■Essential Question: –What were the causes & effects of

the unifications of Italy & Germany?

■Warm-Up Question: –?

Bel l Ringer

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One important effect of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, & conquests by Napoleon was

the growth of in Europe

Nationalism is the belief that people’s should be the people in one’s

who share a common culture & history

rather than a king or empire

From the end of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, nationalism played a major role

in European politics Nationalism inspired new

demands for (like France in 1848)

Nationalism inspired calls for from weakening

empires (like Greece from the Ottoman Empire in 1821)

Nationalism inspired people of similar cultures to & form

new nations (like Italy & Germany in the 1870s)

By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Italy was a divided region:

Parts of Italy were independent states

Other areas were controlled by France

or Austria Other regions were controlled by the Catholic Church

Unification was led by the

Kingdom of Sardinia in northern Italy

The king of Sardinia named as prime

minister who hoped to unify Italy under Sardinian control

From 1830 to 1871, the growth of nationalism led the

Cavour provoked & won a war with the Austrian Empire that allowed Sardinia to

Meanwhile, a nationalist army led by

unified all of Italy

In 1861, Garibaldi & Cavour agreed to unify the north & south under

Sardinian rule

By 1871, all of Italy was unified & a constitutional monarchy was created to rule the new nation

By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Germany was a divided region:

39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation

Prussia used a powerful army & industry to lead the unification

of Germany

Austria dominated these German states but the empire was weakening

Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck used tough power politics called realpolitik (any means necessary) to unify

Germany under Prussian rule

To unify Germany, Bismarck led Prussia into a series of wars

In the Seven Weeks War in 1866, Prussia fought Austria which helped unify northern

Germany under Prussia’s control

In 1867, Bismarck provoked war with France called the Franco-Prussian War which helped convince Catholics in southern

Germany to unify with Prussia

In 1871, Bismarck successfully unified Germany though “blood and iron”

The King of Prussia became the Kaiser

(emperor) of Germany

A German Parliament was formed & was

led by a chancellor

By 1871, all the major European nations were

formed

From 1815 to 1871, a major power shift had occurred

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna created a balance of power among European nations

By 1871, Britain & Germany were the

most powerful nations militarily & economically