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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataArc marine : GIS for a blue planet / Dawn J. Wright ... [et al.] ; foreword by Jane Lubchenco. -- 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-58948-017-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Oceanography--Geographic information systems. I. Wright, Dawn J., 1961– GC38.5.A73 2008 551.460285—dc22 2007000708

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Cover and interior design by Savitri Brant

Contents

Foreword ProfessorJaneLubchenco [vii]Preface [ix]Acknowledgments [xi]

Chapter 1 Introduction [1]

Chapter 2 CommonMarineDataTypes [9]

Chapter 3 Marinesurveys [21]

Chapter 4 Marineanimaldataapplications [45]

Chapter 5 Implementingtimeseriesandmeasurements [81]

Chapter 6 Nearshoreandcoastal/shorelineanalysis [107]

Chapter 7 Modelmeshes [141]

Chapter 8 MultidimensionalGIS [163]

Chapter 9 Epilogue [177]

About the authors [183]Index [185]

Foreword

Theoceansaresovastandbountifulthatformostofhumanhistorytheyhavebeenthoughtofasinfinitelyresilientandinexhaustible.Themantra“Dilutionisthesolutiontopollu-tion”characterizedattitudestowardoceansasconvenientplacesforwastedisposal.Themereideathatoceanscouldbeoverfishedordisruptedwasinconceivable.Fast-forwardtothepresent.Evidenceofdisruptedoceanecosystemsabounds:Aquarteroftheworld’smost important fisheries are vastly depleted; 90 percent of the large fishes have disap-pearedduetooverfishing;hundredsof“deadzones”(areaswithoxygenlevelstoolowtosupportmostmarinelife)haveappearedinthelastfewdecadesduetonutrientpollutionfromagriculture, livestockoperations,andsewage;harmfulalgalbloomsareincreasingduetothisnutrientpollutionandtheintroductionofnonnativespecies,forexample,viaballast water; sea level is rising, oceans are warming, and storm intensity is increasingbecauseofclimatechange;andtheoceansarebecomingmoreacidicastheyabsorbabouthalfofthecarbondioxidebeingreleasedfromtheburningoffossilfuelsandclearingofforests.Inaveryshortperiodoftime,thebountyofoceanshasbeendepletedandoceanecosystemshavebecomeseriouslydisrupted.

Becausethisdepletionhasserioussocialandeconomicconsequences,thereisincreasinginterestindevisingsolutionstorecoverthebountyandresilienceofoceanecosystems.IntheUnitedStates,thePewOceansCommissionandtheU.S.CommissiononOceanPolicyhavemadecomprehensiverecommendationsonsolutions.TheJointOceansCommissionInitiativeandothersaretakingupthechallengeofimplementingtheserecommendations.Manystatesandothernationsareevaluatingtheirownpoliciesandpractices.

Emerging evidence indicates that some solutions are both feasible and effective—forexample,modifyingfishinggear to reducehabitatdestructionand inadvertent impactsonnontargetspecies;establishingnetworksoffullyprotected“notake”marinereservesto protect habitat and allow fishes and invertebrates to recover, mature, and produceimmensenumbersofyoung;reducingland-basedsourcesofpollution;protectingcriticalcoastalwetlandsfromdevelopment;reducingintroductionofnonnativespecies;align-ingtheeconomicsoffishingwithconservationinterests;improvingoceangovernance;andmore.

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However,thediversityofdriverscausingoceanchangesandthedifferentscalesofoceanprocesses present challenges in understanding and evaluating problems and solutions.Civilsociety,managers,policymakers,businessandindustry,andscientistsneedbettertoolstovisualize,examine,manipulate,andevaluatedataandinformation.Scientificdataand information play critical roles, but they must be organized and presented in waysthatareunderstandable,relevant,useable,andcredible.For theoceans,GIShasbeenapowerfultoolbecauseitintegratesmanykindsofdata(forexample,marinegeologywithmarinebiology,chemistry,oceancurrents,etc.)inordertoseethelargerpicture.Itcanturnthenumbersthatdatarepresentsintointerpretationsthathelppeopleunderstandwhatishappeningandwhatdifferentsolutionswouldaccomplish.ThisbookisaboutapplyingGIStotheocean,moreefficientlyandeffectivelythanbefore,byusingthelatestavailableapproachesinthisexciting,evolvingtechnology.

ThepowerofGISliesinitsflexibilityforbothscientistsandnonscientists.Theorganizedstructuringandlayeringofdataallowsaccuraterepresentationsofinformationthatcanbetailoredtotheneedsandinterestsofusersbylocation,spatialextent,andtypeofinforma-tiondesired.Oceanicandcoastalfeatures,includingnaturalandbuiltstructures,canbevisualizedandmanipulated.Forscientists,adatamodelsuchasArcMarineisinvaluableinenablingbettermanagementandsharingofdatawithotherscientists,policymakers,andthepublic.

ThepublicationofArc Marine: GIS for a Blue Planetcomesatacriticaltime.Oceans,andindeedtheentireplanet,arechangingat fasterrates,overbroaderscales,andinfunda-mentally new ways. As documented in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, theseenvironmentalchangeshaveimmediateconsequencestohumanwell-being.Hence,thereisgreaturgencyinaddressingtheseproblemsandmakingatransitiontosustainability.Scientific information isvital inhelpingsocietyunderstandwhat ishappeningand thelikelyconsequencesofpossiblesolutions.Thisisespeciallytruefortheoceansthattomostpeoplearenormallyrepresentedsimplyaslargeblueareasonamap.Newtoolssuchasthosedescribedinthisbookprovideunifiedapproachestoandframeworksforprocessing,mapping,andsharingcriticalinformationabouttheoceans.Thesetoolswillinformandguideimpendingdecisionsanddeterminewhetherwecanindeedrecoverthelostbountyandresilienceofoceans.

JaneLubchencoOregonStateUniversityDistinguishedProfessorofZoologyandWayneandGladysValleyProfessorofMarineBiology;Member,PewOceansCommissionandJointOceanCommissionInitiative(http://www.jointoceancommission.org/); Convening Lead Author, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(http://www.MAweb.org)

Preface

During the past several years, ESRI, with significant user-community input, has beenbuilding application-specific data models for ArcGIS software in many industries andscientific disciplines. Notable for the marine GIS community is the marine data modelinitiative,alsocalledArcMarine.OtherindustrydatamodelshavecommontouchpointstoArcMarine,suchasArcHydro,Groundwater,ClimateandWeather,Petroleum,andtheS-57forElectronicNavigationalCharts.Intandemwiththeseefforts,themarineGIScommunityhasgrownsignificantlyduringthepastfewyears.“MarineGIScommunity”isdefinedasuserswhoapplyGIStothecoasts,estuaries,marginalseas,anddeepocean.The community includes academic, government, and military oceanographers; coastalresourcemanagersandconsultants;marinetechnologists;nauticalarchaeologists;marineconservationists;marineandcoastalgeographers;fisheriesmanagersandscientists;oceanexplorers/mariners;andothers.

This book reports the initial results of a successful effort to create and define a datamodelforthiscommunity,onethatsupportsbettermanagementofcomplexspatialanaly-seswithinavarietyofmarineapplications.Includedaredescriptionsofdatabaseprojectsthatfocusonmappingtheoceanfloor,fisheriesmanagementinthewatercolumn,marineanimal tracking in the water column and on the sea surface, nearshore and shorelinechange,temporalanalysisofwatertemperature,andtheintegrationofnumericalmodels.Ourgoalhasbeentocreateadatabasedesignthatfacilitatesthecollectionofdynamicandmultidimensionaldatafromtheoceans,seas,andcoasts,andtoprovideamore logicalwaytorepresenttheseintheobject-orientedworldofthegeodatabase.

Thedevelopmentofcommon,interoperableGIStoolsbasedonsuchaframeworkcanbeimmenselyvaluable:toolsfordatainput,distributingorservingdata,improvedper-formance indataprocessingandanalysis,andcreatingnew information fromthedata.Designedwiththedatamodelinmind,thesetoolscombinedcreateusefulwaystoworkwithmarinesensordataandhumanobservations.

The data model improves our ability to manage and exchange large marine datasetsusingaframeworkthatcanbesharedandimplementedacrossmanyplatformsandappli-cations.Thestandardsandbestpracticesthathaveemergedfromthecasestudies,lessons

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learned,and tutorials combine to formadiverse setof resources for themarineGISpractitionertodrawfrom.

Asyouusethisbookasareferenceorlaboratorymanual,pleaserefertoanddownloadthemanyresources,includingthecoreArcMarinedatamodel,attheaccompanyingmirrorWeb sites: http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis/ and the Marine link at http://support.esri.com/datamodels.ThesesitesincludetheArcMarinedesigntemplates,theArcMarinereferenceposter,atutorialonusingArcMarine,sampledatasets,backgrounddocuments,MicrosoftPowerPointfiles,andlinkstoArcMarinetools.

DawnJ.Wright,OregonStateUniversityMichaelBlongewicz,DHIWater&EnvironmentPatrickN.Halpin,DukeUniversityJoeBreman,ESRI

Acknowledgments

WegratefullyacknowledgemanypeopleforprovidingcommentsandinputontheearlystagesofArcMarine,therebyensuringitsintellectualintegrityand“connectiontoreality.”Theseincludemembersoftheinitialdatamodelworkinggroup:SteveGriséandSimonEvansofESRI,EricTremlofDukeUniversity’sNicholasSchooloftheEnvironmentandEarthSciences,andJasonMarshalloftheNOAACoastalServicesCenter;aswellasKevinCurtin,earlycoauthorof theUNETRANS(Transportation)datamodel;andNancyvonMeyer,leadauthoroftheLandParceldatamodel.Wealsoweregreatlyassistedbymem-bersofaninformal,yetmuchbroaderreviewteam,thosewhoattendedseveralwork-shops at ESRI headquarters in Redlands, California, to help define and critique earlydraftsofthemodel:

Jan Benson,NOAAAlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter,Washington

Tanya Haddad,OregonOcean–CoastalManagementProgram

Rowena Carlson,SpaceandNavalWarfareSystemsCenter,California

Travis Hamrick,UniversityofRedlands,California

Lu Crenshaw,GeneralDynamics,GlobalMaritimeBoundariesDatabaseGroup,Virginia

Phil Henderson,PhotoScienceGeospatialSolutions,Inc.,Florida

Peter Etnoyer,AquanautixConsulting,California

Sue Heinz,NASA/JPLPhysicalOceanographyDistributedActiveArchiveCenter,California

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Eric Horowitz,UniversityofRedlands,California

Mi Ra Park,PacificStatesMarineFisheriesCommission

Pat Iampietro,CaliforniaStateUniversity–MontereyBay

Lorin Pruett,GeneralDynamics,GlobalMaritimeBoundariesDatabaseGroup,Virginia

Chris Jenkins,InstituteofArctic&AlpineResearch(INSTAAR),UniversityofColoradoatBoulder

Rob Schick,NOAASouthwestFisheriesScienceCenter,California

Miles Logsdon,UniversityofWashingtonSchoolofOceanography

Deidre Sullivan,MontereyPeninsulaCollege,MarineAdvancedTechnologyEducationCenter,California

Nazila Merati,NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLab,Washington

Tiffany Vance,NOAAAlaskaFisheriesScienceCenter,Washington

Ian Muster,TheRedlandsInstitute,UniversityofRedlands,California

John Wood,HarteResearchInstituteforGulfofMexicoStudies,TexasA&MUniversity–CorpusChristi

Theauthorsbenefited fromtheparticipationof the followingreviewteammembersbye-mail:

James Anderson,NavalFacilitiesEngineeringCommand(NAVFAC),Washington,D.C.

Paul Eastwood,FisheriesGISUnit,CanterburyChristChurchUniversityCollege,UnitedKingdom

Jeff Ardron,LivingOceansSociety,BritishColumbia,Canada(nowwiththeGermanFederalAgencyforNatureConservation)

Alan Forghani,NationalMappingDivision,GeoscienceAustralia

Andra Bobbitt,NOAAPacificMarineEnvironmentalLab,Oregon

Chris Friel,PhotoScienceGeospatialSolutions,Inc.,Florida

John Cartwright,NOAANationalGeophysicalDataCenter,Colorado

Ted Habermann,NOAANationalGeophysicalDataCenter,Colorado

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Rollo Home,HalcrowGroupLtd.,UnitedKingdom

Tony Lavoi and David Stein,NOAACoastalServicesCenter,SouthCarolina

Craig Kelly,NavalOceanographicOffice(NAVOCEANO),Mississippi

Robby Wilson,NOAAOfficeofCoastSurvey,Maryland

AspecialreviewertowhomweoweexceedinggreatthanksisJürgenSchulz-Ohlbergof theBundesamt fürSeeschiffahrtundHydrographie (BSH,FederalMaritimeandHydrographicAgency),Germany.HemadegreatcontributionsnotonlytotheMeshportion of the model, for which he prepared a case study, but to Time Series andMeasurements, InstantaneousPoints, LocationSeriesPoints, and TimeDurationLines.Throughouttheentireprocess,wehaveappreciatedhisinsight,frankness,andadvo-cacy,andthatofhiscolleagues.

In addition, we greatly appreciate the excellent work of Paulo Serpa (CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandGameandthePacificStatesMarineFisheriesCommission)onthefinal,Web-basedArcMarinetutorialandthegeneraladvocacy;andtheassistanceof JimCiarrocca,JeanneFoust,JasonWillison,AileenBuckley,KatsuraMatsuda,andAnnJohnson,allatESRI.Wereceivedgreatsupportandencouragementfromourcasestudyteam:thosewhopreparedspecificapplicationsofArcMarineusingtheirowndatasetstotestitsviabil-ityandusability.Theyareacknowledgedinfullwithinchapters3–7.WearemostgratefultoProfessorJaneLubchenco,whowrotetheforeword.

Finally,theauthorswouldliketothanktheteamatESRIPress.MarkHenrypatientlyeditedthetextandguideditthroughproduction.SavitriBrantdesignedthebookanditsstrikingcover.MichaelLawreviewedthecartography.ThanksalsotoTiffanyWilkersonforherthoroughcopyedit,DavidBoylesforhiseditorialoversight,MichaelHyattforhiswisdomduringproduction,JayLoteriaforhisassistancewithgraphics,andJudyHawkinsforherenthusiastic support.ColleenLangleyand JenniferGallowayoffered invaluableadvice.KathleenMorgan,CarmenFye,KelleyHeider,andLesleyDownieprovidedadministra-tivesupport,andCliffCrabbeoversawproduction.Theauthorsareespeciallygratefulto ESRI President Jack Dangermond for his vision and support for a healthy marineenvironment.