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Erik Erikson (1902 1994) is a neo-Freudian theorist

Follows to some of Freuds ideas, but focuses more on social influences.

Focus on Crisis Resolution on psychosocial stagesAt each stage a crisis must be resolvedIf the crisis is not resolved, the individual may lack the positive characteristic in the stage. There are eight stages over a lifespan showing the development.

Shows impact of social experiences across ones whole lifespan.

During this stage the infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To resolve these feelings of uncertainty the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened.Success in this stage will lead to the virtue ofhope. By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people will be there are a source of support. Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear.This infant will carry the basic sense of mistrust with them to other relationships. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.

Children begin to assert their independence by walking away from their mother.The child is discovering that he or she has many skills and abilities, such as putting on clothes and shoes, playing with toys, etc. Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence and autonomy. Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant of failure.

Parent should have the patience to allow the child to try until they succeed or ask for assistance and at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided and must not criticize their child for failures and accidents (particularly when toilet training). The aim has to be self control without a loss of self-esteem (Gross, 1992). Success in this stage will lead to the virtue ofwill and increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world.If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive and may then become overly dependent upon others,lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities.

The play age and have basic virtue purpose (*Rapid years in a childs life)Children playing & interacting with other children Explore interpersonal skills through initiating activitiesDevelop a sense of initiativeFeel secure in their ability to lead others & make decisionsCriticism or control, children develop a sense of guiltFeel like a nuisance to othersFollowers, lacking in self-initiativeSlow to interact with others May inhibit their creativity

*School age (6-12) *Basic virtue Competency *Learn skills Feel industrious & confident in their ability to achieve goals if theyre encouraged & reinforced

Feel inferior & doubting own abilities, which may lead them not reaching their potential if the initiative is discouraged

Developing SENSE OF SELF & PERSONAL IDENTITY. Key Questions : WHO AM I & WHERE AM I GOING? Two identities are involved : SEXUAL & OCCUPATIONAL. Significant Relations : PEER GROUPS; ROLE MODELS End Stage : REINTEGRATED SENSE OF SELF What One wants to do or to be. (Occupational) Ones appropriate sex role. (Sexual)EXAMPLES :

To form CLOSE RELATIONSHIP; to gain CAPACITY FOR INTIMATE LOVE. Key Questions : AM I LOVE & WANTED? Significant Relations : PATRNERS & FRIENDS Success leads to Comfortable relationships A sense of commitment & Safety Caring Failure leads to Avoiding intimacy, commitment & relationship Isolation Loneliness DepressionEXAMPLES :

Basic strength : CAREBroad concern for othersNeed to teach othersPeople rear childrenFocus on occupational achievement / doing creative work, giving service to an organization IMPORTANTLY train the next generationTurn outward from the self towards others

If contradict?Can become self-centered, and stagnantStagnation involves not seeking channels for generativity

Basic strength WISDOMPerson conduct a life reviewUnderstand the meaning of temporary life.Develops self-acceptance and integrates earlier stagesAcceptance of ones life in preparation for facing death in order to avoid a sense of despair

If contradict?Complains about regrets, not having enough time, and not finding a meaning throughout life.Questions ones overview of their entire life.