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Human Anatomy & Physiology (HAP). Chapter 1 Introduction to HAP Text-Hole’s Essentials of HAP. http://sce.uhcl.edu/puzdrowski/vitruvian.jpg. Prefixes and Suffixes. Learn the prefixes & suffixes in every unit - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Human Anatomy & Human Anatomy & Physiology (HAP)Physiology (HAP)
Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to HAPIntroduction to HAP
Text-Hole’s Essentials of HAPText-Hole’s Essentials of HAP
http://sce.uhcl.edu/puzdrowski/vitruvian.jpg
Prefixes and SuffixesPrefixes and SuffixesLearn the prefixes & suffixes in every unitLearn the prefixes & suffixes in every unit
Copy the Copy the prefixesprefixes and and suffixessuffixes at the at the beginning of every unit onto beginning of every unit onto “Fold” “Fold” SheetSheet ….write the word on front left side ….write the word on front left side and the definition on the back left side and the definition on the back left side and fold to see definition.and fold to see definition.
PracticePractice using the sheet to improve your using the sheet to improve your memorization of the terms.memorization of the terms.
Ch 1 Prefixes & SuffixesAppend-Append- Pariet-Pariet-
Cardi-Cardi- Pelv-Pelv-
Cran-Cran- Peri-Peri-
Dors-Dors- Pleur-Pleur-
Homeo-Homeo- -stasis-stasis
-logy-logy -tomy-tomy
Meta-Meta-
AnatomyAnatomy Structure (Structure (morphologymorphology), form and ), form and
organization of body partsorganization of body parts
PhysiologyPhysiology Functions of body partsFunctions of body parts
Difficult to separate the two SciencesDifficult to separate the two Sciences
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization(least to most complex)(least to most complex)
AtomsAtoms
MoleculesMolecules
OrganellesOrganelles
CellsCells
TissuesTissues
OrgansOrgans
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Organism (Human)Organism (Human)
Descriptions – atomic, molecular & cellular levelsDescriptions – atomic, molecular & cellular levels
Ten Ten Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of LifeMovement Movement – Change position; motion– Change position; motion
ResponsivenessResponsiveness - Reaction to a stimulus - Reaction to a stimulus
GrowthGrowth- increase size w/o change in shape- increase size w/o change in shape
ReproductionReproduction
RespirationRespiration - release energy from food - release energy from food
DigestionDigestion
AbsorptionAbsorption- move substances thru membrane- move substances thru membrane
CirculationCirculation-move substances thru fluids-move substances thru fluids
AssimilationAssimilation- change substances- change substances
ExcretionExcretion- remove metabolic wastes- remove metabolic wastes
Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors Vital to LifeVital to Life
WaterWater Medium for metabolic processesMedium for metabolic processes Transports substances within organismTransports substances within organism Regulation of body temperatureRegulation of body temperature
http://www.revivenaturally.com/images/fig01_pctwtrbody_s.gif
FoodFood Provides water and nutrients Provides water and nutrients
(chemicals)(chemicals)Chemicals for Chemicals for EnergyEnergy used in used in metabolic processes metabolic processes
Raw materialRaw material for building new matter for building new matter
Chemicals to Chemicals to Regulate ReactionsRegulate Reactionshttp://lh4.ggpht.com/_HEQG9GgW6nM/R3RD3D_fbLI/AAAAAAAAAjk/hYhi-5s4RSs/324718010_32a837fcb6.jpg
OxygenOxygen Necessary in order to Necessary in order to Release Release
EnergyEnergy from Food from Food
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/SDPS/Atom.Oxygen.GIF
HeatHeat Energy Energy Produced in Metabolic RxnsProduced in Metabolic Rxns Affect Metabolic Rxn ratesAffect Metabolic Rxn rates
Increase Heat Increase Heat Increase Rate Increase Rate
http://ppo.tamuk.edu/ehs/Heat_Stress/PE00998_.gif
PressurePressure- applied force- applied forceAtmospheric PressureAtmospheric Pressure
Weight of Atmosphere (14.7lbs/in2)Weight of Atmosphere (14.7lbs/in2)
Hydrostatic PressureHydrostatic Pressure Weight of Fluid on organismWeight of Fluid on organism
*Blood Pressure*Blood Pressure
http://assets.aarp.org/external_sites/adam/graphics/images/en/9124.jpg
Maintaining a Stable Maintaining a Stable Internal Internal EnvironmentEnvironment
HomeostasisHomeostasis Maintained by a Maintained by a self-regulating self-regulating
system (3 components)system (3 components)**Set-pointSet-point – ex. 37C (98.6F) body – ex. 37C (98.6F) body temp.temp.
**ReceptorsReceptors – get info – get info**Effectors Effectors – cause response– cause responseNegative Feedback ResponseNegative Feedback Response
Organization of the Human BodyOrganization of the Human BodyTwo Portions or Divisions:Two Portions or Divisions: Axial portion
HeadHead
NeckNeck
Trunk of BodyTrunk of Body Appendicular portion
Upper & Lower LimbsUpper & Lower Limbs
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/images/skmus/appendicular_skeleton1.jpg
AxialAxial anatomy:anatomy:
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Canal
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic
Cavity
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg/240px-Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg.png
Cranial CavityFour Four Smaller Cavities within the Smaller Cavities within the Head:Head: OralOral Cavity Cavity NasalNasal Cavity Cavity OrbitalOrbital Cavity Cavity Middle EarMiddle Ear
CavityCavity
Orbital CavityOrbital Cavity
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.boystownhospital.org/Images/Cochlear/Information/outer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.boystownhospital.org/Cochlear/Information/normal.asp&usg =__Q5Ij1KFzAIbY0Kch1V4dh0DSWZ8=&h=303&w=382&sz=107&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=PKjdwZqi94CNSM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiddle%2Bear%2Bcavity%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_en___US250%26sa%3DN
http://www.wetcanvas.com/ArtSchool/Drawing/Anatomy/Lesson1/page8a.jpg
Middle Ear
Cavity
ThoracicThoracic & & AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvicCavitiesCavities
Organs are called Organs are called VISCERAVISCERA
Cavities separated by Cavities separated by DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/7073.jpg
Thoracic CavityThree Regions:
Left LungRight LungMediastinum
Heart- moves bloodEsophagus- moves food Trachea- moves air Thymus- gland (hormone)
Abdominopelvic CavityTwoTwo Regions Regions
AbdominalAbdominal Cavity Cavity
PelvicPelvic Cavity Cavity Within hipsWithin hips
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/Notes/Image561.gif
Abdominal CavityViscera:Viscera:
StomachStomach
LiverLiver
SpleenSpleen
GallbladderGallbladder
KidneysKidneys
Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Large IntestineLarge Intestine http://www.walgreens.com/library/graphics/images/en/19260.jpg
Pelvic CavityEnclosed by Hip bonesEnclosed by Hip bones
*Urinary *Urinary BladderBladder*Terminal portion *Terminal portion Large IntestinesLarge Intestines*Internal *Internal ReproductiveReproductive OrgansOrgans
Bladder
Uterus
Large Intestines
http://www.netterimages.com/images/vtn/000/000/007/7237-150x150.jpg
Warm-upWarm-upWrite the following (21)terms and the Write the following (21)terms and the definition on a sheet of paper in your definition on a sheet of paper in your
notebook:notebook:Abdominal Carpal CubitalAcromialAcromial CeliacCeliac DigitalDigitalAntebrachialAntebrachial CephalicCephalic DorsalDorsalAntecubitalAntecubital CervicalCervical FemoralFemoralAxillaryAxillary CostalCostal FrontalFrontalBrachialBrachial CoxalCoxal GenitalGenitalBuccalBuccal CruralCrural GlutealGluteal
..
Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Thoracic & Abdominopelvic MembranesMembranes
Two types: Parietal
Membranes attached to the wall of Membranes attached to the wall of a cavitya cavity
Visceral Membranes covering an internal Membranes covering an internal
organ within a cavityorgan within a cavity
Types of Types of Parietal Parietal and and VisceralVisceral Membranes:Membranes:
Thoracic Cavity:
MediastinumMediastinum:: Parietal Parietal PericardiumPericardium-lines pericardial -lines pericardial
((HeartHeart) cavity) cavity Visceral Visceral PericardiumPericardium- covers Heart- covers Heart
Rt & Lft Thoracic Compartments:Rt & Lft Thoracic Compartments: Parietal Parietal PleuraPleura- line compartments- line compartments Visceral Visceral PleuraPleura- covers - covers lungslungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal Membranes :Membranes : Parietal Parietal PeritoneumPeritoneum- lines cavity- lines cavity Visceral Visceral PeritoneumPeritoneum – covers – covers
abdominalabdominal organs organs
Potential Potential Space BetweenSpace Between Parietal Parietal and Visceral Membranes= and Visceral Membranes= CavityCavity
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Interrelated Organs working Interrelated Organs working together to enable their system together to enable their system
to contribute to to contribute to HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS
Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemSkin, Nails, Hair, Sweat Glands, Skin, Nails, Hair, Sweat Glands,
Sebaceous Glands (oil)Sebaceous Glands (oil)
• ProtectProtect underlying tissues underlying tissues
• Aid in the regulation of body Aid in the regulation of body temperaturetemperature
• Contain Contain sensorysensory receptors receptors
• SynthesizeSynthesize other products (melanin) other products (melanin)
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/37/images/ch37c1.gif
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f5-1_layers_of_the_inte_c.jpg
Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemBones, Ligaments & CartilagesBones, Ligaments & Cartilages
• FrameworkFramework
• ProtectionProtection of underlying soft tissues of underlying soft tissues
• Attachment for musclesAttachment for muscles
• MovementMovement
• Produce Produce Blood CellsBlood Cells
• StoreStore Inorganic Salts (calcium) Inorganic Salts (calcium)
http://www.exrx.net/Store/OtherImages/SkeletalSystem3.jpg
Muscular SystemMuscular SystemOrgan = MusclesOrgan = Muscles
Force for Force for body movementbody movement Maintain Maintain postureposture Main source of Main source of Body HeatBody Heat
Nervous SystemBrain, spinal cord, nerves and sense Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense
organsorgans
• ControlControl & adjust various & adjust various organ organ functionsfunctions
• Nerve impulse= short term Nerve impulse= short term electrochemicalelectrochemical impulse impulse
• Nerve functions: Nerve functions: • Detect, Receive or Interpret ImpulsesDetect, Receive or Interpret Impulses
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/e/ec/290px-Nervous_system_diagram.png
Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemAll of the Glands that secrete All of the Glands that secrete hormoneshormones (Chemical messengers)(Chemical messengers)
Hypothalamus (brain)Hypothalamus (brain)
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal GlandsPituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands
Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes, Pineal Gland & Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes, Pineal Gland & ThymusThymus
Hormones leave the gland & affect specific Hormones leave the gland & affect specific TARGET CELLSTARGET CELLS..
Hormone effects may last a long timeHormone effects may last a long time
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/EndocrineSystem/NervousEndocrine/endocrorgs.gif
Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular SystemHeart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries & Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries &
BloodBlood
• Transport systemTransport system
for gases, nutrients, for gases, nutrients,
hormones & wasteshormones & wastes
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/BF321698-FDCA-443F-9D66-6E00F445CDAF/0/270f1.gif
Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemLymph vessels, lymph fluid, Lymph vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, lymph nodes, lymphocytes,
thymus & spleenthymus & spleen• Transport systemTransport system for for tissue tissue
fluidfluid• Carries fattyCarries fatty substances into substances into
blood streamblood stream• LymphocytesLymphocytes (cells) (cells) fight fight
infectionsinfections
Digestive SystemDigestive SystemMouth, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary
Glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder,
Pancreas, Small Intestine & Large Pancreas, Small Intestine & Large IntestineIntestine
• Receive, break down & absorb foodReceive, break down & absorb food
• Eliminate wastesEliminate wastes
http://eatwellgetwell.files.wordpress.com/2006/05/digestion_good2.jpg
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea, Larynx, Trachea,
Bronchi & LungsBronchi & Lungs
• Move airMove air (in & out) (in & out)
• Exchange gasExchange gas
between blood & airbetween blood & air
(Oxygen into blood, CO2 into air)(Oxygen into blood, CO2 into air)
Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/RespiratorySystem/HumanRespiratory/humrespsys_1.gif
Urinary SystemUrinary SystemKidneys, ureters, Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder & urinary bladder & urethraurethra
• Remove wasteRemove waste from bloodfrom blood
• Help Help maintain body maintain body water & saltwater & salt concentrations concentrations (electrolytes)(electrolytes)
http://findmeacure.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/define-kidneys-and-urinary-system-1.jpg
Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemMale- Male- Scrotum, testes, epididymides, Scrotum, testes, epididymides,
vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethreal prostate gland, bulbourethreal glands, penis & urethraglands, penis & urethra
• Produce & maintain sperm cellsProduce & maintain sperm cells
• Transfer sperm cells Transfer sperm cells (spermatozoa)(spermatozoa)
Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
http://www.integris-health.com/NR/rdonlyres/95A31EBF-3D10-4084-B685-6960F3E34B92/886/maleReproductiveSystem.jpg
Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemOvaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
clitoris & vulvaclitoris & vulva• Produce & maintain eggs (oocytes)Produce & maintain eggs (oocytes)• Receive sperm cellsReceive sperm cells• Transport eggs & sperm w/in systemTransport eggs & sperm w/in system• Supports development of embryo & Supports development of embryo &
fetusesfetuses• Provides passageway for fetus to leave Provides passageway for fetus to leave
the prenatal environmentthe prenatal environment
Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_02_img0146.jpg
Warm-upWarm-up
Body Region (21)Terms (pg 15-17) Body Region (21)Terms (pg 15-17) TextbookTextbook
Inguinal Palmar Popliteal
LumbarLumbar PatellarPatellar SacralSacral
MammaryMammary PectoralPectoral SternalSternal
MentalMental PedalPedal TarsalTarsal
NasalNasal PelvicPelvic UmbilicalUmbilical
OccipitalOccipital PerinealPerineal VertebralVertebral
OticOtic PlantarPlantar
Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms (Based upon Anatomical Position)(Based upon Anatomical Position)
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
*Standing Erect*Standing Erect
*Face Forward*Face Forward
*Upper Limbs at side*Upper Limbs at side
*Palms forward*Palms forward
*Right & Left refer to the body being *Right & Left refer to the body being studiedstudied
Body PlanesBody Planes
FrontalFrontal(Coronal)(Coronal)
HorizontalHorizontal(Transverse)(Transverse)
MedianMedian(Sagittal)(Sagittal)
http://www.shoppingtrolley.net/images/anatomy/anatomical-position.jpg
Relative Position TermsRelative Position Terms(in respect to another body part)(in respect to another body part)
SuperiorSuperior - above, closer to head - above, closer to headInferiorInferior -below, toward the feet -below, toward the feetAnteriorAnterior -ventral, toward the front -ventral, toward the frontPosteriorPosterior -dorsal, toward the back -dorsal, toward the backMedianMedian -toward the midline -toward the midlineLateral -Lateral -toward the sidetoward the sideProximalProximal -closer to attachment to the Trunk -closer to attachment to the TrunkDistalDistal -farther from the Trunk attachment -farther from the Trunk attachmentSuperficialSuperficial -near the surface -near the surfaceDeepDeep -more internal -more internal
Abdominopelvic Body RegionsAbdominopelvic Body Regions
http://www.rogers.k12.ar.us/users/ehutches/Image564.gif
AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f1-10_abdominopelvic_re_c.jpg
Medical Imaging-Medical Imaging- Allows NON- Allows NON-Invasive Visualization of Structures Invasive Visualization of Structures
Inside the BodyInside the BodyRadiographyRadiography
(X-Ray)- a single (X-Ray)- a single barrage of X-rays barrage of X-rays passes through the passes through the body, producing an body, producing an image of interior image of interior structures on X-ray structures on X-ray sensitive filmsensitive film
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/DISEASE_CTRL/epi/Epi_Updates/Images/X-ray.jpg
Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Resonance ImagingImaging (MRI) (MRI)
High-energy magnetic High-energy magnetic field which causes field which causes protons in body fluids protons in body fluids & tissues to arrange & tissues to arrange themselves in relation themselves in relation to the field. to the field.
Produces an image on Produces an image on a video monitora video monitor
http://www.mritoday.net/MRI2.JPG
Computed TomographyComputed Tomography (CT) (CT)
Computer-assisted RadiographyComputer-assisted Radiography
X-Ray beam is arced at multiple X-Ray beam is arced at multiple angles around a section of body.angles around a section of body.
The scan is reproduced on a The scan is reproduced on a monitor.monitor.
(once called a CAT scan)(once called a CAT scan)
http://www.ducksportsnews.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/ct-scan.jpg
UltrasoundUltrasound
Use of Cyclic sound pressure to Use of Cyclic sound pressure to penetrate the body, and penetrate the body, and measuring the reflective signature measuring the reflective signature of the inner structures.of the inner structures.
http://www.advanceusa.org/blog/content/binary/Ultrasound%202.jpg
Clinical Application TermsClinical Application TermsPalpations, Auscultation & PercussionPalpations, Auscultation & Percussion Non-Invasive techniques to assess Non-Invasive techniques to assess certain aspects of body structure & certain aspects of body structure & function.function. PalpationPalpation-examiner feels body surfaces -examiner feels body surfaces
with hands (ex. pulse)with hands (ex. pulse) AuscultationAuscultation-listen (stethoscope) to -listen (stethoscope) to
body soundsbody sounds PercussionPercussion-tap on body surface to listen -tap on body surface to listen
or feel for resulting echoor feel for resulting echo
AutopsyAutopsyExamination of the body after Examination of the body after death.death.
May reveal existence of May reveal existence of diseases not detected during diseases not detected during life.life.
May determine extent of May determine extent of injuries, explaining how the injuries, explaining how the injuries may have contributed injuries may have contributed to a person’s death.to a person’s death.
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/autopsy-9.jpg
Diagnosis of DiseaseDiagnosis of DiseaseDiagnosisDiagnosis- science & skill of - science & skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.from another. Medical History-Medical History- collection of collection of
information that might relate to a information that might relate to a person’s illnessperson’s illness
Physical Examination-Physical Examination- orderly orderly evaluation of the body & its evaluation of the body & its functions.functions.
Medical & Applied SciencesMedical & Applied SciencesSee page 18 Textbook:See page 18 Textbook:
CardiologyCardiology HistologyHistology PathologyPathology
CytologyCytology ImmunologyImmunology PediatricsPediatrics
DermatologyDermatology NeonatologyNeonatology PharmacologyPharmacology
EndocrinologyEndocrinology NephrologyNephrology PodiatryPodiatry
EpidemiologyEpidemiology NeurologyNeurology PsychiatryPsychiatry
GastroenterologyGastroenterology ObstetricsObstetrics RadiologyRadiology
GeriatricsGeriatrics OncologyOncology ToxicologyToxicology
GerontologyGerontology OphthalmologyOphthalmology UrologyUrology
GynecologyGynecology OrthopedicsOrthopedics
HematologyHematology OtolaryngologyOtolaryngology