ESL501 Created by Betsy Divine Adapted from Susan faivre
Slide 2
1. Why do you think there are various styles and formats for
research papers (e.g. problem-solution, argumentative, IMRD)? 2.
What type of research paper is most common in your field? Why do
you think that might be the case? 3. If you know your 501 paper
topic, what type of research paper do you think you will be
writing? Why is that the best choice given your topic?
Slide 3
Most research paper (RP) authors operate in a highly
competitive environment. Thus, they need to convince publishers
that their content is of importance and interest. They need to
demonstrate that they are familiar with the relevant literature so
as to show that their research questions have not already been
answered. Thus, the goals of RP authors are primarily to show
relevance, significance, and make a contribute their field.
Slide 4
Take a stand on an issue Compare/contrast different
perspectives on a given topic Uses evidence or analyses to support
a perspective on a given topic
Slide 5
Identify a problem that is not yet or insufficiently
investigated Propose one or multiple solutions Evaluate solutions
Explain how to implement the solutions to solve the problem
Slide 6
Considering these topics, would a problem-solution or
argumentative paper be more appropriate? Why? 1. Reducing U.S.
dependence on foreign oil Problem Solution 2. Does the hydrated
electron occupy a cavity? Argumentative 3. Cutting or raising taxes
to spur economic growth Argumentative 4. Finding the missing
heritability of complex diseases Problem Solution
Slide 7
Argumentative and problem-solution can overlap in the following
ways: 1. Both may involve some sort of evaluationwhich is more key
to argumentative essays 2. Both may involve some sort of solution
proposalwhich is more key to problem-solution papers However
Argumentative essays tend to argue for one way than the other
Problem-solution papers try to answer questions or solve problems
that are not properly addressed in either approach (models,
methods)
Slide 8
Literature Reviews give background on previous research done on
the subject. They are a means to demonstrate your knowledge,
provide the reader with adequate background, and show that your
argument is new and valid. In IMRD papers, they are given at the
beginning of a paper and end commonly with the thesis. They are not
a common component of Argument and P-S Papers as supporting sources
are integrated into the text. Lucky for you, however, we will do
doing them in this class for practice.
Slide 9
PS papers commonly have four parts: 1. Description of a
situation 2. Identification of a problem 3. Description of a
solution 4. Evaluation of the solution
Slide 10
I. Introduction A. Attention Getter B. Background, interesting
information: startling statistics, facts, quotation, personal
experience, anecdote C. Lead-in to thesis D. Thesis: Somebody
should do something II. Identify and demonstrate the problem A.
Current Condition or current policy showing why it is ineffective
B. Weakness of current condition C. Explore causes and effects of
the problem that the current condition does not solve 1. causes
2.effects III. Present Solution(s) IV. Answering possible
objections, costs, drawbacks V. Conclusion: implementation of plan;
call to action
Slide 11
I. Introduction II. The overall problem: identify and
demonstrate III. One part of the problem, solution, evidence,
answers to possible objections, feasibility. IV. Second part of the
problem, solution, evidence, answers to possible objections,
feasibility. V. Third part of the problem, solution, evidence,
answers to possible objections, feasibility VI. Conclusion:
implementation of plan; call to action
Slide 12
I. Introduction II. The problem: identify and demonstrate III.
Alternative solution 1: why its not satisfactory IV. Alternative
solution 2: why its not satisfactory V. Alternative solution 3: why
it is best: give evidence, objections, feasibility VI. Conclusion:
implementation of plan
Slide 13
For over twenty years now biologists have been alarmed that
certain populations of amphibians have been declining. These
declines have occurred both in areas populated by humans as well as
areas seemingly undisturbed by people. However, offering clear
proof of the declining numbers of amphibians has been difficult
because in most cases there is no reliable data on past population
sizes with which to compare recent numbers. Moreover, it is not
entirely clear whether the decline are actually part of a natural
fluctuation in populations arising from droughts or a scarcity in
food. To address this problem biologists are changing the way that
they observe amphibian populations. One good documentation method
involves counting species over the course of several years and
under a variety of climatic conditions. This method should yield
reliable data that will help researchers understand the extent to
which amphibian populations are in danger and begin to determine
what can be done to stem the decline in populations. Read the
following and identify the four components
Slide 14
For over twenty years now biologists have been alarmed that
certain populations of amphibians have been declining. These
declines have occurred both in areas populated by humans as well as
areas seemingly undisturbed by people. However, offering clear
proof of the declining numbers of amphibians has been difficult
because in most cases there is no reliable data on past population
sizes with which to compare recent numbers. Moreover, it is not
entirely clear whether the decline are actually part of a natural
fluctuation in populations arising from droughts or a scarcity in
food. To address this problem biologists are changing the way that
they observe amphibian populations. One good documentation method
involves counting species over the course of several years and
under a variety of climatic conditions. This method should yield
reliable data that will help researchers understand the extent to
which amphibian populations are in danger and begin to determine
what can be done to stem the decline in populations
Slide 15
Please read the paper titled, The Role of English in Research
and Scholarship and identify the four main parts.
Slide 16
Situation- Background information about claims for research
English Problem- Reasons for doubting the accuracy of the figures
Solution- Alternative data leading to more accurate figures.
Evaluation- Assessment of the merits of the proposed answer.
In the following slide, an introduction to a basic research
paper is provided. Identify the following: 1. Background/Previous
Research 2. Where and how the gap is established 3. Transition into
thesis 4. Thesis NOTICE! You may need to include definitions of key
terminology.
Slide 19
The public awareness of scientific fraud has increased
remarkably since the late 1980s when controversy made front page
new, in which a paper investigated for fraud had coauthored a Nobel
Laureate [1]. During the 1990s scientific fraud was disclosed on
numerous occasions [2]. In fact, it was recently suggested that
fraud now is endemic in many scientific disciplines and in most
countries [3]. However, the clandestine character and consequential
lack of reliable information make it difficult to study scientific
fraud. The characteristics and frequency of scientific fraud,
therefore, are generally unknown, and its impact on medical
research unknown. Biostatisticians routinely work closely with
physicians and scientists in many branches of medical research and
have unique insight into data. In addition, they have the
methodological competence to detect fraud and could be expected to
have a special professional interest in the validity of the
results. Biostatisticians therefore could provide unique and
reliable information on the characteristics of fraud in medical
research.
Slide 20
The public awareness of scientific fraud has increased
remarkably since the late 1980s when controversy made front page
new, in which a paper investigated for fraud had coauthored a Nobel
Laureate [1]. During the 1990s scientific fraud was disclosed on
numerous occasions [2]. In fact, it was recently suggested that
fraud now is endemic in many scientific disciplines and in most
countries [3]. However, the clandestine character and consequential
lack of reliable information make it difficult to study scientific
fraud. The characteristics and frequency of scientific fraud,
therefore, are generally unknown, and its impact on medical
research unknown. Biostatisticians routinely work closely with
physicians and scientists in many branches of medical research and
have unique insight into data. In addition, they have the
methodological competence to detect fraud and could be expected to
have a special professional interest in the validity of the
results. Biostatisticians therefore could provide unique and
reliable information on the characteristics of fraud in medical
research.
Slide 21
It is not advisable to try and understand every word when
reading. Good readers use context and read considering their
specific purpose. Here, we only need to get the gist in order to
obtain our goal, which is to understand the structure of the these
papers. In the following research papers: Identify the components
that make up a certain type of paper in terms of Goal or motivation
of the paper How the literature is reviewed Results
Slide 22
Hierarchical feature extraction: In digital image processing,
models are trained to extract features from a image. The features
may be complex and clustered and therefore a hierarchy of learning
algorithms is applied to reduce image classification errors and
improve image identification performance.
Slide 23
What is the goal/purpose of the paper? Identify the location of
thesis in the abstract Is this an Argumentative or P-S paper?
Identify where this demonstrated in the paper. How/Where is the
Literature Reviewed? Identify the location and method Where are the
results located? What conclusions have they drawn from their
results.
Slide 24
Contrary to former hierarchical classification methods that
only consider local structure of the hierarchy, we propose a novel
cross-level hierarchical classification method that utilizes both
global and local concept structures throughout the entire path
decision- making process (p. 1007).
Slide 25
Section 2.1 reviews previous works on hierarchical
classification. The authors state the advantage of such methods but
also argue that one disadvantage of these methods is that it is
hard to consider different data representation at different node.
Another disadvantage is scalabilitythe high dimensionality of the
new representation in tensor space significantly increases the
complexity of the new problem compared with the original one (p.
1008). Section 2.2 reviews the literature that introduces the
algorithm the authors will be using, which later connects to the
methodological design in Section 3.
Slide 26
Experiment on a four-level twenty-one- node hierarchy in
vehicle dataset demonstrates up to 1.5% accuracy improvement over
the conventional classification. In the experiment on Caltech101,
our proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art
conventional classification by 1% with a 3-level hierarchy based on
clustering (p. 1010).
Slide 27
Dopamine: a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's
reward and pleasure centers. It enables us not only to see rewards,
but drives us to take action to get them. Dopamine deficiency would
result in Parkinson's Disease, and people with low dopamine
activity are found to be more subject to addiction Pavlovian
learning: an implicit learning via mental conditioning that does
not require the subjects consciousness (the example of Pavlov's
dog).
Slide 28
What is the goal/purpose of the paper? Identify the location of
thesis in the abstract Is this an Argumentative or P-S paper?
Identify where this demonstrated in the paper. How/Where is the
Literature Reviewed? Identify the location and method Where are the
results located? What conclusions have they drawn from their
results.
Slide 29
Until now it has been difficult to determine whether dopamine
mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of
reward-associated cues, because these two features are often
acquired together. However, the extent to which a predictor of
reward acquires incentive value differs between individuals,
providing the opportunity to parse the role of dopamine in stimulus
reward learning (p. 53)
Slide 30
The authors first review stimulus-reward learning in rats that
differ in the incentive motivational properties, bHR (high
responders to novelty) and bLR rats (low responders to novelty). In
the second section, the authors report that bHR and bLR rats
produce fundamentally different patterns of dopamine release in
response to reward-related stimuli during learning (p. 54). In the
final section, they report how they tested whether the acquisition
and performance of conditional responses were differentially
dependent on dopamine transmission.
Slide 31
Intact dopamine transmission is not required for all forms of
learning in which reward cues become effective predictors. Rather,
dopamine acts selectively in a form of stimulusreward learning in
which incentive salience is assigned to reward cues (p. 53).
Slide 32
Swales, F., Feak, C. (2007) Academic Writing for Graduate
Students, New York: New York