC&yenaH .

kareZVIBiZIbuNüGbGrsaTredayRbugRby&tñenH GacCakarCYyelIkTwkcitþ

EdleKRtUvkarsMrabdMNak'karGnaKténkarts)U .

- 95 - 95

karkan;kab;C½yCMnHedaykarTTYlxusRtUv GñkeZVIEpnkarsMrab´yuTÆsaRsþcMbgKYrEtKitKUrTukCamun GMBIEbbbT

EdlGacekIteLIg nigGIVEdleKcg´:n Jk´B&nÆeTAnwgkarbJ©b´karts)Ueday

eCaKC&y edIm|IeZVIyagNaeC[svagkuMeGayrbbpþackarzµImYyeT[tekIteLIg:n

ehIynigBRgwgkarer[bcMCabnþeT[t eGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüsæitesær .

BYkRbCaZibetyüKYrEtKitKUrza etIeKnwgRKb´RKgkarERbRbYlBIrbb

pþackareTArdðaPi:lbeNþaHGasnñ tamEbbbTNa enAeBlcbkarts)U . enA

eBlenaH eKcg:nrdðaPi:lmYyEdlmandMeNIrkarPøam> . buEnþ rdðaPi:l

enHminEmnCardðaPi:lcas´EdlmanbuK<likzµIenaHeT . CakarcaM:c´ eK

RtUvKitKUrza etIeKRtUvlb´ecalEpñkNamYyénrdðaPi:lcas´ ‘dUcCaEpñk

b¨Ulisneya:y’ Edlmanlk¡N;RbqaMgnwglTÆiRbCaZibetyü ehIyzaetI

eKnwgTukEpñkNa EdleKGaceZVIeGaymanlk¡N;RbCaZibetyübEnæmeT[t

enAeBleRkay . karTukcMh mineGaymanrdðaPi:lTalEtesaH nwgGac

ebIkpøÚveGaymankarRCYlRcbl ßk*rbbpþac´karzµImYy .

eKKYrEtKitsMercTukCamun GMBIkarRKbRKgBYkmRnþICanx¬sénrbbpþackar

enAeBlEdlGMNacBYkenH RtUvEbkx©ay . óTahrN¾ etIeKnwgkat´eTas

BYkpþac´karEdrßeT / etIeKnwgGnuJ¦ateGayBYkenHcakecjBIRbeTsrhUteTA

ßy¨agNa / etIeKmanCMerIsNaepSgeT[t EdlsIusgVak´KñaCamYynwg

neya:yerIbRmH CamYynwgesckþIRtUvkar sMrab'ksagRbeTseLIgvij ehIy

nigkarksaglTÆiRbCaZibetyüeRkayC&yCMnH / eKRtUveC[svagkarbgØÚrQam

EdlGacmanplvi:kxøaMg eTAelIkarer[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyü~g

eBlGnaKt .

eKKYrEter[bcMEpnkarCakEsþgmYycMnYnTukCaeRsc edIm|Ieq¬aHeTArk

- 96 - 96

RbCaZibetyü enAeBlEdlrbbpþac´karkMBugcuHexSay ßk*rlM . Epnkar

TaMgenH nwgCYybeJ¢{smineGayRkumNamYyeT[t eqø{tqk´ykGMNactam

kareZVIrdðRbhar . eKk*RtUvkarpgEdrnUvEpnkarer[bcMeGaymansæab&nrdðaPi:l

smRsbeTAnwgrdðZmµnuJ¦RbCaZibetyü EdlGnuJ¦ateGaymanesrIPaBbuK<l

nigesrIPaBneya:yeBjelj . eKminKYrbeNþayeGaykarERbRbYlEdl

eKQñH:ny¨aglM:k :tbgeTAvij edaysarkarxVHEpnkarenaHeT .

enAeBlEdlRbQmmuxCamYynwgRbCaBlrdð EdlyldwgGMBIGMNac

xøÜnkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ehIynigkarrIkcMerInénRkumnigsæab&nÉkraCRbCaZibetyü

‘CaktþaBIrEdlrbbpþac´karRtYtRtaminekIt’ BYkpþac´karnwgyl´c|as´za

karpSgeRBgrbs´eKnwgRtUvbraC&y . karbJÄbskmµPaBTaMgLayenA~g

sg<m kareZVIkUdkmµTUeTA karsMgMenApÞHmineTAeZVIkar karedIrdEgØk|ÜnRbqaMg

ßk*skmµPaBÉeT[t nwgeZVIeGayGg<karrbs´empþackarTaMgLay cuHTn´exSay

kan´EtxøaMg . CalTÆplénkarerIbRmH nigkarmineZVIshkarEdleKGnuvtþ

eLIg edaymankarcUlrYmBImhaCn BYkpþac´karnwgGs´GMNac ehIyGñk

RbCaZibetyünwg:neCaKC&y edaymincaM:c´eRbIGMeBIhigSa . rbbpþac´kar

nwgrlayenAcMeJHmuxRbCaBlrdðEdlerIbRmH .

karxitxMxñHExñgTaMgbunµan nwgminGac:neCaKC&yRKbeBlevlaeT

CaBiess minEmnCakargayRsYl ehIykRmnwg:neCaKC&yeGay:nqab´

rh&sNas´ . eKKYrcgcaMza karQñHnigkarcaj´sRg<ameyaZamancMnYn

esµIKña . buEnþneya:yerIbRmHpþl´nUvlTÆPaBEmnETnsMrab´eCaKC&y . dUc

Edl:nkt´sMKal´BImunmkehIy eKGacBRgwglTÆPaBenH tamkarbeg,It

eGaymanyuTÆsaRsþcMbgRbkbedayKtibNÐit eZVIEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþedayhµt´

ct karxitxMRbwgERbgeZVIkargar nigkarts)URbkbedayesckþIkøahannigvin&y .

- 97 - 97

CMBUkTI10

kic©karCamUldæan sMrab;RbCaFibetyürwgbwug

EmnehIy kardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar KWCabuBVehtusMrab'karGbGr

saTry"agxøaMgkøamYy . RbCaBlrdðEdl:nrgTuk¡evTnay"agyUr ehIy:n

ts)UedayeRKaHzñak'pgenaH smnwgmaneBlsb|ayrIkray sMrakkMsanþ

ehIynigmankarTTYls<al'CapøÚvkar . eKKYrEtmanemaTnPaBelIxøÜnÉgnig

GñkÉeT[t Edl:nts)UCamYyKñarhUt:nesrIPaBneya:y . Gñkts)UTaMg

Gs' BuM:nrs'ranmanCIvitmkdl'ézáC&yCMnHenHeT . GñkenArs' nigGñk:t'

bg'CIvitnwgRtUveKcgcaMCavIrCn Edl:nCYyer[bcMeGaymanesrIPaBCaRbvtþi

saRsþ~gRbeTsrbs'eK .

b"uEnþKYreGaysþay BIeRBaHeBlenH minEmnCaeBlEdleKKYrbnæy

karRbugRby&tñ . sUm|IEt~gkal;eTs;Edlrbbpþac'karEbkx©ayedaysar

neya:yerIbRmHk*eday eKk*RtUvmankarRbugRby&tñ edIm|IbeJ©{smineGay

manrbbCiHCan'mYyzµIelcecjBIkarRcbUkRcbl' eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbb

pþac'karcas' . BYkGñkdwknaMkMlaMgRbCaZibetyü KYrEter[bcMTukCamun

sMrab'karqøgeTArklTÆiRbCaZibetyüedaysNþab'Zñab' . eKnwgRtUvedaHdUr

- 98 - 98

rcnasm¬&nÆrbbpþac'kar . eKRtUvbeg,IteGaymanmUldðanrdðZmµnuJ¦ nigc|ab'

ehIynigxñatRtwmRtUv sMrab'RbCaZibetyürwgbwugmYyEdleKnwgksag .

eKminKYryl'za eRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbbpþac'kar sg<md*lÁmYynwg

elcecjeLIgPøamenaHeT . karEbkx©at'x©ayénrbbpþac'kar KWRKan'EtCa

dMNak'kardMbUgsMrab'ebIkkarxitxMBRgwgsg<m nigbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbs'

mnusSeGay:nsmrmü enAeRkambriyakasmYy EdlmanesrIPaBCagmun

Etb"ueNÑaH . bJØaneya:y esdðkic© nigsg<mkic©d*Zán'ZárnwgenAmanbnþrab'

qñaMeTAeT[t EdlCakartMrUveGaymankarshkarBImnusS nigRkumTaMgGs' ~g

karrkdMeNaHRsay . RbB&nÆneya:yzµIKYrEtpþl'OkaseGaymnusSTaMgBYg

EdlmanKMnit nigmeZüa:yepSg>Kña eTAbnþkargarsæabna nigEpnkar

GPivD¿n¾ edIm|IedaHRsaybJØaTaMgLay~geBlGnaKt .

karKMramkMEhgBIrbbpþac;karfµI elak GarIsþÚt (Aristotle):nRBmanCayUrmkehIyza ²çççrbbpþac'kar

k*GacERbkøayeTACarbbpþac'karpgEdrççç³ .14 PsþútagRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn

BIRbeTs:raMg ‘BYkhSakU:Mg [Jacobins] nigNab"UeLGug [Napoleon]’Ç rusSIú

‘BYkbulesvIk [Bolsheviks]’Ç GIur"g´ ‘Gsay"atUløas [Ayatollah]’ nigPUma

‘BYkeyaZasøk [SLORC]’ ehIynigTIepSgeT[t EdlmanGñkxøHnigRkumxøH

yl'za kardYlrlMénrbbCiHCan'mYy RKan'EtCaOkaseGayeKcUlCMnYseZVI

Cam©as'zµIEtb"ueNÑaH . eKRbEhlCamanbuBVehtuepSg>Kña b"uEnþlTÆpl

enaH KWmanlk¡N;Rbhak'RbEhlKña . rbbpþac'karzµIenH RbEhlCaGac

kan'Etsahav ehIyRtYtRtardðtwgrwgCagrbbcas'eTAeT[t .

CYnkal munnwgrbbpþac'kardYlrlM smaCikénrbbcas'RbEhl

14 GarIsþÚt ‘Aristotle) neya:y PaK 5 CMBUkTI 12 TMB&rTI 233 .

- 99 - 99

Cal|g²kat'mux³karts)U tamry;rdðRbharEdleKer[bcMeLIg edIm|Iqk'yk

eCaKC&yBIkarts)Uneya:yerIbRmHrbs'RbCaBlrdð . eKGacGHGagza eK

:nrMlMrbbpþac'kar b"uEnþEmnETneTA eKeqø{tykOkastubEtgrbbcas' eGay

manCarUbPaBzµIEtb"ueNÑaH .

karTb;sáat;rdæRbhar eKmanmeZüa:ymYycMnYn EdlGaceZVIeGayrdðRbharRbqaMgnwgsg<m

rMedaHzµI TTYlbraC&y . CYnkal kardwgCamunGMBIkMlaMgkarBarenH Gacman

lk¡N;RKb'RKan' edIm|IraraMgmineGaymankarl|gEbbenH . karer[bcMCamun

GacCYyeGaymankareC[svag .15

eRkayBIrdðRbhar:ncab'epþImPøam BYkbHe:reyaZazµIRtUvkarPaBRtwm

RtUvtamc|ab' KWkarTTYls<al'za eKmansiTÆineya:ynigsiTÆiRtwmRtUv edIm|I

RKb'RKgrdð . dUecñH eKalkarN¾CaRKwHsMrab'karBarRbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar KW

karbdiesZmineGayPaBRtwmRtUvtamc|ab´eTABYkbHe:reyaZaenH .

BYkbHe:reyaZaenHRtUvkarpgEdreGayBYkGñkdwknaMsIuvilnigRbCaBl

rdðKaMRT sæit~gPaBRcbUkRcbl' ßk*esá{msáat . BYkbHe:reyaZaRtUvkar

shkarBIsMNak'BYkGñkCMnajkar TIRbwkSa mRnþIrdð:l nigecARkm edIm|I

BRgwgkarRtYtRtaeTAelIsg<mTaMgmUl . BYkbHe:rk*RtUvkareGaymnusSCa

eRcIn Edlkan'kab'RbB&nÆneya:y sæab&nsg<mnana esdðkic© b"Ulis nig

eyaZa cuHj"medaysáat'esá{m ehIybnþkargarrbs'eKCaZmµta eTAtambT

bJ¢a nigEpnkarrbs'BYkbHe:r .

eKalkarN¾CaRKwHTI 2sMrab'karBar RbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar KWkartTl'

15 B&t(manbEnæmGMBIkarts)URbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar sUmGan CIn sab karRbqaMgnwgrdðRbhar

‘bUsþún ma"saQUsit ; viTüasæanGal'bWt GaMgsþaj qñaM 2003’

- 100 - 100

CamYynwgBYkbHe:reyaZa edayeRbIkarerIbRmH nigminshkar . eKRtUvEt

bdiesZmineGayshkarnigCMnYyEdlBYkenHRtUvkar . CacaM:c' eKGaceRbI

meZüa:yts)UEdleK:neRbIRbqaMgrbbpþac'karrYceTAehIy sMrab´tTl'nwg

karKMramkMEhgzµI b"uEnþeKRtUvGnuvtþPøamCabnÞan' . RbsinebIKµanPaBRtwmRtUvtam

c|ab'nigshkareTenaH rdðRbharRbEhlCasøab' edaykarbgÁtxagneya:y

ehIyOkassMrab'ksagsg<mRbCaZibetyü k*GacmaneLIgvijEdr .

karRBagrdæFmµnuBaØ RbB&nÆRbCaZibetyüzµI tMrUveGaymanrdðZmµnuJ¦mYy Edlbeg,IteGay

manRbB&nÆEdleKcg':nsMrab'rdðaPi:lRbCaZibetyü . rdðZmµnuj¦KYrkMNt'

GMBIeKalbMNgénrdðaPi:l nigdak'kMritdl'GMNacrbs'rdðaPi:l meZüa:y

nigeBlevlasMrab'kare:HeqñateRCIserIsRkumGñkeZVIc|ab'nigmRnþIrdðkar siTÆi

CamUldðanénRbCaBlrdð ehIynigkarJk´B&nÆrvagrdðaPi:lCati nigRbB&nÆ

RKb'RKgzñak'xageRkamÉeT[t> .

cMeBaHkarRKb'RKgCati RbsinebIeKcg'eGaymanRbCaZibetyü eKRtUv

EtmankarEbgEckGMNaceGayc|as'las' rvagnItibJ¦tiþ ‘RkumGñkeZVIc|ab'’

nItiRbtibtþi ‘RkumGñkykc|ab'eTAGnuvtþ’ nigtulakar ‘RkumGñkkat'kþI’ . eK

KYrEtbJ¢ÚlkarkMNt'y"agtwgEtg eTAelIskmµPaBrbs'b"Ulis Pñak'garesIub

karN¾sMgat' eyaZa edIm|IhamXat'mineGayRkumTaMgenHmankarlUkLMtampøÚv

c|ab'NamYyeTA~gvis&yneya:y .

edIm|IkarBarlTÆiRbCaZibetyü nigeC[svagcrnþnigmeZüa:ypþac'kar

rdðZmµnuJ¦KYrEter[bcMeGaymanCaRbB&nÆshB&nÆ EdlrkSaTukbuBVsiTÆiCaeRcIn

sMrab'rdðaPi:lRbcaMtMbn'rdðepSg> nigkarRKb'RKgRsTab'eRkam . enA~g

sæankarN¾xøH eKGacBinitüemIlRbB&nÆRbeTssVIs EdlGnuJ¦ateGaytMbn'tUc>

- 101 - 101

manbuBVsiTÆid*sMxan' ehIyenAEtmandMeNIrkarCaEpñkmYyénRbeTsTaMgmUl .

RbsinebIlk¡N;TaMgenHZøab'manrYceTAehIyenA~grdðZmµnuJ¦énRbeTs

EdleKeTIbEtrMedaH:n eKGacdak'bJ©ÚlykmkGnuvtþvij edaymankarEk

ERb RbsinebICakarcaM:c' . RbsinebIKµanrdðZmµnuJ¦cas'RtwmRtUveTenaH eK

GacGnuvtþrdðZmµnuJ¦NamYyCabeNþaHGasnñsin . ebIBuMdUecñHeT eKRtUvtak'

EtgrdðZmµnuJ¦zµI . eKRtUvkareBlevla nigkarKitRtiHriHCaeRcInsMrab'sresr

rdðZmµnuJ¦zµI . karcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdð~gkarZVIrdðZmµnuJ¦CakarRbesIr ehIy

CakarcaM:c'sMrab'Gnum&trdðZmµnuJ¦zµI ßk*karEkERbRtg'NamYy . eKRtUvman

karRby&tñeGayEmnETn GMBIkardak'cUl~grdðZmµnuJ¦ nUvkarsnüaNamYy

EdleKminGacGnuvtþekIt ßk*maRtaNamYyEdltMrUveGayGMNaceRcInpþúMeTA

elIrdðaPi:l . enHKWCaktþaBIr EdlGacsMrYleGaymanrbbpþac'karzµI .

eKKYrEteRbIBaküeBcn¾samJ¦EdlRbCaBlrdðPaKeRcInGacgayyl' .

rdðZmµnuJ¦minKYrmanlk¡N;sµúKsµaj ßk*RseBcRsBil EdlmanEtBYkGñk

c|ab'ßk*bJ¦aCnEdlGacGHGagzaeKyl' .

neya)aykarBarCatitamRbCaFibetyü RbeTsesrIk*GacRbQmmuxeTAnwgkarKMramkMEhgBIsMNak'breTs

EdlmanbMNgcg'RKb'RKgxagesdðkic© neya:y nigeyaZaEdr .

edIm|IrkSaTukeGay:nlTÆiRbCaZietyüépÞ~g eKKYrEtBicarNaGMBI

kareRbIeKalkarN¾RKwHénneya:yerIbRmH edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarxagkarJr

Cati .16 edayRbKlsmtæPaBts)UeTAeGayRbCaBlrdðCaTUeTA RbeTsrMedaH

ehIyzµI> GaceC[svagBuMcaM:c´beg,IteGaymankgkMlaMgeyaZaxøaMgkøa Edl

16 sUmGan CIn sab karJrCatiedayBlrdð ; RbB&nÆsJVvuZeRkayCMnan'eyaZa Rbiunsþún

(Princeton) jÚvCWsIu (New Jersey) eragBum¬saklviTüal&yRbiunsþún qñaM 1994 .

- 102 - 102

GacKMramkMEhgdl´RbCaZibetyü ßk*tMrUveGaymanZnZanesdðkic© EdleK

RtUvkarsMrab´bMNgepSg>eT[t .

eKRtUvcaMza RkumxøHnwgbMePøcmaRtardðZmµnuJ¦NamYy edIm|Ier[bcMxøÜneK

eGayeTACaBYkpþac´karzµI . dUecñH RbCaBlrdðnwgmantYnaTICaGciéRnþy¾mYy

~gkarGnuvtþn¾neya:yerIbRmHnigminshkar edIm|IrkSanUvrcnasm¬&nÆ siTÆi

nigEbbbTRbCaZibetyü RbqaMgnwgCnTaMgLayEdlcg´eTACaGñkpþac´kar .

karTTYlxusRtUvd¾l¥RbesIr GanuPaBénkarts)UGhigSa minRtwmEteZVIeGayBYkpþackarcuHexSay ehIy

rMlMGñkTaMgenaHeT KWEzmTaMgCYyeGayGñkEdleKCiHCan´ køayeTACaGñkman

karTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgeT[tpg . meZüa:yenH eZVIeGayGñkEdlZøab´Etman

GarmµN¾za xøÜnÉgRKan´EtCakUnRtI ßk*CaGñkrgeRKaH eTACaGñkman²GMNac³

edaypÞal edIm|ITamTaresrIPaBnigyutþiZm(bEnæmedayxøÜnÉg . bTBiesaZn¾

énkarts)UenH man«TÆiBlxagcitþsaRsþd*sMxan EdlCYyeGaymankareKarB

nigTukcitþelIxøÜnÉgbEnæm ~gcMeNamGñkEdlZøab´Etyl´za eKeZVIGVIminekIt .

plRbeyaCn¾sMrab´eBlEvgqáaymYyénkarts)UGhigSa edIm|Ibeg,It

CardðaPi:lRbCaZibetyü KWsg<mTaMgmUlnwgmansmtæPaBbEnæm edIm|IedaH

RsaybJØaEdlecHEtmanbnþ nigbJØaGnaKt . bJØaTaMgenaHmandUcCa

kareZVIepþspþas nigGMeBIBukrlYyrbsrdðaPi:l~geBlGnaKt kareZVI:b

elIRkumNamYy GyutþiZm(~gesdðkic© nigkarxVHKuNPaBRbCaZibetyüénRbB&nÆ

neya:y . RbCaBlrdðEdlmanbTBiesaZn¾ ~gkareRbIneya:yerIbRmH

RbEhlCaminGaccuHexSay enAcMeJHmuxrbbpþac´karGnaKtenaHeLIy .

bnÞabBIkarrMedaHenaHehIy karecHdwgGMBIkarts)UGhigSa nwgpþl´nUv

CMerIsnana edIm|IkarJrRbCaZibetyü esrIPaBsIuvil siTÆiRkumPaKtic nig

- 103 - 103

buBVsiTÆiénrdðaPi:lRbcaMtMbn rdð nigRsTabeRkam nigsæab&neRkArdðaPi:l .

CMerIsTaMgenHk*pþlEdrnUvmeZüa:ysMrabeGaymnusSmña nigRkumepSg> sMEdg

karminsb|aycitþyagxøaMgNamYy edaysnþiviZI eTAelIbJØad*sMxanTaMgLay

EdlCYnkalGacCMrujRkumRbqaMgeGayeTArkePrvkmµ ßk*sRg<amqµk´éRB .

KMnitTaMgLay~gkarBinitüviPaKGMBIneya:yerIbRmH ßk*karts)U

GhigSaenH KWsMrabCYyGñk ßRkumTaMgLayNa EdlmanbMNgbM:tkarCiH

Can´eTAelIRbCaBlrdð ehIyniger[bcMeGaymanRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyürwgbuwg

EdleKarBesrIPaBmnusS nigskmµPaBrbs´RbCaBlrdð edIm|IeZVIeGaysg<m

mandMeNIreC]nel]neTAmux .

eKmanesckþIsnñidðansMxan>bI EdlelcecjBIKMnitTaMgenaH ÷

• karrMedaHBIrbbpþac´karCakarEdleKGaceZVIeTA:n

• edIm|IsMerckarenH eKRtUveGaymankarRtiHriHedayRbugRby&tñ

nigEpnkaryuTÆsaRsþ ehIy

• eKRtUveGaymankartamdanedayhµtct karxMxñHExñgeZVIkargar

nigkarts)URbkbedayvin&y .

JküEdleKZøab´niyayza ²esrIPaBminEmn:nmkedayesrIgay

RsYl³ KWCaJküBit . KµankMlaMgBIeRkANamYy nwgeGaydlRbCaBlrdð

EdlsæitenAeRkamkarCiHCan´ nUvesrIPaBEdleKcg´:nCaxøaMgenaHeLIy .

RbCaBlrdðnwgRtUvEter[nsURtGMBIreb[b EdleKGacqkykesrIPaBenH eday

xøÜnÉg . karenHminGacgayRsYleT .

RbsinebIRbCaBlrdðGacyl´:nGMBIGVIEdleKRtUvkar edIm|IrMedaHxøÜn

eKenaH eKGacer[bcMCaEpnkarskmµPaB EdlenATIbMput tamry;karRbwg

ERbgy¨agxøaMg nwgGacnaMmknUvesrIPaBrbs´eK . bnÞab'mk CamYynwg

karRby&tñRbEyg eKGacksagCaRbB&nÆRbCaZibetyümYy ehIyer[bcMkic©

karBarRbB&nÆenaHeGayKg´vgSpgEdr . esrIPaBEdlQñH:ntamkarts)U

- 104 - 104

EbbenH Gacmanlk¡N;rwgbuwg . esrIPaBEbbenH nwgGacsæitesær:n eday

sarmanGñkEdlbþÚrpþac'eTAelIkic©karBar nigBRgIkBRgwgesrIPaBenHeGayenA

CabnþeTAeT[t .

- 105 - 105

]bsm<½n§ meFüa)ayénskmµPaBGhigSa

meFüa)aysMrab;karRbqaMgnwgkarENnaMedayGhigSa17

karsMEdgCapøÚvkar

1 sunÞrkzasaZarN;

2 sMbuRtRbqaMg ßk*KaMRT

3 esckþIRbkasrbs'Gg<kar nigsæab&nnana

4 esckþIEzøgkarN¾EdlmancuHhtæelxa

5 karRbkasGMBIkarekItTuk¡minsuxcitþ nigskmµPaBeTAGnaKt

6 kareZVIjtiþCaRkumtUcßZM

TMnak'TMngCamYysaZarNCn

7 Baküesøak rUbKMnUr nigrUbsJ¦a

8 bda pÞaMgpSay nigTMnak'TMngtamrUbPaB

9 xitþb&NÑ niges[vePA

10 sarB&t(man nigTsSnavdIþ

17 bJ¢IenH CamYynigniymn&ynigóTahrN¾Cak'Esþg Rsg'ecjes[vePA CIn sab

neya:yénskmµPaBGhigSa PaKTI2 meZüa:yskmµPaBGhigSa bUssþún ma"saQUsit ; ptT&r

saCin qñaM 1973 .

- 106 - 106

11 zas viTüú nigTUrTsSn¾

12 karRbkastamkarsresrelIemX ßk*elIdI

karsMEdgCaRkum

13 karbJ¢ÚnCaKN;RbtiPU

14 kareZVICaeGayrgVan'epSg>

15 karts)UmtiCaRkum

16 karelIkbdaCaRkumenAmuxkEnøgkargar

17 kareZVIkare:HeqñateRkApøÚvkar

skmµPaBCanimitþrUbsaZarN;

18 kartaMgTg'C&y ßk*kareRbIBN(NamYyCanimitþrUbGVImYy

19 karBak'rUbepSg>

20 karbn'Rsn'sURtmnþ

21 karRbKl´eGayvtæúCanimitþrUb

22 karRsatRbqaMg ‘~gTIsaZarN;’

23 karbMpøajRTBüsm|tþixøÜnÉg

24 kareRbIePøIgCanimitþrUb

25 kartaMgrUbztmnusS

26 karKUrrUbRbqaMg

27 rUbsJ¦a nigeQµaHzµI

28 kareRbIsMelgCanimitþrUb

29 karTamTarkan´kab´GVImYyCanimitþrUb

30 kareZVIkayvikarcMeGscMGas

- 107 - 107

karsg,t'sg,inelIbuK<l

31 ²karlg³ BYkmRnþIrdðkar ‘meZüa:ymYyEdleKedIrtamBYkmRnþI

rdðkar ehIyrMlwkBYkenH GMBIGMeBIGsIlZm(rbs´eK~gkartam

bRg,abclnaGVImYy . CYYnkaleKnaMKñaedIrtammRnþITaMgenaHRKb´

TIkEnøg edIm|IrMlwkGMBIkarsVitsVajrbs´RbCaBlrdð’

32 karrukKYnmRnþI ‘pÞúynwgkar²lg³ EdleKeZVIeLIgedaysáat'esá{m

nigézøzñÚr ~gkrNIenH eKniyaycMGkbJÄWmRnþIrdðkarEdleZVItam

bJ¢aBIelI ’

33 kareRbIPaBsñiTÆsñal ‘pÞúyBIkareZVIBhikareKnaMKñaeTAbgØajkarsñiTÆ

sñal cMeJHBYkTahan nigbUlis edIm|IBnülGñkTaMgenaHeGay

yl´GMBIbuBVehturbs´eK’

34 karsURtZm(sµwgsµaZ¥

el¡annigePøg

35 qakkMEbøg nigkarelgesIc

36 karsMEdgel¡an nigePøg

37 ceRm[g

karedIrdEgØ

38 karedIrCak|Ün

39 karedIrCaRkum

40 k|Ünsasna

41 kareZVIdMeNIreTAtMbn´NamYyedIm|IsMEdgkareKarB

42 k|Ünm"UtU

- 108 - 108

karrMlwkviJ¦aNk¡&nÆGñksøab'

43 karkan'Tuk¡neya:y

44 karsMEdgeZVICaBiZIbUCasB

45 BiZIbUCasBEdlmanlk¡N;Ca:tukmµ ‘~gsæankarN¾neya:y

minsæitesærmYy eBleZVIbuNüsB CaBiess enAeBldEgØk|ÜnsB

GñkEdlRtUveKeZVIXat~gkarts)U eKykOkasenHeTAsMEdgkarRbqaMg

nigkardak´eTas’

46 kareKarBsBenATI:¨qa

karRbCuMsaZarN;

47 kic©RbCuM edIm|IRbqaMgßk*KaMRT

48 karRbCuMRbqaMg

49 karRbCuMRbqaMgedaylak:MgeKalbMNg ‘KWCakic©RbCuMEdlRKan´

EtmanrUbPaBza CakarRbCuMEdlmankarGnuJ¦atBIrbbpþac´kar’

50 kic©RbCuMRbqaMgtamreb[bbeRg[n ‘kic©RbCuMEbbenHmanlk¡N;

RbhakRbEhlnwgkic©RbCuMeZVI:tukmµ buEnþenA~gOkasenH eKman

vaKµinEdlsuTÆEtCaGñkÉkeTsenA~gbJØa EdlJk'B&nÆ’

kardkxøÜnnigkarbdiesZ

51 karedIrecj

52 karenAesá{msáat'

53 karbdiesZminTTYlyss&kþi

54 karEbrxñgdak'mnusSßRkumNamYy

- 109 - 109

meFüa)ayminshkarkñúgsgÁm

karbMePøcbuK<lNamYy 55 BhikarBiess

56 Bhikarsg<m EdleKeRCIserIsTisedA

57 BhikartamEbblIsIuRsþata‘Lysistrata) ‘KWCakarEdlPriyanaMKña

minrYmrkSCamYysVamI’

58 karkat'kal´ ‘beNþjecjBIRkumsasnaNamYy’

59 BhikartamEbbsasna ‘karsMercBüÜrkmµviZIbYgsYg~gRBHvihar

ßvtþGaram’

karminshkar~gBiZI~gsg<m TMen[mTMlab' nigsæab&n

60 karBüÜrskmµPaBsg<m ßk*kILa

61 BhikarmincUlrYm~gkic©karsg<m

62 kUdkmµrbs'nisiSt

63 karminsþab'bg<ab'~gsg<m

64 kardkecjBIsæab&nsg<m

kardkxøÜnecjBIRbB&nÆsg<m

65 karenA~gpÞHmineTAeZVIkar

66 karmineZVIkarshkaredaypÞal'xøÜn

67 karrt'ecjrbs'BYkkmµkr

68 kareTArkTICMrksuvtæiPaB

- 110 - 110

69 karlak'xøÜnCaRkum

70 karcakecjBIRsuk ‘Cakic©RbqaMgmYyEdlRbCaBlrdðTaMgGs´naM

KñacakecjBIRsuk-XuMNamYy’

meFüa)ayminshkaresdækic© ¬1¦ Bhikaresdækic© skmµPaBGñkTijeRbIR:s'

71 Bhikarrbs´GñkTij

72 karmineRbIR:s'TMnijEdleKeZVIBhikar

73 EpnkarbnæykareRbIR:s'TMnijNamYy

74 karminbg'QñÜlpÞH

75 karminRBmCYl

76 Bhikarrbs'GñkTijTUTaMgRbeTs

77 Bhikarrbs'GñkeRbIR:s'TUTaMgBiPBelak

skmµPaBGñkeZIVkar nigplitkr

78 Bhikarrkmµkr

79 BhikarGñkplitTMnij

skmµPaBQµÜjkNþal

80 Bhikarrbs'Gñklk' nigGñkEckcayTMnij

- 111 - 111

skmµPaBm©as'Rkumh)un nigGñkRKb'RKg

81 Bhikarrbs'BYkQµÜj

82 karbdiesZminlk' ßminCYlpÞH

83 karcak'esarmineGayecjcUlkEnøgNamYy

84 karbdiesZminpþl'CMnYyeTAeragcRk ßkargarNamYy

85 kUdkmµTUeTArbs'QµÜj

skmµPaBGñkRKb'RKgluykak'

86 mindak'luycUlZnaKar

87 bdiesZminbg'kMérepSg>

88 bdiesZminsgbMNul ßk*karR:k'

89 karkat'pþac'luy ßk*ElgeGayx©I

90 karbdiesZminTTYlluycUl

91 karminTTYlluyrdðkar

skmµPaBrdðaPi:l

92 karhamXat'GVImYy~gRsuk

93 kareZVIbJ¢IQµÜj EdleKminshkar

94 karhamXat'rbs'Gñklk'GnþrCati

95 karhamXat'rbs'GñkTijGnþrCati

96 karBüÜrskmµPaBJNiC¢kmµGnþrCati

- 112 - 112

meFüa)ayminshkaresdækic© ¬2¦ kUdkmµ

kUdkmµCanimitþrUb 97 kUdkmµRbqaMg

98 karedIrecjBIkargarPøam>

kUdkmµksikmµ

99 kUdkmµksikr

100 kUdkmµkmµkrERscMkar

kUdkmµrbs'RkumBiess

101 karbdiesZmineZVIkarrbs'kmµkrEdleKbg¡M

102 kUdkmµGñkeTas

103 kUdkmµsib|kr ‘KWCakUdkmµrbs´RkumGñkeZVIkarenA~grbrsib|kmµ

NamYy ßk*enA~gRkumhagTMnij ~gtMbn´NamYy’

104 kUdkmµBYkGñkviC¢aCIv;

kUdkmµósSahkmµZmµta

105 kUdkmµenAtamRKwsæanCMnYj

106 kUdkmµeTAtamósSahkmµnImYy>

107 ósSahkmµedaysmancitþ

- 113 - 113

kUdkmµedaykMNt

108 kUdkmµZmµta ‘~gkUdkmµEbbenH kmµkrnaMKñaQbmþgmñakCabnþbnÞab

Kña ßk*eTArkkargarepSg rhUtTalEtnieyaCk:ndwgGMBIkarekIt

Tuk¡minsuxcitþ nigkarTamTarrbs´kmµkr’

109 kUdkmµedaycMeJH ‘kUdkmµenHmanlk¡N;dUckUdkmµZmµta b¨uEnþ

BYkshCIBeZVIkUdkmµenA~gRkumh)unEtmYy EdlCakareZVIeGay

Rkumh)unenHcaj´eRb[bRkumh)unRbkYtÉeT[t’

110 kUdkmµBnüWtkargar

111 kUdkmµEdlkMNt´kargareTAtamk|ÜnsuTÆsaZ

112 karR:bnieyaCkzaQWeZVIkarminekIt

113 kUdkmµtamkarsuMlaElg

114 kUdkmµEdlmankMrit

115 kUdkmµedayCMerIs

kUdkmµTak´TgnwgósSahkmµeRcIn

116 kUdkmµEdlkøayeTACaTUeTA ‘KWCakareZVIkUdkmµenA~gósSahkmµ

mYycMnYn edaysarmanbJØaCaTUeTA’

117 kUdkmµTUeTA ‘KWCakUdkmµEdlmanlk¡N;TUlMTUlay edIm|IeZVIeGay

CIvPaBesdðkic©enA~gtMbn´NamYyCab´KaMg’

karrYmbJ©ÚlkUdkmµnigkarbiTskmµPaBesdðkic©

118 kUdkmµhazul ‘Hartal’ ‘karbiThagTMnij’

119 karbJÄbskmµPaBesdðkic©

- 114 - 114

meFüa)ayénkarmineFVIshkar

karbdiesZGMNacGaC\aZr

120 pÁak ßk*kardkecjPaBesµaHRtg´

121 karbdiesZmineGaymankarKaMRTBIsaZarNCn

122 sMeNrnigesckþIEzøgkarN¾CMrujeGaymankarRbqaMg

karminshkarrbs´RbCaBlrdðCamYyrdðaPi:l

123 BhikarenA~gnItibJ¦tþi ‘rdðsPa RBwTÆsPa’

124 BhikarmincUleZVIkare:Heqñat

125 BhikarminTTYlkargarrdðkar

126 BhikarminTak´TgnwgRksYgrdðaPi:lnana

127 kardkecjBIsæab&nGb´rMrbs´rdðaPi:l

128 BhikarminTak´TgnwgGg<karNaEdlrdðaPi:lKaMRT

129 bdiesZminpþl´CMnYydl´GñkEdlGnuvtþc|ab´ dUcCab¨UlisCaedIm

130 dkhUtykpøakrUbsJ¦asMKalepSg>rbsxøÜn EdleKZøabdakCYy

ENnaMsaZarNCn

131 bdiesZminTTYlmRnþIraCkarEdleKcattaMg

132 bdiesZminRBmrMlaysæab&nbc©úb|nñ

CMerIseRkABIkareZVItambg<ab´

133 kareZVItambg<ab´TaMgeTIsTal´ ßk*yWty¨av

- 115 - 115

134 karmineZVItambg<ab´ enAeBlEdlKµanGñktamXøaMemIl

135 karmineZVItambg<ab´ BIsMNak´RbCaBlrdð

136 karmineZVItambg<ab´EdleKEkøgmineGaydwg

137 karRbEkkminRBmbMEbkkic©RbCuM

138 karGg<úyenAmYykEnøg

139 karminshkar~gkarcUleZVITahan nigkarnireTs

140 karlakxøÜn eKcxøÜn ßk*eRbIb&NÑsMKal´xøÜnEkøgkøay

141 karmineKarBtamc|abEdlKµanlk¡N;RtwmRtUv

skmµPaBedaymRnþIrdðaPi:l

142 karRbEkkminTTYlCMnYyBIGñkCMnYykarrdðaPi:l

143 eZVIeGayraMgsÞHExSbJ¢a nigB&t(man

144 karbeg,ItóbsK<eGayyWtya¨v

145 karmineZVIshkarrdð:lCaTUeTA

146 karmineZVIshkarCamYytulakar

147 kareZVIkaredayKµanRbsiTÆPaB nigkarminshkarxøHrbsBYkGnuvtþ

c|ab

148 karbHe:r

skmµPaBrdðaPi:lenA~gRsuk

149 kareC[svag ßk*BnüaeBl Jk´B&nÆnwgkarGnuvtþn¾c|ab´

150 karminshkarrbsGg<PaBrdðaPi:l EdlJkB&nÆnwgGñke:Heqñat

skmµPaBrdðaPi:lelIépÞGnþrCati

151 karpøas´bþÚrbuK<likTUt

- 116 - 116

152 BnüaeBl ßk*lubecalkmµviZIkarTUt

153 karminRBmsMercTTYls<al´tamkarTUt

154 karpþac´cMNgTUt

155 kardkxøÜnecjBIGg<karGnþrCatinana

156 karbdiesZmineGaysmaCikPaB~gGg<karGnþrCatiNamYy

157 karbeNþjecjBIGg<karGnþrCatiNamYy

meFüa)ayénGnþraKmn_GhigSa

GnþraKmn¾tampøÚvcitþ 158 karsMdilxøÜn ‘KWCakarsMEdgmtiNamYytamkarsMdilxøÜn eGay

QWcabrgTuk¡tamragkay dUcCakarsMdilxøÜneRkamkMedARBHGaTitü’

159 tMNmsIlZm( ‘KWCaEbbbTeZVIGnþraKmn¾tampøÚvcitþ . ~gGMeBIenH

eKbdiesZmØÚbGahar edIm|IsMercnUveKalbMNgsg<mßneya:y

NamYy’

k- tMNmminTTYlsMJZsIlZm(

x- kUdkmµGt´Gahar

K- tMNmtamEbbsatüaRkahVI‘Satyagraphi’ ‘tamsasnahiNÐÚ

EdlmhatµHKnÆIGnuvtþ’

160 karkateTasbRJ©as ‘~gkrNIenH eKbþÚrtYnaTIrvagGyüakar nig

kUnkþI~gkarkat´eTasNamYy . BYkkUnkþInwgkøayeTACaGyüakar

ehIyeKbEgVreGayeTACa:tukmµRbqaMgnwgGVImYyeTAvij’

161 karrMxanGhigSa

- 117 - 117

GnþraKmn¾edaykayvikar

162 karGg<úyenAmYykEnøg

163 karQrenAmYykEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH eKnaMKñaQry¨agsáat´esá{m

edaymansNþab´Zñab´ enAkEnøglk´sMbuRtNamYy ßTVarcUl

kEnøgNamYyCaedIm edIm|ITijsMbuRt ßcUlkEnøgenaH enAeBl

eKminRBmlk´sMbuRt ßk*hamXat´mineGaycUl’

164 karCiHyanCMniHsaZarN;xuskEnøgkMNt´ ‘eKeRbImeZüa:yenH

CaTUeTAenA~gshrdðGaemrik ~gTsvtS1960 RbqaMgnwgkarEbg

EckkEnøgGg<úy sMrab´BYkEs|ks nigBYkEs|kexµA enAtamyan

CMniHsaZarN;’

165 kargUtTwkelIeqñrEdleKhamXat´ ‘enA~gRbeTsxøH eK:nEbg

EckeqñrsMrab´RbCaBlrdðsmuRTeTAtamBN(sm|úrEs|k’

166 karkan´kab´TIkEnøg ‘RkumGñkRbqaMgcUleTA~gTIkEnøgmYyEdl

mannimitþrUbsMxan Jk´B&nÆnwgkarekItTuk¡minsuxcitþrbs´eK dUcCa

kariyal&yGñkEdleKRbqaMg . eKnwgRkajenATIenaHmYyry;eBl

EdleKeRcInEtkMNt´TukCamun’

167 karcUlbYgsYg~gRBHviharEdleKhamXat ‘enAkEnøgxøH BIedIm

eKEbgEck TIkEnøgsasnaeTAtamBN(sm|úr kEnøgxøHeT[t eKEbg

EckvtþGarameTAtamKNbkSneya:y’

168 karcUllukluyedayGhigSa

169 karcUllukluytamGakasedayGhigSa

170 karcUlQøanJnedayGhigSa

171 karniyaykat´ßCan´eKedayGhigSa

172 karbeg,ItóbsK<edayGhigSa

173 karcUlkankab´edayGhigSa

- 118 - 118

GnþraKmn¾xagsg<m

174 karer[bcMeGaymanlMnaMsg<mzµI

175 kardak´CMnYykareGayeRcInhYs

176 kareZVIeGaydMeNIrkaryWtya¨v

‘krNIenHeRcInEtJk´B&nÆeTAnwgbJØasg<m ßk*CMnYj’

177 karrMxanGg<RbCuM ‘KWCaRbePTBiessénkareZVIGnþraKmn¾GhigSa enA

eBlEdleKrMxankic©RbCuM karbYgsYg~gvtþGaram ßk*karRbCuM

epSg>eT[t’

178 karelgel¡ancMGk ‘CaRbePTmYyeT[ténkareZVIGnþraKmn¾sg<m

EdlJk´B&nÆeTAnwgkarsMEdgel¡an ßk*karsMEdgGVImYy edIm|IrMxan

karEzøgsunÞrkza sik¡asalaCaedIm’

179 sæab&nsg<mCaCMerIsepSgeT[t

180 RbB&nÆTMnak´TMngepSgeT[t

GnþraKmn¾esdðkic©

181 kUdkmµbRJ©as ‘KWCakarbeg,IteGayman«TÆiBlxagcitþsaRsþ .

~gkrNIenH kmµkreZVIkarkan´EtxøaMgeLIg ehIyelIseBlevla

edayBuM:nkMérbEnæm . eKeZVIenHedIm|ITamTareGayeLIgR:k´Ex

ehIynieyaCkBi:kbdiesZ .’

182 kUdkmµenAnwgkEnøg ‘~gkrNIenH kmµkrpÁakkargar b¨uEnþRkaj

mineTApÞH ehIybdiesZminRBmecjBIkEnøgeZVIkar rhUtdl´eK

:nsMercdUcbMNg’

183 karrwbGUsdIedayGhigSa

184 karrwgTTwgtTl´nwgkarXat´XaMg ‘enHKWCaTMnas´GnþrCati Edl

- 119 - 119

RbeTsnImYy>RbEhlCacg´daksMJZneya:y tamkarraraMg

mineGayGIv¨an´sMxanEbbNamYy cUlRbeTsNa mYyeT[t .

karrwgTTwg nigkarraraMgenH mineRbIkarKMramkMEhg ßk*kMlaMg

eyaZa KWCameZüa:yGnþraKmn¾xagesdðkic©mYy EdlRbeTsmYy

eT[tGaccUlmkKaMRTRbeTsEdlkMBugrgeRKaH .’

185 R:kEkøgkøayedaysarktþaneya:y

186 karTijem¨A ‘karenHKWCakarGnþraKmn¾mYyEbbEdlJk´B&nÆnwg

karem¨ATijTMnijGVImYy enA~gpSarGnþrCati edIm|IkuMeGayTMnijenH

Zøak´~gkNþab´édsRtUv’

187 karrwbGUsykRTBüsm|tþi

188 karlk´«v¨an´~gtMélezak>

189 karrksIuedayCMerIs

190 pSarCMerIsÉeT[t

191 RbB&nÆdwkCJ¢ÚnÉeT[t

192 sæab&nesdðikic©CMerIsÉeT[t

GnþraKmn¾neya:y

193 bEnæmRbB&nÆrdð:leGayelIskMrit

194 karebIkmuxPñak´garsMgat

195 karcg´eGayeKdak´Kuk

196 karmineKarBtamc|abEdl²GBüaRkwt³ ‘CaZmµta eKnaMKñamineKarB

c|ab EdleKylzamanlk¡N;GsIlZm( ßxus . buEnþ~gkrNI

enH eKnaMKñamineKarBc|abEdleKyl´za minEmnCac|ab´xusß

GsIlZm(GVIeT .’

197 karbnþkargaredayminshkar ‘~gkrNIenH mRnþIrdð:lenAEt

- 120 - 120

RkajeZVIkic©kareTAtamEpnkar kmµviZIßk*muxnaTIcas´EdlRtwmRtUv

tamc|ab edayeZVImindwgmin»GMBIviZankarzµI rbs´rbbEdleTIbEt

cUlkankab´rdð’

198 rdðaPi:leBjc|ab´ nigrdðaPi:lTnÞwm

- 121 - 121

GMBIGñkniBn§

elak CIn sab bc©úb|nñCaGñksikSaCanx¬s´énviTüasæanGal´bWt

GajEsþn enATIRkugb)Usþún ‘Boston’ énrdðma¨saQUsit ‘Massachusetts’ .

elakmanbriJ¦ab&Rt nigmhabriJ¦ab&Rt BIsklviTüal&yrdðGUéhyU‘Ohio’

nigbriJ¦ab&RtbNÐit EpñkRTwsþIneya:y BIsklviTüal&yGksVWt(Oxford)

‘RbeTsGg´eKøs’ . elakk*:nTTYlEdrnUvsJ¦abR&tbNÐitkitþiysxagc|ab´

BImhaviTüal&yma¨n´hattan´‘Manhattan’ nigbNÐitxagkic©bMerImnusSZm(BI

mhaviTüal&yrIev[r‘Rivier’ . elakCasaRsþacarü‘cUlnivtþn¾’énmuxviC¢aviTüa

saRsþneya:y enAsklviTüal&ymasaQUest daem¨at‘Massachusetts

Dartmouth’ . elakk*:nbeRg[nEdr enAsklviTüal&yGUsøÚ‘Oslo’

sklviTüal&yma¨saQUest~gRkugb)Usþún ehIyCaGñkRsavRCavCit 30qñaM

enAmCÄmNÐlsMrabbJØaGnþrCatiénsklviTüal&yhavWt ‘Harvard’ . es[vePA

Edlelak:nsresrCaPasaGg´eKøsmanCaGaT¥ neya:yénskmµPaB

GhigSa ‘1973’Ç KnÆI CaGñkyuTÆsaRsþneya:y ‘1979’Ç GMNacsg<m

nigesrIPaBneya:y ‘1980’Ç karmineZVIeGayeKRtYtGWrub:n ‘1985’Ç

ehIynig kic©karJrEdlecjBIraRsþ ; RbB&nÆGavuZeRkaysm&yeyaZa

‘1990’ . elakkMBugEter[bcMes[vePAsMxan´mYyeT[t ‘2003’ karts)U

GhigSa ; karGnuvtþn¾stvtSTI20 nigplGnaKtstvtSTI21 . sñaéd

rbs´elak:nRtUveKbkERbsMrYleTACag 30Pasa .

- 122 - 122

- 123 - 123

GMBIGñkbkERb

Gwug b)unGag bc©úb|nñenHCasmaCikRBwTÆsPaénRBHraCaNacRkkm¬úCa .

elakmanbriJ¦ab&RtxagesdðsaRsþ ‘BEc’ BIsklviTüal&yeCmXuK ‘James

Cook’ nigmhabriJ¦ab&RtxagRKbRKgCMnYj‘MBA’ BIsaklviTüal&yXVInsøin

‘Queensland’ énRbeTsGURsþalI . ~grvagCag20qañMknøgeTAenH elak

manviC¢aCIv; nigbTBiesaZn¾kargarCaKNenyükrsaZarN; TIRbwkSaCMnYj

nig :nc|ab´GnuJ¦atBIGaC\aZrGURsþalI eGayRbkbrbrCaTIRbwkSaxagcat

EcgluykaksaZarNCn . ~gTsvtS1990 elak:nbeRg[nmuxviC¢aRbvtþi

saRsþ nigvb|Zm(-GriyZm(Exµr enAsklviTüal&ybec©keTsGarGimGayZI

‘RMIT University of Technology’ enA~gTIRkugEm¨lb)n . elakZøab

eZVICanaykénkmµviZIviTüúCaPasaExµr RbcaMTIRkugEmlbYnénRbB&nÆpSayB&t(man

BiessRbeTsGURsþalI ‘SBS’ . elak:ne:HBumÖpSayTsSnavdþI ²GñknaM

sar³ CaPasaExµr~gRbeTsGURsþalI nigpþl'GtæbTxøI>CaeRcIn sþIGMBIbJØa

neya:y nigesdðkic©dl'RbB&nÆB&t(manbreTsnana . kalBIcugTsvtS

1960 elakZøab´sresrGtæbTRsavRCav nanaeGaykaEst²matuPUmi³ nig

eRkaymkkaEst²RbeyaCn¾Exµr³~gTIRkugPñMeBj .