ES Mid term Part I Paonessa

1. Base your answer to the following question on thediagrams below, which represent two different solid,uniform materials cut into cubes A and B.

A) 9 g B) 27 g C) 3 g D) 81 g

What is the mass of cube B?

A) 15 mL B) 25 mLC) 40 mL D) 65 mL

2. The sphere was dropped into water in a graduatedcylinder as shown below.

What is the volume of the sphere?

A) 143 × 102 km B) 1.43 × 103 kmC) 1.43 × 105 km D) 143 × 105 km

3. The diameter through the equator of Jupiter is about143,000 kilometers. What is this distance written inscientific notation (powers of 10)?

A) deposition B) sedimentationC) weathering D) cementing

4. Which process involves either a physical or chemicalbreakdown of earth materials?

A) shape B) massC) volume D) composition

5. Which characteristic would most likely remainconstant when a limestone cobble is subjected toextensive abrasion?

A) Water dissolves many earth materials.B) Water expands when it freezes.C) Water cools the surroundings when it evaporates.D) Water loses 334 Joules of heat per gram when it

freezes.

6. Which property of water makes frost action acommon and effective form of weathering?

A) abrasion of rocks by the windB) alternate freezing and melting of waterC) dissolving of minerals into solutionD) oxidation by oxygen in the atmosphere

7. At high elevations, which is the most common formof physical weathering?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

8. The diagram below shows an outcrop of differentlayers of sandstone in a region receiving heavyrainfall.

Which sandstone layer appears to be the least resistant to weathering?

A) rounded and sortedB) rounded and unsortedC) angular and sortedD) angular and unsorted

9. Pieces of bedrock material that are broken from acliff and deposited by a landslide at the base of thecliff are best described as

A) B)

C) D)

10.The cross section below shows the movement of wind-driven sand particles that strike a partly exposedbasalt cobble located at the surface of a windy desert.

Which cross section best represents the appearance of this cobble after many years of exposure to thewind-driven sand?

A) less than X B) greater than XC) the same as X

11. In the diagram below, sample X and sample Y represent equal masses of earth material which areweathering under the same conditions. The sampleshave the same mineral composition.

The weathering rate for sample Y will most likely be

A) river depositionB) glacial scouringC) mass movementD) chemical weathering

12. A landslide is an example of

A) It will become jagged and its mass willdecrease.

B) It will become jagged and its volume willincrease.

C) It will become rounded and its mass willincrease.

D) It will become rounded and its volume willdecrease.

13. What change will a pebble usually undergo when itis transported a great distance by streams?

A) gravity B) windsC) running water D) sea waves

14. Which erosional force acts alone to produceavalanches and landslides?

A) an eroded plateau B) a flat floodplainC) a U-shaped valley D) a V-shaped valley

15. Which landscape feature was most likely formed byglacial activity?

16. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the landscape features associated with a meandering river.Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on the floodplain.

A) more rounded B) more dense C) heavier D) larger

During transport by this river, a sediment particle will most likely become

A) The limestone was changed by contactmetamorphism caused by a lava flow.

B) The limestone bedrock formed under conditionsof high heat and pressure.

C) Older igneous and metamorphic bedrock thatonce covered the limestone eroded away,forming the boulders.

D) The boulders were transported and deposited onthe limestone bedrock by a glacier.

17. The cross section below represents large bouldersmade of granite, gneiss, and quartzite that are foundlying on limestone bedrock near Oswego, NewYork.

If no overturning of bedrock has occurred, whichstatement correctly explains the source of theboulders?

A) gravity B) windC) ocean waves D) running water

18. Sharp-edged, irregularly shaped sediment particlesfound at the base of a rock cliff were probablytransported by

19. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram which represents a profile of a mountainglacier in the northern United States.

A) evaporation of ice directly from the glacierB) snow blowing across the top of the glacierC) the force of gravity pulling on the glacierD) water flowing over the glacier

The downhill movement of mountain glaciers suchas the one shown in the diagram is primarily causedby

A) deposition on the inside of the meanderB) deposition on the outside of the meanderC) erosion on the inside of the meanderD) erosion on the outside of the meander

20. Trees growing on the edge of a river's meander aremost likely to fall into the river due to

A) a kettle lake B) an outwash plainC) a finger lake D) a moraine

21. The diagram below shows a glacial landscape feature forming over time from a melting block of ice.

This glacial landscape feature is best identified as

A)

B)

C)

D)

22. Which cross section best represents the valley shapewhere a rapidly flowing stream is cutting into thebedrock in a mountainous area?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

23. The map below shows the area surrounding ameandering stream.

At which point is erosion greatest?

A) faster, causing deposition to occurB) faster, causing erosion to occurC) slower, causing deposition to occurD) slower, causing erosion to occur

24. The map below shows the path of a river. The arrowshows the direction the river is flowing. LettersA and B identify the banks of the river.

The water depth is greater near bank A than bank B because the water velocity near bank A is

A) wind erosionB) wave erosionC) mass movementD) chemical precipitation

25. The natural sandblasting (abrasion) of surfacebedrock in a desert region is the result of

A) deposit sediment in unsorted pilesB) deposit rounded sand in V-shaped valleysC) continually melt and refreezeD) drag loose rocks over Earth’s surface

26. Glaciers often form parallel scratches and grooves inbedrock because glaciers

A) decrease and the rate of erosion to decreaseB) decrease and the rate of erosion to increaseC) increase and the rate of erosion to decreaseD) increase and the rate of erosion to increase

27. The model shown below illustrates stream erosion between locations A and B in the stream.

Placing a second block under location A will cause the stream's velocity to

A) mass movement B) windC) glacial ice D) running water

28. The diagram below shows a sedimentary rocksample.

Which agent of erosion was most likely responsiblefor shaping the particles forming this rock?

A) Elmira and BinghamtonB) Riverhead and New York CityC) Massena and Old ForgeD) Buffalo and Watertown

29. Which two cities are located in the InteriorLowlands?

A) alternating thawing and freezing of watercracked the bedrock

B) flooding from a nearby lake covered thebedrock

C) a glacier dragged rocks over the bedrockD) rocks from a landslide slid along the bedrock

30. The photograph below shows scratched and groovedbedrock with boulders on its surface.

The scratches and grooves were most likely createdwhen

A) limestone B) dolostone C) rock gypsum D) rock salt

31. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated?

A) glacial ice B) prevailing windC) streamfiow D) volcanic action

32. The photograph below shows a large boulder ofmetamorphic rock in a field in the Allegheny Plateauregion of New York State.

The boulder was most likely moved to this locationby

A) The lake surfaces are above sea level.B) The lakes fill long, narrow U-shaped valleys.C) The lakes are partially filled with sorted beds of

sediment.D) The lakes are surrounded by sharp, jagged

peaks and ridges.

33. Which statement provides the best evidence thatNew York State’s Finger Lakes formed as a result ofcontinental glaciation?

A) deserts and beachesB) deltas and floodplainsC) glaciers and morainesD) mountain peaks and escarpments

34. The diagram below shows sand particles beingmoved by wind.

At which Earth surface locations is this processusually the most dominant type of erosion?

A) glaciers B) landslidesC) wind D) ocean waves

35. Long, sandy islands are composed mostly of sandand rounded pebbles arranged in sorted layers.Which agent of erosion most likely shaped andsorted the sand and pebbles while transporting themto their island location?

A) Tug Hill PlateauB) Adirondack MountainsC) St. Lawrence LowlandsD) Champlain Lowlands

36. A plane traveling in a straight line from Watertownto Utica would fly over which landscape region?

A) pyroxene B) quartzC) biotite D) potassium feldspar

37. Which mineral can be found in all samples ofrhyolite and andesite?

A) quartz B) pyroxeneC) olivine D) biotite mica

38. Which mineral can be found in granite, andesite,gneiss, and hornfels?

A) intergrown crystalsB) fossilsC) mineralsD) sediments

39. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks areusually composed of

A) Rocks are located only in continental areas ofthe Earth.

B) Rocks seldom undergo change.C) Most rocks contain fossils.D) Most rocks have several minerals in common.

40. Which is an accurate statement about rocks?

A) yellow to amber colorB) bubbling in hydrochloric acidC) cleaves at 56° and 124°D) hardness of 5 to 6

41. Which characteristic do samples of the mineralpyroxene normally exhibit?

Base your answers to questions 42 and 43 on the diagram below, which shows three minerals withthree different physical tests, A, B, and C, being performed on them.

A) rate of weathering of the mineralsB) identity of the mineralsC) environment where the minerals formedD) geologic period when the minerals formed

42. The results of all three physical tests shown are most useful for determining the

A) A—cleavage; B—streak; C—hardness B) A—cleavage; B—hardness; C—streakC) A—streak; B—cleavage; C—hardness D) A—streak; B—hardness; C—cleavage

43. Which sequence correctly matches each test, A, B, and C, with the mineral property tested?

A) color, streak, and ageB) origin, exposure, and fractureC) size, location, and lusterD) hardness, cleavage, and crystal shape

44. The internal atomic structure of a mineral mostlikely determines the mineral's

A) hardnessB) abundance in natureC) arrangement of atomsD) exposure to the hydrosphere and atmosphere

45. A mineral’s crystal shape and cleavage are a directresult of the mineral’s

A) The rock is composed of several minerals.B) The rock has a vesicular texture.C) The rock contains fragments of other rocks.D) The rock shows distorted and stretched pebbles.

46. A student classified the rock below as sedimentary.

Which observation about the rock best supports thisclassification?

47. Base your answer to the following question on the rock sample shown below.

A) granite, an igneous rockB) conglomerate, a sedimentary rockC) siltstone, a sedimentary rockD) Weiss, a metamorphic rock

The rounded pebbles of this rock have beencemented together to form

A) granite B) shaleC) breccia D) dolostone

48. Which rock is sedimentary in origin and formed as aresult of chemical processes?

A) clastic sedimentary rock formed from organicsubstances

B) chemically formed sedimentary rock thatconsists mainly of the mineral calcite

C) regional metamorphic rock with block likefoliation

D) contact metamorphic rock that results from thealteration of limestone by contact with anigneous intrusion

49. Which type of rock is represented by the mapsymbol below?

A) granite B) basaltC) sandstone D) limestone

50. Which rock most likely formed as a result ofbiologic processes?

A) glassy B) vesicularC) fine grained D) coarse grained

51. Which texture best describes an igneous rock thatformed deep underground?

A) weathering and erosionB) compaction and cementationC) heat and pressureD) melting and solidification

52. Which processes lead directly to the formation ofigneous rock?

A) slate B) duniteC) gneiss D) quartzite

53. The rock shown below has a foliated texture andcontains the minerals amphibole, quartz, andfeldspar arranged in coarse-grained bands.

Which rock is shown?

A) 5,700 years B) 11,400 yearsC) 17,100 years D) 22,800 years

54. How old is a bone that has 12.5% of the originalamount of radioactive carbon-14 remaining?

A) limestone B) gneiss C) schist D) coal

55. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a specific rock.

Which rock is formed as a result of these three stages?

A) plutonic with slow coolingB) plutonic with rapid coolingC) volcanic with slow coolingD) volcanic with rapid cooling

56. The photograph below shows an igneous rock.

What is the origin and rate of formation of this rock?

A) igneous and metamorphic rocks, onlyB) metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, onlyC) sedimentary rocks, onlyD) igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

57. Which type(s) of rock can be the source of depositedsediments?

A) 100% B) 50%C) 25% D) 12.5%

58. A fossil formed 11,400 years ago. Which percentageof the original amount of carbon-14 remains in thefossil?

A) Holocene B) PleistoceneC) Oligocene D) Eocene

59. During which geologic epoch do scientists infer thatthe earliest grasses first appeared on Earth?

A) 65 million years B) 160 million yearsC) 225 million years D) 345 million years

60. What is the estimated length of time of the MesozoicEra?

A) survived until the presentB) been discovered and identifiedC) become extinctD) evolved into mammalian life-forms

61. According to fossil evidence, most plants andanimals that lived on the Earth in the geologic pasthave

A) Cenozoic B) MesozoicC) Paleozoic D) Precambrian

62. During which geologic era did trilobites and sharkscoexist?

A) very few life-forms have become extinctB) life-forms existed on land before life-forms

existed in waterC) more complex life-forms probably have

evolved from less complex life-formsD) older bedrock contains a great variety of

lifeforms, while younger bedrock contains lessvariety of life-forms

63. Earth's fossil record shows evidence that

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

64. The geologic time line below represents the three most recent geologic eras. The numbers representevents in Earth's history.

Which number best represents when humans are inferred to have first appeared on Earth?

A) Allegheny Plateau and Newark LowlandsB) Tug Hill Plateau and Erie-Ontario LowlandsC) Taconic Mountains and the CatskillsD) Adirondack Mountains and Hudson Highlands

65. Which two landscape regions in New York Statehave the oldest surface bedrock?