ERP ERP Old/NewOld/New Effects During Auditory and Visual Word Recognition Memory Tasks: Effects During Auditory and Visual Word Recognition Memory Tasks:Findings for Healthy Adults and Depressed PatientsFindings for Healthy Adults and Depressed Patients

Jürgen KayserJürgen Kayser, Craig Tenke, Regan Fong, Jonathan Stewart, Frederic Quitkin, Gerard Bruder, Craig Tenke, Regan Fong, Jonathan Stewart, Frederic Quitkin, Gerard Bruder

Department of BiopsychologyDepartment of BiopsychologyNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew York State Psychiatric Institute

4242ndnd Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR), October 2-6, 2002, Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR), October 2-6, 2002, Washington, DC, USAWashington, DC, USA

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Psychophysiological Psychophysiological LaboratoryLaboratory

Difference Waveform

Temporal resolution of ERPs allows to study memory-retrieval processes in ‘real time’

Background

Typical finding during explicit memory tasks (i.e., judging items as being old or new)

Old/New EffectOld/New Effect

Friedman 2000, Biol. Psychol., 54:175-206.msms

• begins at 300 – 400 ms

• lasts 300 – 500 ms

• mostly posterior

• overlaps at least two distinct ERP components

ERP correlate of ERP correlate of conscious recollectionconscious recollection

P600

N2

• scalp distribution ERP old/new effect differs from N400/N2 and P600/P3b topographies

• words, pictures, faces, etc.

Price 2000, J. Anat., 197:335-359.

Background (cont.)

Few ERP studies of recognition memory in the auditory modality (although similar ERP old/new effects were observed for spoken words or environmental sounds)

Behavioral and neurological evidence suggests that visual and auditory short-term memory processes are distinct and involve separate neural pathways

ERPs should reflect time course and anatomy ERPs should reflect time course and anatomy of these separate processing streams of of these separate processing streams of

• perceptualperceptual• linguisticlinguistic processesprocesses• mnemonicmnemonic

N1 N2

• ERP old/new effect across modalities• within-subjects design• continuous word-recognition memory task

ObjectiveObjective

Schizophrenic

N1 N2

P3

Kayser et al. 1999, Int. J. Psychophysiology, 34:249-265.

ERP correlates of word-recognition memory rarely been studied in psychiatric disorders

• memory / medial temporal (hippocampal) dysfunction in depression?

• verbal memory / left MTL impairments in schizophrenia?

dysfunction affects primarily auditory modality

…

rock

new itemnew item

time

SOA2,000 ms

filler itemfiller item(never-repeated)(never-repeated)

old itemold item

Continuous Word Recognition Memory TaskContinuous Word Recognition Memory Task

fraction

habit

paper

shock

check

…rock

…

check

Visual Auditory

lags: 8 items24 items

Exposure[ms]

400 411(229 – 718)

forced choiceforced choicebutton pressbutton press

newnew oldold

V-A-A-Vor

A-V-V-A4 blocks

228 items/modality

92 filler68 new/old pairs

456 trials total

Study 1: Behavioral DataStudy 1: Behavioral Data

ConditionCondition pp = .0009 = .0009

ModalityModality pp < .0001 < .0001

ConditionCondition pp = .01 = .01

Modality x ConditionModality x Condition pp = .0003 = .0003

Gender (male / female) 8 / 88 / 8Age (years) 31.7 ± 6.231.7 ± 6.2

(24 – 40 yrs)(24 – 40 yrs)Handedness (EHI) 80.4 ± 21.480.4 ± 21.4

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((NN = 16) = 16)

10-20 System EEG Montage10-20 System EEG Montage (Nose Reference) (Nose Reference)

ElectroCapElectroCap(30-channel)(30-channel)

LeftMastoid

RightMastoid

Nose

Kayser et al., in press, Cogn. Brain Res.

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((NN = 16) = 16)

Study 1: ERP WaveformsStudy 1: ERP Waveforms

Visual ERPs were normalized within this modality by vector scaling across time, electrodes, condition and lag following the procedure suggested by McCarthy and Wood (1985).

Kayser et al., in press, Cogn. Brain Res.

Study 1: ERP WaveformsStudy 1: ERP Waveforms

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((NN = 16) = 16)

Auditory ERPs were normalized within this modality by vector scaling across time, electrodes, condition and lag following the procedure suggested by McCarthy and Wood (1985).

Kayser et al., in press, Cogn. Brain Res.

Study 1: ERP Difference WaveformsStudy 1: ERP Difference Waveforms

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((NN = 16) = 16)

ERPs were normalized within each modality by vector scaling across time, electrodes, condition and lag following the procedure suggested by McCarthy and Wood (1985).

ControlsControls(n=16)(n=16)

PatientsPatients(n=30)(n=30)

Time interval: 0 – 1,600 msTime interval: 0 – 1,600 ms

Negative Negative NeutralNeutral

Study 1: Normalized Surface Potential TopographiesStudy 1: Normalized Surface Potential Topographies

Negative - Neutral Negative - Neutral

Emotional Content Emotional Content

Kayser et al., in press, Cogn. Brain Res.

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((NN = 16) = 16)

Study 1: PCA for ERP Component MeasurementStudy 1: PCA for ERP Component Measurement

• covariance matrix• unrestricted factor extraction• unscaled Varimax rotation

F1350 19.3%F1350 19.3%F750 19.3%F750 19.3%F520 17.6%F520 17.6%

F1000 13.9%F1000 13.9%F370 7.5%F370 7.5%F220 6.3%F220 6.3%F130 F130 2.6% 2.6%

86.5%86.5%

Explained VarianceExplained Variance

Kayser et al., in press, Cogn. Brain Res.

Topographies of PCA Factor Scores

Visual

Auditory

F130 F220 F370 F520 F750 F1000 F1350

-1.4

+1.4

0.0

Study 1: Topographies of PCA Factor ScoresStudy 1: Topographies of PCA Factor Scores

F370

Visual

Auditory

-1.1

+1.1

0.0

-1.1

+1.1

0.0

-0.7

+0.7

0.0

-0.7

+0.7

0.0

New Old Old - New

F520

Visual

Auditory

-1.7

+1.7

0.0

-1.7

+1.7

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

New Old Old - New

F750

Visual

Auditory

-1.1

+1.1

0.0

-1.1

+1.1

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

New Old Old - New

Study 2: Demographic DataStudy 2: Demographic Data

• no history of any psychopathology or neurology disorder

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((nn = 26) = 26)

Depressed PatientsDepressed Patients((nn = 24) = 24)

• unmedicated, unipolar depressed outpatients (DSM-IV)- major depressive disorder (MDD) n = 16- dysthymic disorder (DYST) n = 3- both MDD + DYST n = 5

Gender (male/female) 12 / 1412 / 14 15 / 915 / 9

Age (years) 28.728.7 ± 6.0± 6.0(21 – 42 yrs)(21 – 42 yrs)

35.235.2 ± 9.6± 9.6(20 – 58 yrs)(20 – 58 yrs)

pp = .01 = .01

Education (years) 17.017.0 ± 2.7± 2.7 15.415.4 ± 2.1± 2.1 pp = .06 = .06

Handedness (EHI) 82.182.1 ± 18.8± 18.8 83.083.0 ± 17.7± 17.7

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 1.51.5 ± 3.2± 3.2 26.126.1 ± 11.1± 11.1 pp < .0001 < .0001

ModalityModality pp < .0001 < .0001

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((nn = 26) = 26)

Depressed PatientsDepressed Patients((nn = 24) = 24)

ConditionCondition pp < .0001 < .0001

Modality x ConditionModality x Condition pp = .006 = .006 Modality x ConditionModality x Condition pp < .0001 < .0001

Study 2: Behavioral DataStudy 2: Behavioral Data

Study 2: ERP Waveforms at Selected SitesStudy 2: ERP Waveforms at Selected Sites

Depressed PatientsDepressed Patients((nn = 24) = 24)

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((nn = 26) = 26)

PzPz

P9P9

ERPs were normalized within each modality by vector scaling across time, electrodes, condition and lag following the procedure suggested by McCarthy and Wood (1985).

F500 20.2%F500 20.2%F790 19.2%F790 19.2%

F1450 17.8%F1450 17.8%F1075 16.6%F1075 16.6%F250 7.6%F250 7.6%F125 2.1%F125 2.1%F360 F360 1.9% 1.9%

85.4%85.4%

Explained VarianceExplained Variance

Topographies of PCA Factor Scores

Visual

Auditory

F125 F250 F360 F500 F790 F1075 F1450

-1.3

+1.3

0.0

Study 2: PCA for ERP Component MeasurementStudy 2: PCA for ERP Component Measurement

• covariance matrix• unrestricted factor extraction• unscaled Varimax rotation

Study 2: Topographies of PCA Factor ScoresStudy 2: Topographies of PCA Factor Scores

F500

Visual

Auditory

-1.7

+1.7

0.0

-1.7

+1.7

0.0

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

New Old Old - New

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((nn = 26) = 26)

Depressed PatientsDepressed Patients((nn = 24) = 24)

New Old Old - New-1.7

+1.7

0.0

-1.7

+1.7

0.0

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

F360

Visual

Auditory

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

New Old Old - New New Old Old - New-1.0

+1.0

0.0

-1.0

+1.0

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

F790

Visual

Auditory

-1.2

+1.2

0.0

-1.2

+1.2

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

New Old Old - New New Old Old - New-1.2

+1.2

0.0

-1.2

+1.2

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

-0.8

+0.8

0.0

Healthy AdultsHealthy Adults((nn = 26) = 26)

NoseNose

Study 2: Re-referenced ERP WaveformsStudy 2: Re-referenced ERP Waveforms

Linked Linked MastoidsMastoids(TP9/10)(TP9/10)

NoseNose

Linked Linked MastoidsMastoids(TP9/10)(TP9/10)

ERPs were normalized within each modality by vector scaling across time, electrodes, condition and lag following the procedure suggested by McCarthy and Wood (1985).

Conclusions

The expected old/new effect was observed in both modalities:• comparable time course (maximal between 500-600 ms)• a more anterior scalp topography for visual items

common cognitive process (i.e., memory retrieval) associated with common cognitive process (i.e., memory retrieval) associated with separable neural generators in each modalityseparable neural generators in each modality

The posterior old/new effect was markedly reduced in depressed patients for both modalities, but particularly for auditory presentations, despite

• identical ERP component structure• comparable behavioral performance to healthy adults

Modality-specific ERP components and condition-effects are severely affected by a recording reference placed over regions where these components are prominent

In healthy adults, visual/auditory word recognition memory tasks repeatedly showed:• distinct ERP components• discrete topographies

reflecting anatomy of visual/auditory pathways

However, the old/new effect overlapped ERP components (N2, P3) having distinct• scalp topographies• peak latencies for each modality, suggesting a functionally separable process

• systematic changes of referencessystematic changes of references• reference-free CSD measuresreference-free CSD measures

to dissociate neural generators and their genuine to dissociate neural generators and their genuine contributions to ERP old/new effectscontributions to ERP old/new effects

New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew York State Psychiatric Institute

Department of BiopsychologyDepartment of Biopsychology

http://psychophysiology.cpmc.columbia.edu

Jürgen KayserJürgen KayserCraig TenkeCraig TenkeRegan FongRegan FongGerard BruderGerard Bruder

JonathanStewartJonathanStewartFrederic QuitkinFrederic Quitkin

Depression Evaluation ServiceDepression Evaluation Service